牛津深圳版中考英语语法专题+-+名词课件

中考语法复习：名词一、名词表示人或事物的名称。按其意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。1.表示人名、地名、节日名、一周七天、十二个月等专有名词,开头第一个字母要大写。2.由普通名词变成的专有名词前常加the。如：theUnitedStates。分类含义示例专有名词表示特定的人、地方、事物、机构等名词的统称April,China,theGreatWall,theGreatHallofthePeople普通名词可数名词个体名词表示某类人或事物中的个体dictionary,pencil,chair,window,table,book,bike,ball,dog集体名词表示若干个体组合成的集体family,police,class,group,team不可数名词物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词rice,glass,mutton,bridge,paper.air,wood,wool,wheat,steel抽象名词表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词knowledge,danger,health,life,homework,interest,love二、名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。1.可数名词：表示能够以数计算的事物的名词。可数名词有单数和复数的区别,表示一个时用单数,多于一个用复数。如：acat;twobirds;manypeople。(l)名词复数的规则变化构成方法例词一般在词尾加一sdesk—desks,mile—miles,bridge—bridges,horse—horses以s，x，sh，ch结尾的词加esglass—glasses,box—boxes,brush—brushes,watch—watches以th结尾的词加sbath—baths,path—paths,mouth—mouths,month—months以o结尾的词加s或espiano—pianos,photo—photos,radio—radioshero—heroes,potato—potatoes,tomato—tomatoeszero—zero(e)s,motto—motto(e)s以y结尾的词以辅音字母加y结尾的词，把y变为i，再加esfactory—factories,country—countriesquality—qualities.ability—abilities以元音字母加y结尾的词，直接加smonkey—monkeys,toy—toys以f或fe结尾的词f，fe变为v再加eswolf—wolves,wife—wives,leaf—leaves,knife—knives个别词直接加sgulf—gulfs,belief—beliefs,roof—roofs个别有两种复数形式scarf—scarfs/scarves(2)名词复数的不规则变化构成方法例词复合名词一般情况下只变词尾bedroom—bedrooms,highway—highways把中心词变为复数looker-on—lookers-on；passer-by—passers-by没有中心词将最后一个词变为复数形式grown-up—grown-ups.go-between—go-betweens由man或woman构成的复合名词变复数时，man或woman写其他名词都要变为复数aman-doctor—twomendoctors,awomanteacher—threewomenteachers特殊名词改变内部元音foot—feet,tooth—teeth,man—men词尾加en或renox—oxen,child—children单、复数同形sheep—sheep,deer—deer,fish—fish(3)复合名词的复数形式①只将主体名词变为复数形式。如：abananatreesomebananatreesaboystudentsomeboystudents②复合名词中两个名词都变成复数形式,但第一个名词必须是man或woman。如：amandoctor—twomendoctorsawomanteacher—threewomenteachers注意：可用下列单词或短语修饰可数名词的复数。如：‘some,(a)few,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,many例题1Ican'tunderstandthemeaningofthepassagethoughthereare______newwordsinit.A.few B.afew C.little D.alittle例题2ThanksforgivingmetheMypleasure.Ihopetheyareofsomevalue.A.suggestionsB.news C.messageD.information2.不可数名词：不能以数计算而必须通过容器的量来表示的名词,叫作不可数名词。通常使用的形式是：容器单位+of+物质名词。如aglassofmilk;twobottlesoforangejuice。1.一般情况下,物质名词、抽象名词为不可数名词。物质名词无法分为个体的事物,通常不能与不定冠词连用,自身不能表示具体的数量,如：water,coffee,time,money,bread,milk,gas,air,wind等；抽象名词表示的是可感觉却触摸不到的性质、动作、状态、感情等抽象的概念,如：kindness（仁慈）,information(信息),advice（建议）,happiness（幸福）,progress(进步)等。2.常用howmuch,much,alittle,little,alotof,some,any等来修饰不可数名词。例题3Notmuchofthe_______issurprisinginGuangzhouDailytoday.A.ideas B.news C.opinions D.articles例题4Whyareyousohappy?Ihavetodomuch__________everyday.A.homework B.exercises C.sports三、名词所有格的运用1.’s形式的所有格’s形式的名词所有格主要用于人或动物的名称后,表示“属于……所有”或修饰的关系。通常在名词后直接加’s,如果遇到加了s或es的复数名词,只能在名词后加’。要表示由两个或两个以上的人共同拥有的关系,名词所有格在最后一个名词后加’s；若表示由两个或两个以上的人分别拥有的关系,则在每个名词后都加’s；2.of短语构成的所有格：通常表示无生命事物的所有格,常用of表示。如：thetopofabox箱子的顶部；3.双重所有格：of+’s结构叫双重所有格。如：afriendofmymother's我母亲的一个朋友；注意：部分无生命词用’s或s’表示所有格。无生命的东西在下列情况可用’s或s’所有格：A)表示时间或路程。如：today'snewspaper今天的报纸；threedays'work三天的工作；fiveminutes'walk步行五分钟的路程。B)表示度量衡及价值。如：amile'sdistance一英里的距离；twentydollars'value20美元的价值。C)表示商店、医院、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加’s表示全称。如：atthedoctor's就等于atthedoctor'soffice。D)在one,body和some,any,no,every组合起来的复合不定代词后面加’s。如：someone'scar某人的车。但这些代词如果和else连用时,’s应该放在else的后面。如：someoneelse'shouse。例题1Thisturtleis___________.A.TomandTim B.Tom'sandTimC.Tom'sandTim's D.TomandTim's例题2一Whoseroomisthis?Isitthe___________?Yes,itis_____________.A.twins';TomandTim's B.twin's;Tom'sandTim'sC.twins’;TomandTim例题3一It'sconvenienttotravelfromEzhoutoWuhanbytakingthenewly-builtgreenrailway.-Yes.It'ssaidthat_____________isenough.A.fifteenminutesdrive B.fifteen-minutesdriveC.fifteenminute'sdrive D.fifteenminutes'drive中考命题趋势考纲解读(名词在近5年考试中的考查点)1.能够正确使用可数名词和不可数名词。2.掌握可数名词复数形式的规则变化和不规则变化。3.掌握名词所有格的构成和用法。4.掌握名词作主语时和谓语在单复数上保持一致。命题预测1.名词多在单项选择、完形填空、短文填空和完成对话中进行考查。3.预计今后中考中对于名词的考查将以名词辨析、名词所有格和可数名词与不可数名词的表达为重点，也可能对名词所有格及名词固定搭配进行考查。名词知识点全览名词名词的分类专有名词普通名词可数名词个体名词集体名词不可数名词物质名词抽象名词名词的数可数名词单数复数（规则变化、不规则变化）不可数名词名词所有格’s所有格of所有格双重所有格名词的句法功能主、宾、表、定、状、补语、同位名词辨析中考考点清单考点1名词的分类一、专有名词：名字(人名、地名、书名、机构名)、与国家有关的(国家、国民、语言)、日期(节日、星期、月份)MynameisLucy.我叫露西。IamaChinese.我是中国人。IwillvisittheGreatWallonMonday.周一我要游长城。二、普通名词：包括可数名词和不可数名词1.可数名词2.不可数名词【注意】有些单词意义发生变化，单复数也发生变化，如：glass意为“玻璃杯”时是可数名词，意为“玻璃”时是不可数名词。身兼两职的名词对照表：glassfishchickentime可数玻璃杯鱼类小鸡次，倍不可数玻璃鱼肉鸡肉时间orangelightpaperhair可数橙子电灯报纸，试卷(几根)头发不可数橙汁光纸头发exerciseidealifework可数练习题主意，意见生命著作不可数锻炼了解生活工作turkeyradioyouthexperience可数火鸡收音机青年男子经历不可数火鸡肉无线电年轻，青春经验interestroom可数爱好房间不可数兴趣空间【注意】(1)family，class等词作为一个整体时视为单数，强调家庭成员或班级成员时视为复数；(2)部分有生命的集体名词本身就是复数的概念：①police指警察、警官的总称，本身表示复数。Thepolice(主语)+谓语动词复数②people指人们、人民，本身表示复数。people指民族，有单、复数变化。如：fifty-sixpeoples五十六个民族考点2名词的数一、可数名词的复数形式1.规则变化名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法列表如下：规则例词1一般在词尾加-smap—maps，sea—seas，girl—girls，day—days2以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词后加-esclass—classes，box—boxes，watch—watches，dish—dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的名词变-f或-fe为v再加-esleaf—leaves，thief—thieves，knife—knives，loaf—loaves，wife—wives加-sbelief—beliefs，chief—chiefs，proof—proofs，roof—roofs，gulf—gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i再加-esparty—parties，family—families，story—stories，city—cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy—toys，boy—boys，day—days，ray—rays，Henry—Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero—heroes，Negro—Negroes，potato—potatoes，tomato—tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano—pianos，photo—photos，auto—autos，kilo—kilos，solo—solos两者皆可zero—zeros/zeroes，volcano—volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio—radios，bamboo—bamboos，zoo—zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth—truths，mouth—mouths，month—months，path—paths2.不规则变化英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，goose—geese，mouse—mice2单复数相同sheep，deer，series，means，works，fish，species，li，yuan，jin3只有复数形式ashes，trousers，clothes，thanks，goods，glasses(眼镜)，compasses(圆规)，contents(目录)4一些集体名词总是用作复数people，police，cattle，staff5部分集体名词既可以视为单数(整体)也可以视为复数(成员)audience，class，family，crowd，couple，group，committee，government，population，crew，team，public，enemy，party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关)，forces(军队)，times(时代)，spirits(情绪)，drinks(饮料)，sands(沙滩)，papers(文件，报纸)，manners(礼貌)，looks(外表)，brains(头脑，智力)，greens(青菜)，ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans，Australians，Germans，Greeks，Swedes，Europeans单复数同形Swiss，Portuguese，Chinese，Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men，-womenEnglishmen，Frenchmen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law，lookers-on，passers-by，story-tellers，boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups，housewives，stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers，menservants二、不可数名词的量的表达不可数名词在表示量的时候需要用上适当的量词，当数词大于1时，量词须变为复数。如：apieceofadvice(一条建议)，fivepiecesofadvice(五条建议)，abagofrice(一袋大米)，threebagsofrice(三袋大米)。常见的量词及搭配：abagofflour一袋面粉 abottleofmilk一瓶牛奶abowlofrice一碗米饭 abucketofmilk一桶牛奶acanofbeer一罐啤酒 acupoftea一杯茶aglassofmilk一杯牛奶 apackofgum一盒口香糖abowlofsoup一碗汤 apotoftea一壶茶aspoonofsugar一勺糖 atinofsoup一个汤罐头可数名词的量也可以用适当的量词来表达。如：twobagsofapples两袋苹果。考点3名词所有格一、’s所有格1、表示有生命的东西的名词，所有格一般在名词后加’s，其构成形式如下：①一般单数名词后加’s。如：mybrother’sbook，Jack’scat，thegirl’spen等。②以-s或-es结尾的复数名词的所有格，只需在名词后加“‘”。如：girls’，teachers’等。【注意】在不规则复数名词后，要加’s。如：women’sclothes。③以-s结尾的专有名词的所有格，读音以[z]结尾的，一般在名词后加“‘”，也可加’s其读音分别为[z]和[Iz]。如：Dickens’/Dickens’sbook。【注意】若不以读音[z]结尾则仍用’s。如：Ross’sbook。④复合名词或词群的所有格的词尾’s加在后面的名词之后。thePresidentoftheUnitedStates’scar美国总统的汽车【注意】当出现同位语时，’s一般加在同位语后。ThisismysisterMary’sbag.这是我妹妹玛丽的包。⑤如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词词尾加’s，如果不是共有的，两个名词都要加’s。TomandPeter’sroom汤姆和彼得的房间(共有的房间)Tom’sandPeter’srooms汤姆的房间和彼得的房间(各自的房间)⑥表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在名词后加上’s代表全称。atthedoctor’s=atthedoctor’soffice在诊所⑦在one及one/body和some-，any-，no-，every-结合起来的复合词后加’s。如：someone’sbook某人的书。这些代词和else连用时，’s应加在else后。如：somebodyelse’spencil别人的铅笔。2、表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，也可以在词尾后加’s或“‘”构成所有格。如：today’snews，tenminutes’drive，China’sindustry等。二、“of+名词”所有格无生命的名词的所有格，通常用“of+名词”的结构来表示。如：thewindowsoftheroom(房间的窗户)，thecoverofthedictionary(词典的封面)。三、双重所有格(1)表示部分概念，of短语修饰的名词前通常有表示数量的限定词，如：a，an，one，two，some，several，afew，many，any，no等。Thisisapictureofmine.这是我的一张照片。(2)双重所有格与of所有格的不同。Heisafriendofyourfather’s.他是你父亲的一个朋友。(强调你父亲的朋友不止一个)Heisafriendofyourfather.他是你父亲的朋友。(强调他对你父亲的友好)中考考点聚焦考点1名词辨析1.WhatdoyouthinkofTheBeltandRoadInitiative(一带一路倡议)?Great!ItwillhelpChinaimprovethe_______withthoserelatedcountries.A.relationshipB.agreementC.environmentD.information考点2名词所有格及其用法womanaJohnJohn考点3名词的数3.—Hey,boys.Lookatthefalling.—Well,it’stellingusthatautumniscoming.A.leafB.leafsC.leafesD.leaves【练习】1.The___________isthebestplacetochatandwatchTV.A.bedroomB.diningroom C.livingroomD.bathroom2.Thecarwasoutof__________andhitatreebytheroad.A.danger B.breath C.controlD.practice3.AfterreadingthenovelTreasureIsland.Paulhasmore_______thanbeforebecauseofthemaincharacterbraveJimA.humour B.wealth C.luckD.courage4.--Findinginformationisnotabigdealtoday.Well,the_________ishowwecantellwhethertheinformationisusefulornotA.courage B.message C.challengeD.knowledge5.Noneofthemtalked.Theyfinishedtheirmealin__________.A.silence B.order C.placeD.public6.I'mtiredoutthesedays.Well,you'dbetterkeepa________betweenworkandplay.A.promise B.diary C.balanceD.secret7.Couldyoutellmethe_________ofmakingsuchtastycakes?Well,Ijustfollowtheinstructionsinthecookbook.A.time B.method C.cost D.menu8.Whereareyougoingtospendyoursummerholiday,Jenny?Ihaven'tmadea___________yet.I'mgoingtotalkaboutitwithmyfamilytomorrow.A.decision B.promise C.journeyD.suggestion9.In1998,LiuXiang's________inhurdlingwasnoticedbySunHaiping.A.ability B.trade C.electricity D.memory10.Davereallylikesdriving.Ithinkbeinga_________isjustrightforhim.Adoctor B.teacher C.farmer D.driver11.IsthisphototakeninTibet?'Yes.Youcanseebeautifulsnowmountainsinthe________ofthephoto.A.form B.background C.shapeD.introduction12.Couldyoupleasetakemypicture?Hereismy__________.A.printer B.radio C.playerD.camera13.HowcanIgetsome__________aboutthe2016OlympicGames?WhynotsearchtheInternet?A.information B.experience C.practiceD.success14.Therearelotsof____________thatstudentshavetofollowinschool.A.exercises B.problems C.skillsD.rules15.MickeyMouseisoneofthemostfamous___________inAmerican___________.symbol;culture B.symbol;cultures.C.symbols;cultureD.symbols;cultures16.Anyspecial__________thisshoppingmallnow?Sure,wehavethelateste-productsonsale.A.offer B.price C.brand D.service17.Ipaid￥10for_____________thismorning.A.4bottlemilks B.4bottlesofmilkC.4bottlesofmilksD.4milk18.Healthisimportantforusteenagers,soweshouldeatmorevegetablessuchas____tokeephealthy.A.tomatoesandpotatoes B.tomatosandpotatos C.tomatosandpotatoes19.Therearealotof_____________ofbikeriding.Iagree.It'sgoodfortheenvironmentanditsavesmoney.A.instructions B.instruments C.advantages D.products20.What'syourfavorite,Jim?Myfavoriteis_________.IoftenlistentoitontheMP3player.A.sports B.dance C.scienceD.music21.I'mtoldyourclasshas3newcomers.Yes.Oneisa_________theothertwoare________.A.Japan;Germany B.Japanese;GermanC.Japanese;GermansD.Japanese;Germen22.YesterdayLucytoldussuchgood_______thatwewereallamazedatit.A.newsB.ideasC.suggestionD.answer23.TheChinesesaying"Atreecan'tmakeaforest"tellsusthat_______isveryimportantinafootballmatchAabilityB.decision C.teamworkD.experience24.TimesaysthatsmartLegohasbecomeoneof__________favoritetoys.Achild B.children C.children's25.Anniehasa____________andsheisgoingtoseeherdentisttoday.Acold B.fever C.coughD.toothache26.Withthe____________,wecanchooseoneiconandclickonitformoredetails.A.menu B.printer C.screenD.mouse27.Theoldmancan'thearuswellbecausethere'ssomethingwrongwithhis_________.A.mouth B.nose C.earsD.eyes28.USFirstLadyMichelleObamaencouragedstudentstostudyabroadinher_________whenvisitingPekingUniversityonMarch22,2014.Astory B.speech C.1etter D.diary29.Listen,they'retalkingabouttheir_________again!Well,theyhopeit'llprovetheiranswerright.A.experimentB.agreement C.developmentD.environment30.Nobodyknowswhichteamwillwinthe2014WorldCupinBrazil.Yes.Thatisthe________ofthebeautifulgame.A.question B.luck C.hope D.magic模拟测试测试时间：25分钟满分：60分1.Anumberofcountrieshaveshowngreat__________inAIIB（亚洲投资银行）setupmainlybyChinaA.hobby Bhabit C.interest D.notice2.It'swidelyacceptedthateverytouristshouldhavegood_________.A.methods B.moods C.minds D.manners3.MrWhite,theprincipal（校长）,hasmadeagreat________tothegrowthoftheschool.A.contribution B.progress C.invention D.protection4.一Ihavewonfirst___________intheReadingCompetition.--Oh,wonderful.Congratulations!A.award B.prize C.lesson D.result5.一Myfatherboughtmeanewmobilephoneasapresent,butIdon'tknowhowtouseit.Whynotreadthe________firstbeforeusingit?A.instructions B.inventions C.invitations D.interviews6.一Weshouldallholdontoourdreams.Yes.Alifewithoutadreamislikeabirdwithout___________,whichcan'tfly.A.water B.wings C.clouds D.food7.Itisbettertotravel10,000milesthantoread10,000books,soit'simportanttohavereal________withlanguages,culturesandsocieties. A.influence B.knowledge C.experiences D.communications8.CanyoudescribewhatMrGreen'sdaughterislike?Oh,shehasthevery________ofMrGreenI'msureyoucanknowheratthefirstsight.A.photo B.voice C.look D.taste9.一Paulshowslittle_______________inthepianocompetition.Yes,buthismotherinsiststhatheshouldcatchthechance.A.pain B.cause C.situationD.interest10.Thetwocitieshavereachedanhavereachedan________todevelopscienceandtechnology. A.education B.excitement C.inventionD.agreement11.Ihavegreat______inlearningEnglishandIamsoworried.Couldyouhelpme?Sure.Iwouldbegladto.A.trouble B.interest C.joy D.fun12.Idon'tknowhowtousemynewinstrument.Itdoesn'tmatter.Hereisthe____________.A.instruction B.direction C.information D.advertisement13.QianXuesenisa____________whoisthepioneerofChina'sspacetechnologyprogramme.A.composer B.scientist C.writer D.president14.Nowadays,morepeoplepayattentiontotheairpollution.Thegovernmentistakingactiontochangetheterrible_________________.A.situation B.condition C.background D.temperature15.Cindyhasn'tcomebackyet.I'mafraidshedoesn'tknowtheway.Don'tworry.Shehasaprettygood_________ofdirection.A.sense B.feeling C.experience D.idea16.Youwillfindthismapofgreat_________inhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.A.price B.cost C.value D.use17.Hislatestmoviehaswonhigh________frommanypeople.A.prize B.price C.praise D.practice18.一Atpresent,microblogsareverypopularamongyoungpeople.Iagreewithyou.Weliketoshare