2024 年东南亚之巅（英）

GlobalEnergyMonitorARacetotheTop2024SOUTHEASTASIAARACETOTHETOP:SOUTHEASTASIA2024GlobalEnergyMonitorABOUTGLOBALENERGYMONITORPERMISSIONS/COPYRIGHTGlobalEnergyMonitor(GEM)developsandanalyzesdataonenergyinfrastructure,resources,anduses.Weprovideopenaccesstoinformationthatisessen-tialtobuildingasustainableenergyfuture.Followusat

andonTwitter@GlobalEnergyMon.Copyright©GlobalEnergyMonitor.DistributedunderaCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0InternationalLicense.FURTHERRESOURCESForadditionaldataonproposedandexistingsolarprojects,seeSummaryData

oftheGlobalSolarPowerTracker.ForlinkstoreportsbasedontheGlobalSolarPowerTrackerdata,seeReports&Briefings.ToobtainprimarydatafromtheGlobalSolarPowerTracker,seeDownloadData.ABOUTTHEGLOBALSOLARANDWINDPOWERTRACKERSTheGlobalSolarPowerTrackerisaworldwidedatasetofutility-scalesolarphotovoltaicandsolarthermalfacilities.Itincludessolarfarmphaseswithcapacitiesof20mega-watts(MW)ormore(10MWormoreinArabic-speakingcountries)andmediumutility-scaleprojectsdownto1MWglobally.TheGlobalWindPowerTrackerisaworldwidedatasetofutility-scale,onandoffshorewindfacilities.Itincludeswindfarmphaseswithcapacitiesof10megawatts(MW)ormore.Foradditionaldataonproposedandexistingwindprojects,seeSummaryData

oftheGlobalWindPowerTracker.ForlinkstoreportsbasedontheGlobalWindPowerTrackerdata,seeReports&Briefings.ToobtainprimarydatafromtheGlobalWindPowerTracker,seeDownloadData.Supplementaryinformationonthemethodologyusedforthisreportcanbefoundonourmethodologywikipage.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAUTHORSThisreportwasmadepossiblewithsupportfromtheQuadratureClimateFoundation.GEMgratefullyacknowl-edgesthepeerreviewandhelpfulfeedbackfromDr.ChalieCharoenlarpnopparut(SDGMove),DeonArinaldo(InstituteforEssentialServicesReform),andDimitriPescia(AgoraEnergiewende).JannaSmithisaresearcheratGlobalEnergyMonitor.KasandraO’MaliaistheprojectmanagerfortheGlobalSolarPowerTracker.ShradheyPrasadistheprojectman-agerfortheGlobalWindPowerTracker.NassosStylionouisthedatavisualizationanalystatGlobalEnergyMonitor.IngridBehrsinisthedirectoroftheRenewables&OtherPowerprogramatGlobalEnergyMonitor.MEDIACONTACTJannaSmithResearcher,GlobalEnergyMonitorjanna.smith@EDITINGANDPRODUCTIONDesignandpagelayoutbyDavidVanNess.FiguresandmapsbyNassosStylianou.EditingcontributionswereprovidedbyStefaniCoxandDavidHoffman.CopyeditsbyꢀAmandaDeBord.ABOUTTHECOVERPhotocopyright©2022benjawanasawalapsakul/Shutterstock.GLOBALENERGYMONITORREPORT|JANUARY2024|2GlobalEnergyMonitorARacetotheTop2024:SoutheastAsiaOperatingsolarandwindcapacityinSoutheastAsiagrowsbyafifthsincelastyear,butonly3%ofprospectiveprojectsareinconstructionINTRODUCTIONASEANcountriescollectivelyhaveoneofthefastest-growingeconomiesinthe1world,withanincreasingenergydemandtomatch.Astheaverageglobalenergydemandgrewby16%between2015and2021,ASEANdemandgrewby22%inthesametimeperiod.AccordingtotheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),energydemandacrossASEANcountriesisexpectedtogrowby3%annuallyuntil2030.Despitetheireconomicresources,ASEANcountriesfaceadualchallengeinseekingtofulfillenergytransitiontargetsamidstrapidgrowth,giventheeffectsofclimatechange.Amongthemostvulnerable,thesecountriesarealreadyexperiencingflooding,drought,risingsealevelsandheatwaves,allofwhicharestrainingelectricitysuppliesinthecontextofgrowingenergydemand.ASEANmemberstateshavesetacollectiverenewableenergycapacitytargetof35%by2025.Includingalltypesofrenewablepower,theregionisalreadyclosetomeetingitsgoalbycurrentlyhaving32%ofitstotalcapacitysourcedfromrenewables.Theregioncurrentlyhas28gigawatt(GW)oflargeutility-scalesolar2andwindpowerinoperation—accountingfor9%oftotalelectricalcapacityintheregion.ASEANwouldhavetobuild17GWofutility-scalewindandsolarcapacityby2025toreachthisgoal.Withonlya3%renewablecapacityincreasenecessarytomeetthistarget,ASEANcountriesareexpectedtonotonlymeetthisgoal,butsurpassit.1.TheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)memberstatesincludeBrunei,Cambodia,Indonesia,Laos,Malaysia,Myanmar,thePhilippines,Singapore,Thailand,andVietnam.AlthoughTimorLesteisnotyetanofficialmemberstateofASEAN,itisconsideredthe11thmember

inprincipleandwaspresentatASEAN’s

43rdSummitinIndonesia.Therefore,forthepurposeofthisreport,TimorꢀLesteisconsideredapartofASEAN.Pleaserefertothemethodologypage

forafulllistofcountriesinthereport.2.GEMcatalogsallsolarinstallations20MWandgreaterandallwindinstallationsgreaterthan10ꢀMW.Both“largeutility-scalesolar”and“utility-scalesolar”areusedthroughoutthetexttorefertosuchprojects.GLOBALENERGYMONITORREPORT|JANUARY2024|3ARACETOTHETOP:SOUTHEASTASIA2024Atthesametime,however,continuedsupportforgasandcoal,regulatoryhur-dles,andpoliciesunsupportiveofrenewableenergybuildoutarestymyingtherapidtransitionthatisnecessarytobreaktheregion’sdependenceongasandcoalandprogressrenewableenergyinASEANcountries.Whiletheregionhaspoten-tialtoincreaseitsrenewablescapacityseven-fold—thisreportdocumentsover220GWofdocumentedprospectiveutility-scalesolarandwindcapacity—only33%ofASEANcountries’totalprospectivecapacityiscurrentlyinconstruction.Theglobalaverage,barringChina,isovertwicethatofASEANcountries,at7%prospectivecapacityunderconstruction.KeyfindingsASEANcountrieshaveover28GWofoperatingutility-scalesolarandwind■ꢀcapacityanda20%increaseinoperatingcapacitysinceJanuary2023andmakeup9%ofASEANcountries’totalelectricalcapacity.Vietnamhasthelargestshareofoperatingutility-scalesolarandwindcapacity■ꢀintheregion(19GW).ThailandandthePhilippinesfollow,eachwith3GWofoperatingutility-scalesolarandwindcapacity.ThePhilippinesandVietnamareemergingleadersglobally.With99GWand■ꢀ86GWrespectivelyforprospectiveutility-scalesolarandwind,theyhavethe8thand9thlargestprospectivecapacityworldwide.TheASEANcountrieshavealmostfivetimesmoreprospectiveoffshorewind■ꢀpowerthanprospectiveonshorewindintheregion,whileprospectiveoff-shorecapacityintheregion(124GW)isnearlytwicethatofthecurrentglobaloffshoreoperatingcapacity(69GW).InorderforASEANcountriestomeettheirgoalof35%installedrenewable■ꢀenergycapacityby2025,17GWofadditionalutility-scalesolarandwindcapacityneedstobecomeoperationalamongASEANmembersinthenexttwoyears,yetonly3%(6GW)ofits220GWofprospectiveutility-scalesolarandwindiscurrentlyinconstruction.3.Prospectiveprojectsareanyprojectsthatareeitherannounced,inpre-construction,orunderconstruction.Additionalterminologyinformationcanbefoundhere.GLOBALENERGYMONITORREPORT|JANUARY2024|4ARACETOTHETOP:SOUTHEASTASIA2024I.ASEANCOUNTRIESHAVEINCREASEDOPERATINGUTILITY-SCALESOLARANDWINDBY20%SINCEJANUARY2023GlobalEnergyMonitor’sGlobalSolarPowerTrackerandGlobalWindPowerTrackercurrentlycatalogmorethan28GWofoperatingutility-scalesolarandwindcapacityacrossASEANcountries,a20%year-over-yearincreaseinoperatingcapacitysinceJanuary2023.Whileutility-scalesolarcontributesthebulkoftheoverallcapacityincrease(3GWor17%growth),itwasoperationalwindcapacitythatsawthelargestcomparativerise(2GW,or29%growth)sinceJanuary2023.Offshorewinddevelopmentaccountsfor2GWofatotalof9GWofoperatingutility-scalewindcapac-ity;thisisnoteworthygiventhetechnicalchallengesandassociatedhighercosts

ofoffshorewindcom-paredtoonshorewind.Table1:OperatingUtility-ScaleSolar&WindPowerinSoutheastAsiaCountry-leveloperatingutility-scalesolar&windpowercapacity,inmegawatts(MW)CountryOperatingSolarOperatingWindOperatingSolar&WindVietnam13,0356,46619,501ThailandPhilippinesMalaysiaCambodiaMyanmarSingaporeIndonesiaBrunei1,0412,3431,577429190186212,0923,1333,0181,5774291901861780675000015700Laos000Timor-Leste000Note:Dataincludesonlysolarprojectphaseswithacapacityof20megawatts(MW)ormoreandwindprojectphaseswithacapacityof10MWormore.Source:GlobalSolarPowerTracker,GlobalWindPowerTrackerGLOBALENERGYMONITORREPORT|JANUARY2024|5ARACETOTHETOP:SOUTHEASTASIA2024Vietnamhasthelargestoperatingcapacityofutility-scalesolarandwind,followedbyThailandandthePhilippinesVietnamisthecurrentregionalleaderintermsofoperatingutility-scalesolarandwindcapacity,withmorethandoublethecapacityoftheothermembercountriescombined(over19GWcomparedto9GW).Operationalutility-scalesolarandwindcapacitymakeup25%ofVietnam’stotalenergymix,comparedto2017to2020.Upontheexpirationoftheseprograms,Vietnamfailedtoadministerareplacementpricingpolicy.CoupledwithCOVID-19pandemic-ledsupplychaindisruptions,manyprojectswerenotoperationalbeforeFITcut-offdates,andwereleftwithoutlongtermguidance

forfurtherprojectdevelopmentandgridintegration.ThoughVietnamstilladdedover12GWofutility-scalesolarcapacityfrom2019–2021,gapsinrenewableenergypolicyhavecurtailedtheoperationalizationofutility-scalesolarandwind,with2022seeingthecommissioningof1GWcomparedtonearly4GWin2021.theaverageamongASEANnationsof9%.Startingin42017,Vietnamdeployedaseriesofcompetitiveandincentivizedinvestmentpoliciestobringutility-scalesolarprojectsintooperation,leadingtoaboominsolardevelopment.Twofeed-in-tariff(FIT)programsweredeployedbyVietnam’sstate-ownedutilityfromFigure1:OperatingSolar&WindPowerinSoutheastAsiaTotaloperatingutility-scalesolar&windpowercapacitybycounty,ingigawatts(GW)Note:Dataincludesonlysolarprojectphaseswithacapacityof20megawatts(MW)ormoreandwindprojectphaseswithacapacityof10MWormore.Brunei,Laos,andTimor-Lestedonothaveanyoperatingcapacity.Source:GlobalSolarPowerTracker,GlobalWindPowerTracker4.Fordetailsondefinitionsandmethodologyseethemethodologypage.GLOBALENERGYMONITORREPORT|JANUARY2024|6ARACETOTHETOP:SOUTHEASTASIA2024Map1:SoutheastAsia’sOperatingWindFarmsLocationsofoperatingwindpowerinSoutheastAsia,circlessizedbymegawatt(MW)capacityNote:Dataonlyincludeswindprojectphaseswithacapacityof10MWormore.Source:GlobalWindPowerTrackerMap2:SoutheastAsia’sOperatingSolarFarmsLocationsofoperatingutility-scalesolarpowerinSoutheastAsia,circlessizedbymegawatt(MW)capacityNote:Dataincludesonlysolarprojectphaseswithacapacityof20metawattsꢀ(MW)ormore.Source:GlobalSolarPowerTrackerGLOBALENERGYMONITORREPORT|JANUARY2024|7ARACETOTHETOP:SOUTHEASTASIA2024ThailandandthePhilippineseachhavemorethan3GWofoperatingutility-scalesolarandwindcapacity.ThailandhasthesecondlargesteconomyofASEANnations,andisseenasalow-riskcountry,withfewbarriers

forinvestmentinutility-scalesolarandwindprojects.ThisviewhasfacilitatedthegrowthofThai-land’s3GWofoperationalutility-scalesolarandwindcapacity,nearly67%ofwhichisfromonshorewinddevelopment.ThePhilippineshostsastreamlinedprojectbiddingsystem,withpredominantlyprivatizedpowergeneration,allowingforanunencumberedpipelineforprojectdevelopment.Three-quartersofthePhilippines’operationalutility-scalesolarandwindcapacitycomesfromsolar.Figure2:Solar&WindPowerCapacityinSoutheastAsiaProportionofpowercapacitybrokendownbyaggregatepowersource;dashedlineshowsglobalaverageforsolarandwindSource:EmberClimateGLOBALENERGYMONITORREPORT|JANUARY2024|8ARACETOTHETOP:SOUTHEASTASIA2024II.THEPHILIPPINESANDVIETNAMCONTRIBUTE80%OFASEAN’SPROSPECTIVEUTILITY-SCALESOLARANDWINDCAPACITY,BUTCONSTRUCTIONRATESREMAINLOWTheleadersforprospectiveutility-scalesolarandwindꢀcapacityamongASEANcountriesarethePhilippinesandVietnam,withover185GWinannounced,pre-construction,andconstructionstatus.Collectively,thesecountriescontributeover80%ofASEAN’sprospectiveutility-scalesolarandwindcapacity.Overꢀ60%ofthisprospectivecapacitycomesfromoffshorewinddevelopmentinVietnamandthePhilippines(72GWand52GWrespectively).However,only6.3GW(3%)ofallprospectivecapacityinASEANiscurrentlyunderconstruction.PhilippineshasestablisheditsGreenEnergyAuctionProgram(GEAP)

togrowitsrenewableenergysector.ThePhilippines’latestauction,inMarch2023,(GEA-2)encouragedover300bids

todevelop3GW

ofsolar,onshorewind,andbioenergywith2024–2026startdates.AsGEA-2wasinitiallysetuptofacilitatethedevelopmentofover11GW,theauctionwasevidentlylargelyundersubscribed.Onthebrightside,how-ever,thecapacitywonbybiddersdemonstrateda75%increase

overthefirstauctionin2022,indicatinggrowinginterestinthePhilippines’renewableenergysector.Offshorewindcomprisesthemajority(52%)ofthePhilippines’prospectiveutility-scalerenewablepowercapacity,withfivetimesmoreoffshorewindthanonshore.InApril2023,thePhilippinesadmin-isteredanexecutiveorder

tooutlinecooperationThePhilippinesaloneisresponsiblefornearlyhalf(45%)oftheprospectivecapacityofASEANcountries.ThisismorethanfivetimestheprospectivecapacityofanyotherASEANcountry,barringVietnam.TheTable2:ProspectiveUtility-ScaleSolar&WindPowerinSoutheastAsiaCountry-levelprospectiveutility-scalesolar&windpowercapacity,inmegawatts(MW)CountryProspectiveSolarProspectiveWindProspectiveSolar&WindPhilippines36,58762,80999,396VietnamIndonesiaMyanmarLaos10,19516,53034076,0232,4864,7323,680435086,21819,0165,0723,9843,1372,4702,372674304ThailandCambodiaMalaysiaSingaporeBrunei2,7022,4702,37262405030030Timor-Leste000Note:Dataincludesonlysolarprojectphaseswithacapacityof20megawatts(MW)ormoreandwindprojectphaseswithacapacityof10MWormore.Source:GlobalSolarPowerTracker,GlobalWindPowerTrackerGLOBALENERGYMONITORREPORT|JANUARY2024|9ARACETOTHETOP:SOUTHEASTASIA2024betweenprivateinvestorsandthegovernmentintheadministrationofoffshorewindpower.Sincetheorder’senactment,offshorewindcontractsmorethandoubledtonearly80,foratotalcapacity

of61GW.demonstratingalackofincentivetoprioritizesolarandwindconstructionandgridconnectioninthecountry.AnadditionalchallengethatVietnam’srenewableenergyeffortsarefacingistheenablingofaJustEnergyTransitionPartnership(JETP),withthesupportofG7countries,inordertoestablishmech-anismstoaccelerateVietnam’senergytransitionandreducethefinancialhurdlestodeveloparobustrenewableenergyeconomy,asitbacksawayfromfossilfueldependence.InMay2023,VietnamreleaseditsdelayedNationalElectricityDevelopmentPlanfor2021–2030,alsoknownasthePowerDevelopmentPlan8(PDP8).AlongwithmappingoutVietnam’sfutureenergymix,thisdocumentoutlinesthetra-jectoryofVietnam’spowerdevelopmentstrategyonimprovingthetransmissionofelectricityfordomesticWhileVietnamhasover86GWofprospectivecapac-ity,including72GWofprospectiveoffshorewindcapacity,only2%isintheconstructionphase.Thediscrepancybetweenprospectiveandin-constructioncapacityisdueinparttoVietnam’slackofconciseandreliablerenewableenergypolicies

thatcouldserveasacrucialroadmapforprojectimplementation.Thishasleftmanyfinancierswithoutincentivetomoveforward

withdevelopment.GlobalEnergyMonitorhascatalogednearly40GWofutility-scalesolarandwindprojectsinVietnamthathaveseennoprogressionorannouncementsinthepasttwoyears—atwhichpointtheseprojectsareconsideredshelved—furtherFigure3:ProspectiveSolar&WindPowerinSoutheastAsiaTotalprospectiveutility-scalesolar&windpowercapacitybycountry,ingigawatts(GW)Note:Dataincludesonlysolarprojectphaseswithacapacityof20megawatts(MW)ormoreandwindprojectphaseswithacapacityof10MWormore.Timor-Lestedoesnothaveanyprospectivecapacity.Source:GlobalSolarPowerTracker,GlobalWindPowerTrackerGLOBALENERGYMONITORREPORT|JANUARY2024|10ARACETOTHETOP:SOUTHEASTASIA2024use.Forinstance,PDP8statesVietnam’sgoalofachievingover27GWofoperationalwindcapacityby2030,afourfoldincreaseonitscurrentoperationalcapacityof6.5GW.ThetrueimpactofVietnam’sJETPandPDP8onthedevelopmentofutility-scalesolarandwindpowerinVietnamareyettobedetermined,asthealignmentofthesepoliciesandfundingschemesarestillindevelopment.WithinASEANcountries,Laosstandsoutforitssubstantialprospectiveutility-scalesolarandwindcapacityrelativetothesizeofitseconomy.Notably,Laos’prospectiveutility-scalesolarandwindcapacityrivalsthatofThailand(bothexceed3GW),despiteLaos’economybeingonly2%

ofthesize.Further-more,withaneconomyjust3%ofthatofMalaysia’s,Laos’prospectiveutility-scalesolarandwindbuildupsurpassesMalaysia’sbymorethan150%,highlightingLaos’ambitiontopunchaboveitseconomicweight.Laos’developmentofutility-scalesolarandwindisfueledbyfinancialcollaboration

withASEANpart-ners.Impressively,LaosissettohouseASEAN’slarg-estonshorewindfarm,Monsoonwindfarm,whichiscurrentlyinconstruction

withanexpectedcapacityof600MW.Indonesiahas19GWofprospectiveutility-scalesolarandwindcapacity,16.5GWofwhichissolar.Thir-teenGW(70%)ofthis19GWofprospectivecapacityisinannouncedphases.Noprojectsarecurrentlyunderꢀconstruction.Figure4:HowDoesProspectiveSolar&WindCapacityRelatetoEconomicWealthinSoutheastAsia?Totalprospectiveutility-scalesolar&windpowercapacitybycountryinmegawatts(MW)inlogscalealignedwithwealthinGDPNote:Dataincludesonlysolarprojectphaseswithacapacityof20megawatts(MW)ormoreandwindprojectphaseswithacapacityof10MWormore.Source:GlobalSolarPowerTracker,GlobalWindPowerTracker,IMFGLOBALENERGYMONITORREPORT|JANUARY2024|11ARACETOTHETOP:SOUTHEASTASIA2024Map3:SoutheastAsia’sProspectiveWindFarmsLocationsofprospectivewindpowerinSoutheastAsia,circlessizedbymegawatt(MW)capacityNote:Dataincludesonlywindprojectphaseswithacapacityof10MWormore.Source:GlobalWindPowerTrackerMap4:SoutheastAsia’sProspectiveSolarFarmsLocationsofprospectiveutility-scalesolarpowerinSoutheastAsia,circlessizedbymegawatt(MW)capacityNote:Dataincludesonlysolarprojectphaseswithacapacityof20megawatts(MW)ormore.Source:GlobalSolarPowerTrackerGLOBALENERGYMONITORREPORT|JANUARY2024|12ARACETOTHETOP:SOUTHEASTASIA2024III.ASEANABILITYTOREACHREGIONAL2025RENEWABLEENERGYTARGETSHINGESONREDUCINGGASANDCOALUSEWhileASEANmemberstatesareworkingtowardstransparentandsupportiveenergypolicy,ASEAN’stargetof35%

oftotaloperatingenergycapacityby2025fromrenewablepoweriseasilyattainableandultimatelyunambitiousforASEAN.ASEANcountriesalreadyhaveanoperatingrenewableenergycapacityof32%,includingoperatinghydropower,geothermal,bioenergy,solar,andwind.entrenchedfossilfuelinfrastructurewhichrestrictsnewinvestmentinutility-scalesolarandwind.Gasandcoaleachaccountforapproximately30%ofASEANcountries’totalinstalledcapacity,andcoal-firedpowerplantcapacityhasseenanannualgrowthrateof7%

since2017.Fossilfueluseislikelytocontinue,asrising

energydemandsareoutpacingutility-scalesolarandwinddevelopmentinASEANcountries,anddemandisinsteadbeingmetwithayoungcoalfleet.Likewise,nationalenergypoliciestouttheuseofgasasanalleged

“steppingstone”intheenergytransition;ASEANnationsarethereforelikelytobenetimporters

ofgasby2025toaccom-modatethenewbuildoutofgas-firedpowerplants,furtherentrenchingASEANcountriesinfossilfueldependence.Indonesia,thePhilippines,Vietnam,Malaysia

andThailand

representASEANcountrieswiththehighestconsumptionandproductionoffossilfuels,aconcerningstatusascontinuedfossilfuelusestifleseffortstoreachnetzerogoals.Indeed,thegapbetweenoperationalcapacityandthetargeted35%canbeeasilymet

withutility-scalesolarandwindalreadyinASEANcountries’prospectivepipelines.EveninthecontextofASEANcountries’rapidgrowthinenergydemand—anestimated3%annualrise

until2030—ASEANcountriesonlyneedtocommissiontheir6.3GWofutility-scalesolarandwindcurrentlyinconstruction,plusanadditional10.7GWby2025,inordertomeetthisgoal.Withover5220GWofprospectiveutility-scalesolarandwindinprospectivephasesofdevelopment,and23GWofthissettobecomeoperationalby2025,ASEANcountrieshavethepotentialtosurpassthisgoal.Insufficientinvestmentinreinforcingthegridinfra-structureisanotherpersistenthurdleforintegratingutility-scalesolarandwindpowerintocountries’electricalgrids.Forexample,Vietnam’slatestsolarfleethasexperiencedanonslaughtofobstacles

relatedtogridintegration,whichmayserveasabellwethertoinvestorsofthechallengestheycouldfaceinASEANcountriesopeningsolarandwindmarkets.Furthermore,thisrelativelyunambitiousregionaltargetallowscountrieswithsignificantexistinghydro-powerandrenewableenergy,likeLaos,Cambodia,Malaysia,andVietnam,wheretheaveragerenewableenergymixstandsat58%,tocompensateforcoun-triesthatcontinuetorelyheavilyonfossilfuels,suchasIndonesiawithlessthan15%renewableenergy.Althoughnationalpoliciesdesignedtoattractrenew-ablepowerinvestmentsareaclearsignthatASEANcountriesaregearinguptoincreasetheirsolarandwindcapacity,thismobilizationisunderminedbyHowever,itisevidentfromprogressinnationalenergypoliciesthatASEANcountriesaremakinganefforttoattractprivateinvestmentinsolarand5.Fordetailsondefinitionsandmethodologyseethemethodologypage.GLOBALENERGYMONITORREPORT|JANUARY2024|13ARACETOTHETOP:SOUTHEASTASIA2024winddevelopmenttohelpalleviatethishurdle.Theseinvestmentsarebeingcourtednotonlyfromout-sidetheregion,butalsoamongASEANcountries.Multilateralpowerpurchasing

andtransmissioninfrastructure

betweenASEANcountriesisseeingrapiddevelopment,suchasSingapore’spartnershipswithIndonesiaandCambodia

toimport3GWofrenewableenergyby2028.Intentionalandtranspar-entpolicycanguideASEANcountriesandsendclearsignalstoinvestorsthattheyarecommittedtotheenergytransition.Figure5:OnlyaFractionofProspectiveSolar&WindPowerinSoutheastAsiaIsCurrentlyInConstructionStatusofprospectiveutility-scalesolar&windpowercapacity,ingigawatts(GW)Howtoreadthischart:widthofbars=%ofprospectivecapacitybystatusheightofbars=totalprospectivecapacity,ingigawatts(GW)ConstructionꢀPre-ConstructionꢀAnnounced200GWPhilippines150GW100GW50GW0GWVietnamIndonesiaOthercountriescombinedMyanmarLaos020406080100Percentageofprospectivecapacity(%)Note:Dataincludesonlysolarprojectphaseswithacapacityof20megawatts(MW)ormoreandwindprojectphaseswithacapacityof10MWormore.OthercountriescombinedincludesThailand,Cambodia,Malaysia,Singapore,andBrunei.Timor-Lestedoesnothaveanyprospectivecapacity.Source:GlobalSolarPowerTracker,GlobalWindPowerTrackerGLOBALENERGYMONITORREPORT|JANUARY2024|14ARACETOTHETOP:SOUTHEASTASIA2024IV.COUNTRYHIGHLIGHTSBruneiIndonesiaBruneiaimstoproduce200MW

ofsolarpowerby2025andattributeatleast30%oftotalpowergen-erationby2025tosolarenergy.Thisisanincreasefromearliergoalsof100MW

forthesameperiod.Whileeffortsarebeingmadetofacilitatedistributedsolargeneration,therearenoutility-scalesolarorwindpowerprojectsinoperation.Withonly30MWofprospectiveutility-scalesolar,Bruneimustdoubledowninordertoachievetheirlaudable2025target.Whilethereareeffortstofacilitateprivatesectorinvolvement

inthedevelopmentandfinancingofrenewableenergy,gascontributesthelargestshareofenergysupply,andgasandcrudeoilaccountfor65%

ofBrunei’sGDPand95%ofexports.Thecountryhasalsorecentlysanctioned

gasreservestofurtheraddressgasdemands.Utility-scalesolarandwindpowercontributelessthan1%ofIndonesia’stotaloperatingcapacity.19GWof6utility-scalesolarandwindpowerareindevelopment,withover85%ofthispowercomingfromutility-scalesolarpowerdevelopment,yetnoneofthiscapacityiscurrentlyinconstruction.Indonesiahassetgoalstohave29GWofsolarand9GWofwindby2030,andhassetnetzeroemissionstargetsfor2060.Indonesia’srenewableenergydevelopmentiscomplicatedbytheheavygraspthatfossilfuelshaveonthecountry’senergysector.IndonesiaisinnegotiationswithG7countriesoverstipulationsofthe$20billionJETP

inlightofitslatestRenewableEnergyBill.AgreementsoverthepartnershiparebeingdraftedevenasIndo-nesiacontinuestorampupgaspower

andstallsonphasingoutitscaptivecoalplants.CambodiaLaosIn2023,Cambodiadevelopeditsfirstnationalenergypowerplan

addressingexpansioninenergydemandsandmappingoutrenewableenergygoals.Thisplanfeatureslowinvestmentrequirements

anda