高考英语阅读理解五步法专项带练（41）讲义

①Anewstudysuggeststhatidenticaltwinsarenotexactlythesamegenetically.Identicaltwinsaretwobabiesthatefromthesamefertilizedegg(受精卵).ScientistsinIcelandexaminedDNAfrom387pairsofidenticaltwins,theirparents,children,husbandsorwives.“Theexaminationsledtheteamtofindearlymutations(突变)thatseparateidenticaltwins,”leadresearcherandgeneticistKariStefanssonsaid.HeisaprofessorattheUniversityofIcelandandfounderofthepanydecodegenetics.②MutationsaresmallchangesinDNAthatcanhappenwhenacelldividesinanattempttocopyitself.Thesesmallchangescaninfluenceaperson’sphysicalappearanceorcontrolaperson’sabilitytofightadisease.Thenewlydiscoveredmutationsshowthatidenticaltwinsdohavegeneticdifferences,theresearcherssaid.TheresultswererecentlypublishedinNatureGenetics.Onaverage,identicaltwinshave5.2oftheseearlygeneticdifferences,theresearchersfound.Butabout15percentofidenticaltwinpairshavemorethanthat.Somemayhaveasmanyas100geneticdifferences,Stefanssonsaid.Thesedifferencesrepresentasmallpartofeachtwin’sgeneticmaterial.Buttheycouldinfluencewhyonetwinistallerorwhyoneisatgreaterriskofsomecancersthantheother.③Inthepast,manyresearchersbelievedphysicaldifferencesseeninidenticaltwinswererelatedmostlytoenvironmentalinfluences,suchasnutritionorlifestylebehaviors.JanDumanskiisageneticistatSweden’sUppsalaUniversity.Hewasnotinvolvedinthestudy.Hepraisedthefindingsasaclearandimportantcontributiontomedicalresearch.“Itsuggestswehavetobeverycarefulwhenweareusingtwinsasamodelforexaminingtheinfluencesofgeneticsortheenvironment,”Dumanskisaid.④A2008paperinTheAmericanJournalofHumanGeneticsfoundsomegeneticdifferencesbetweenidenticaltwins.Thenewstudy,however,goesbeyondearlierworkbyincludingtheDNAofparents,children,husbandsandwivesofidenticaltwins.Studyingfamilymemberspermittedtheresearcherstoexaminewhengeneticmutationshappenedintwodifferentkindsofcells:thosepresentinonlyoneindividualandthosepassedontotheperson’schildren.⑤Stefanssonsaidhisteamfoundtwinswhereamutationispresentinallcellsofthebodyofonetwin,butnotintheothertwinatall.“However,sometimesthesecondtwinmayshowthemutationinsomecells,butnotallcells,”headded.Theresearcherssaidtheyalsofoundmutationsthatcameaboutbeforethedevelopingembryo(胚胎)splitintwo.⑥NancySegalisapsychologistwhostudiestwinsatCaliforniaStateUniversity,Fullerton.Shewasnotinvolvedinthestudy.Butshecalledtheresult“heroicandreallysignificant”.Segaladdedthattheresearchislikelytopersuademorescientiststorethinktheinfluencesofgeneticsandenvironmentontwins.“Twinsareveryalike,butitisnotaperfectsimilarity,”shesaid.【素材来源：湖南省长沙市雅礼中学2024届高三月考试卷（六）英语试题】8.Whatdidtheexaminationsofidenticaltwinsleadresearcherstofind?A.Acellchangesalotinanattempttocopyitself.B.Geneticmutationsexistinidenticaltwinsveryearly.CMutationscaninfluenceaperson’sphysicalappearance.D.Itispossibletocontrolaperson’sabilitytofightadisease.9.Whatmightthenewresearchtellpeople?A.Doctorsshouldusedifferentwaystodealwithtwinpatients.B.Itisnousecarefullyexaminingthegeneticsofidenticaltwins.C.Theremaybesomebettermethodstodistinguishidenticaltwins.D.Itisnotjusttheenvironmentthatmakesidenticaltwinsdifferent.10.WhatdoesNancySegalthinkofthenewfinding?A.Shethinksitistheperfectfinding.B.Shethinksitdeservesrethinking.C.Shethinksitisconfusingtoothers.D.Shethinksitismeaningfulandimportant.11.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?A.StudiesHave,FoundWaystoInfluenceTwinsB.ThereAreDifferencesBetweenIdenticalTwinsC.IdenticalTwinsAreNotGeneticallyExactCopiesD.IdenticalTwinse,fromtheSameFertilizedEgg【五步法解析】串联题干Whatdidtheexaminationsofidenticaltwinsleadresearcherstofind?Whatmightthenewresearchtellpeople?WhatdoesNancySegalthinkofthenewfinding?Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?归纳主题词：newfinding;identicaltwins8.Whatdidtheexaminationsofidenticaltwinsleadresearcherstofind?对同卵双胞胎的检查让研究人员发现了什么?Acellchangesalotinanattempttocopyitself.细胞在试图复制自己的过程中发生了很大的变化。Geneticmutationsexistinidenticaltwinsveryearly.基因突变很早就存在于同卵双胞胎中。CMutationscaninfluenceaperson’sphysicalappearance.基因突变可以影响一个人的外貌。D.Itispossibletocontrolaperson’sabilitytofightadisease.控制一个人对抗疾病的能力是可能的。按照题干定位到第一段①Anewstudysuggeststhatidenticaltwinsarenotexactlythesamegenetically.Identicaltwinsaretwobabiesthatefromthesamefertilizedegg(受精卵).ScientistsinIcelandexaminedDNAfrom387pairsofidenticaltwins,theirparents,children,husbandsorwives.“Theexaminationsledtheteamtofindearlymutations(突变)thatseparateidenticaltwins,”leadresearcherandgeneticistKariStefanssonsaid.HeisaprofessorattheUniversityofIcelandandfounderofthepanydecodegenetics.Whatmightthenewresearchtellpeople?新的研究可能告诉人们什么?Doctorsshouldusedifferentwaystodealwithtwinpatients.医生应该用不同的方法来处理双胞胎患者Itisnousecarefullyexaminingthegeneticsofidenticaltwins.仔细检查同卵双胞胎的基因是没有用的Theremaybesomebettermethodstodistinguishidenticaltwins.可能有更好的方法来区分同卵双胞胎。D.Itisnotjusttheenvironmentthatmakesidenticaltwinsdifferent.造成同卵双胞胎不同的不仅仅是环境（原文正话反说)按照题干定位到第二到第三段落②MutationsaresmallchangesinDNAthatcanhappenwhenacelldividesinanattempttocopyitself.Thesesmallchangescaninfluenceaperson’sphysicalappearanceorcontrolaperson’sabilitytofightadisease.Thenewlydiscoveredmutationsshowthatidenticaltwinsdohavegeneticdifferences,theresearcherssaid.TheresultswererecentlypublishedinNatureGenetics.Onaverage,identicaltwinshave5.2oftheseearlygeneticdifferences,theresearchersfound.Butabout15percentofidenticaltwinpairshavemorethanthat.Somemayhaveasmanyas100geneticdifferences,Stefanssonsaid.Thesedifferencesrepresentasmallpartofeachtwin’sgeneticmaterial.Buttheycouldinfluencewhyonetwinistallerorwhyoneisatgreaterriskofsomecancersthantheother.③Inthepast,manyresearchersbelievedphysicaldifferencesseeninidenticaltwinswererelatedmostlytoenvironmentalinfluences,suchasnutritionorlifestylebehaviors.JanDumanskiisageneticistatSweden’sUppsalaUniversity.Hewasnotinvolvedinthestudy.Hepraisedthefindingsasaclearandimportantcontributiontomedicalresearch.“Itsuggestswehavetobeverycarefulwhenweareusingtwinsasamodelforexaminingtheinfluencesofgeneticsortheenvironment,”Dumanskisaid.10.WhatdoesNancySegalthinkofthenewfinding?南希·西格尔对这项新发现有何看法A.Shethinksitistheperfectfinding.她认为这是一个完美的发现。B.Shethinksitdeservesrethinking.她认为这值得重新考虑。C.Shethinksitisconfusingtoothers.她认为这会让别人感到困惑。D.Shethinksitismeaningfulandimportant.她认为这是有意义和重要的。同义替换：meaningful=significant⑥NancySegalisapsychologistwhostudiestwinsatCaliforniaStateUniversity,Fullerton.Shewasnotinvolvedinthestudy.Butshecalledtheresult“heroicandreallysignificant勇气和非凡意义”.Segaladdedthattheresearchislikelytopersuademorescientiststorethinktheinfluencesofgeneticsandenvironmentontwins.“Twinsareveryalike,butitisnotaperfectsimilarity,”shesaid.11.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?这篇文章最好的标题是什么?A.StudiesHave,FoundWaystoInfluenceTwins研究已经找到了影响双胞胎的方法B.ThereAreDifferencesBetweenIdenticalTwins同卵双胞胎之间存在差异C.IdenticalTwinsAreNotGeneticallyExactCopies同卵双胞胎并非基因完全相同D.IdenticalTwinse,fromtheSameFertilizedEgg同卵双胞胎来自同一个受精卵①Anewstudysuggeststhatidenticaltwinsarenotexactlythesamegenetically.Identicaltwinsaretwobabiesthatefromthesamefertilizedegg(受精卵).ScientistsinIcelandexaminedDNAfrom387pairsofidenticaltwins,theirparents,children,husbandsorwives.“Theexaminationsledtheteamtofindearlymutations(突变)thatseparateidenticaltwins,”leadresearcherandgeneticistKariStefanssonsaid.HeisaprofessorattheUniversityofIcelandandfounderofthepanydecodegenetics.【逐句翻译】第一段：①Anewstudysuggeststhatidenticaltwinsarenotexactlythesamegenetically.句子结构分析：that引导宾语从句句意一项新的研究表明，同卵双胞胎的基因并不完全相同。②Identicaltwinsaretwobabiesthatefromthesamefertilizedegg(受精卵).句子结构分析：that引导定语从句修饰twobabies.同卵双胞胎是来自同一个受精卵的两个婴儿(受精卵)。③ScientistsinIcelandexaminedDNAfrom387pairsofidenticaltwins,theirparents,children,husbandsorwives.冰岛科学家检测了387对同卵双胞胎及其父母、子女、丈夫或妻子的DNA。④“Theexaminationsledtheteamtofindearlymutations(突变)thatseparateidenticaltwins,”leadresearcherandgeneticistKariStefanssonsaid.首席研究员兼遗传学家KariStefansson说:“通过检查，研究小组发现了区分同卵双胞胎的早期突变(突变)。”⑤HeisaprofessorattheUniversityofIcelandandfounderofthepanydecodegenetics.他是冰岛大学的教授，也是基因解密公司的创始人。第二段：①MutationsaresmallchangesinDNAthatcanhappenwhenacelldividesinanattempttocopyitself.句子结构分析：that引导定语从句修饰smallchanges句意：突变是DNA的微小变化，可能发生在细胞分裂试图复制自身时。【真题必考短语】Mutationn.变化;转变;突变;变异记忆mut=tochange②Thesesmallchangescaninfluenceaperson’sphysicalappearanceorcontrolaperson’sabilitytofightadisease.句子结构分析：to介词短语修饰ability.这些微小的变化可以影响一个人的外表或控制一个人对抗疾病的能力。③Thenewlydiscoveredmutationsshowthatidenticaltwinsdohavegeneticdifferences,theresearcherssaid.研究人员说，新发现的突变表明，同卵双胞胎确实存在基因差异。④TheresultswererecentlypublishedinNatureGenetics.研究结果最近发表在《自然遗传学》杂志上⑤Onaverage,identicaltwinshave5.2oftheseearlygeneticdifferences,theresearchersfound.句子结构分析：还原正确语序theresearchersfoundthatidentical研究人员发现，同卵双胞胎平均有5.2个早期基因差异。【真题必考词汇】Onaverage平均;平均起来;按平均值Ourrepsmakeonaveragesixcallsaday.我们的销售代表平均每天打六次.⑥Butabout15percentofidenticaltwinpairshavemorethanthat.Somemayhaveasmanyas100geneticdifferences,Stefanssonsaid.但大约15%的同卵双胞胎拥有比这更多的基因。Stefansson说，有些人可能有多达100种基因差异。⑦Thesedifferencesrepresentasmallpartofeachtwin’sgeneticmaterial.这些差异代表了每个双胞胎遗传物质的一小部分。⑧Buttheycouldinfluencewhyonetwinistallerorwhyoneisatgreaterriskofsomecancersthantheother.但它们可能会影响双胞胎中为什么一个更高，或者为什么一个比另一个患某些癌症的风险更高。第三段：①Inthepast,manyresearchersbelieved(that)physicaldifferencesseeninidenticaltwinswererelatedmostlytoenvironmentalinfluences,suchasnutritionorlifestylebehaviors.句子结构分析：seenin...非谓语动词做定语修饰physicaldifference;suchas...句意：过去，许多研究人员认为同卵双胞胎的身体差异主要与环境影响有关，如营养或生活方式行为。【真题必考词汇】Berelatedto...与...有关联Thisensuresthatthedataobtainedcanberelatedtodatafromothersamplingsites.这样做就能确定已得到的数据同其它采样点数据之间的相互关系.②JanDumanskiisageneticistatSweden’sUppsalaUniversity.JanDumanski是瑞典乌普萨拉大学的遗传学家。③Hewasnotinvolvedinthestudy.他没有参与这项研究。④Hepraisedthefindingsasaclearandimportantcontributiontomedicalresearch.他称赞这些发现是对医学研究的明确而重要的贡献。⑤“Itsuggestswehavetobeverycarefulwhenweareusingtwinsasamodelforexaminingtheinfluencesofgeneticsortheenvironment,”Dumanskisaid.句子结构分析：when引导时间状语从句句意：杜曼斯基说:“这表明，当我们把双胞胎作为研究遗传或环境影响的模型时，我们必须非常小心。”第四段：①A2008paperinTheAmericanJournalofHumanGeneticsfoundsomegeneticdifferencesbetweenidenticaltwins.2008年《美国人类遗传学杂志》上的一篇论文发现，同卵双胞胎之间存在一些基因差异。②Thenewstudy,however,goesbeyondearlierworkbyincludingtheDNAofparents,children,husbandsandwivesofidenticaltwins.然而，这项新研究超越了先前的工作，包括了同卵双胞胎的父母、孩子、丈夫和妻子的DNA。③Studying(that)familymemberspermittedtheresearcherstoexaminewhengeneticmutationshappenedintwodifferentkindsofcells:thosepresentinonlyoneindividualandthosepassedontotheperson’schildren.句子结构分析：presentin...和passedonto...做定语修饰those;when引导时间状语从句;that引导宾语从句句意：通过对家庭成员的研究，研究人员可以检查两种不同类型的细胞何时发生基因突变:一种只存在于一个人身上，另一种遗传给这个人的孩子。第五段：①Stefanssonsaid(that)histeamfoundtwinswhereamutationispresentinallcellsofthebodyofonetwin,butnotintheothertwinatall.句子结构分析：where引导定语从句修饰twins句意：Stefansson说，他的研究小组发现，双胞胎中有一个身体的所有细胞都有突变，而另一个完全没有。②“However,sometimesthesecondtwinmayshowthemutationinsomecells,butnotallcells,”headded.“然而，有时第二个双胞胎可能在某些细胞中表现出突变，但不是所有细胞，”他补充说。③Theresearcherssaidtheyalsofoundmutationsthatcameaboutbeforethedevelopingembryo(胚胎)splitintwo.研究人员表示，他们还发现了在发育中的胚胎(胚胎)分裂成两半之前发生的突变。第六段：①NancySegalisapsychologistwhostudiestwinsatCaliforniaStateUniversit