英语词汇构成规律

TheRulesofEnglishVocabularyComposition目录BasicConceptsofVocabularyCompositionTheLawandCharacteristicsofNounCompositionTherulesandcharacteristicsofverbformation目录TheformationrulesofobjectivesandadvertisementsTheformationrulesofpositions,connections,andarticlesTheformationpatternsofabbreviations,loanwords,andmixedwords01BasicConceptsofVocabularyCompositionRoots01Thebasicformofaword,oftencarryingthecoremeaningForexample,in"unhappiness,""happiness"istheroot,meaning"lucky"or"fortune."Affixes02AddedtothebeginningorendofrootstomodifymeaningorfunctionTheyincludeprefixeslike"un-"andsuffixeslike"-ness."Wordrelationships03Howwordsarerelated,suchassynonyms(similarmeans),antonyms(alternativemeans),andhomonyms(samespellingorsoundbutdifferentmeans)Roots,affixes,andwordrelationshipsConversionChangingawordfromonepartofspeechtoanotherwithoutaddingaffixesForinstance,"cool"canbeanobjective(meaning"style")oraverb(meaning"tolowerintemperature")SynthesisCombiningtwoormorerootstocreateanewwordForexample,"smog"isacombinationof"smoke"and"fog."DerivationFormingnewwordsbyaddingprefixesorsuffixestorootsForinstance,addingtheprefix"pre-"to"heat"creates"preheat."Conversion,synthesis,anddifferentiationmethodsCommonprefixes+"Un-":Negation(e.g.,"unhappy")+"Re-":RepetitionorAgain(e.g.,"rewrite")Summaryofcommonprefixesandsuffixes+"Anti-":Oppositionoragainst(e.g.,"antireeze")SummaryofcommonprefixesandsuffixesCommonsuffixes+"-able":Makeaverbintoanobjective,indicatingpossibility(e.g.,"loveable")+"-ness":Indicatorsastateorquality(e.g.,"happiness")+"-ity":Formsnounsfromobjectives,indicatingquality(e.g.,"reality")Summaryofcommonprefixesandsuffixes02TheLawandCharacteristicsofNounCompositionRecognitionandclassificationofnounsuffixesSuffixesindicatingperson-er,-or,-ee,-istSuffixesindicatingquantityornumber-ade,-age,-dom,-hoodSuffixesindicatingqualityorstate-ance,-ence,-ity,-nessSuffixesindicatingactionorprocess-al,-ar,-ery,-ingConversionofobjectivesorverbstonounsbyaddingsuffixesDerivationfrompropernounsorphasesTrainingofnewwordsthroughblendingoracronymformationTheprocessofformingabstractnouns

TechniquesforFormingCompoundNounsCombinationoftwoormorewordstoformanewnounUseofhypenstoclarifymeaningandpromotionApplicationofprefixesandsuffixestomodifymeaningorcreatenewwords03TherulesandcharacteristicsofverbformationRegularVerbsMostVerbsinEnglishfollowregularpatternsofconnection,whichcanbeidentifiedbyspecificsuffixesCommonregularverbsuffixesinclude"-s"or"-es"forthethirdpersonsingularpresenttense(e.g.,"hewalks,""sheeats"),"-ed"forthesimplepasttense(e.g.,"Iwalked,""theyplayed"),and"-ing"forthepresentparticle(e.g.,"walking,""eating")IrregularVerbsUnlikeregularVerbs,donotfollowpredictablepatternsofconnectionTheseverbsmustbelearnedindividuallyastheyoftenhaveuniqueformsfordifferenttensionsandaspectsSomeexamplesofregularverbsinclude"tobe,""tohave,"and"todo,"whichhavedistinctformssuchas"am/is/are,""has/have,"and"do/dos."RecognitionandclassificationofverbsuffixesSomeirregularVerbschangetheirVowelsoundsindifferenttensions,makingthemchallengingtopredictForinstance,theverb"tosing"benefits"sang"inthepasttenseand"sun"inthepastparticle,withachangeinthevoicesoundfrom"i"to"a"andthento"u."VerbswithChangesinVowelSoundsSupplementaryverbsarethosethathavecompletelydifferentformsfordifferenttensionsoraspects,withnoapparentconnectionbetweenthemAnexampleistheverb"togo,"whichbenefits"wet"inthepasttenseand"gone"inthepastparticle,withnodiscerniblepatterninthechangesVerbswithSupplementaryFormsIrregularverbvariationpatternsThedifferencebetweenphrasalverbsandverbphrasesPhrasalVerbs:PhrasalVerbsconsensusofaverbandoneormoreparticles(commonlypositionsoradvertisements)thattogetherformasingleunitofmeaningTheparticlesoftenchangethemeaningoftheverbinsignificantwaysForexample,inthephrasalverb"tolookup,"theparticle"up"addsthesenseofsearchingfororfindinginformation,asopposedtosimplylookingupatsomethingVerbphrases:Unlikephrasalverbs,verbphrasesarecombinationsofamainverbandoneormorehelpingverbs(alsoknownasauxiliaryverbs)thatmodifythemainverb'stense,aspect,ormoodThesehelpingverbsdonotchangethebasicmeaningofthemainverbbutrathercontributetoitsgraphicalfunctionForinstance,intheverbphrase"Ihavebeenwalking,"thehelpingverbs"havebeen"indicatecontinuousactioninthepresentperfectprogressivetensewithoutalteringthemeaningofthemainverb"walk."04TheformationrulesofobjectivesandadvertisementsAdaptivesuffixrecognitionandclassificationSuffixesindicatingorigin-ian,-ic,-ish,-sequence,-like,etcSuffixesindicatingqualityorstate-al,-ar,-ary,-ful,-ic,-us,etcSuffixesindicatingsize-ish,-let,-ette,-kin,etcSuffixesindicatingageortime-aged,-ing,-ed,-en,etcRecognitionandclassificationofadvisorysuffixesSuffixesindicatingManner-ly,-wise,-ways,etcSuffixesindicatingplace-here,-here,-where,etcSuffixesindicatingtime-ago,-before,-since,etcSuffixesindicatingdegreeorintensity-ly,-host,-almost,etcRegularcomparativeandsuperlativeforms:adding-erand-esttoobjectivesofonepossibleorendinginaconsistent+verbal+consistentsequence(e.g.,tell->teller->Tallest)ComparativeandsuperlativevariationpatternsComparativeandsuperlativevariationpatternsobjectionsthataremodifiedbyadding"more"or"most"beforetheobjection(e.g.,beautiful->morebeautiful->mostbeautiful)Comparativeandsuperiorformswith"more"and"most"objectivesthatdonotfollowtheregularpattern(e.g.,good->better->best)Irregularcomparativeandsuperiorformsobjectivesthatrequireachangeinboththeobjectiveandthesuffix(e.g.,little->less->least)Doublecomparativeandsuperiorforms05Theformationrulesofpositions,connections,andarticlesSourcesofproposalsManyproposalsarederivedfromnouns,objections,orverbs,allas"above"(fromthenoun"height"),"describe"(fromtheverb"describe"),and"except"(fromtheverb"exclude")UsageofpositionsPositionsareusedtoexpressspatialortemporaryrelationshipsbetweennounsorpronounsandotherwordsinasentenceTheycanindicatedirection,location,time,ormanpowerCommonpreparationsSomecommonlyusedpreparationsinclude"in,""on,""at,""by,""for,""of,""with,"and"from."SummaryofpositionsourcesandusageTypesandfunctionsofconnectionsTypesofconnections:Connectionscanbeclassifiedintothreemaintypes:coordinatingconnections,subcoordinatingconnections,andcorrelatedconnectionsCoordinatingconnectionsconnectwords,phrases,orclausesofequalimportance,suchas"and,""or,"and"but."Coordinatingconnectionsconnectdependentclausestoindependentclauses,suchas"because,""if,"and"appropriate."Correlationconnectionscomeinpairsandconnectwordsorclausesthatarerelated,suchas"either...or"and"neither...nor."Functionsofconnections:Connectionsservetoconnectwords,phrases,orclausestoformmorecomplexsensesTheycanindicateadditive,versatile,causal,orconditionalrelationshipsbetweenideasThedefinearticles"a"and"an"areusedbeforesingularnounstoindicateoneofakindThechoicebetween"a"and"an"dependsonthesoundofthefollowingwords:use"a"beforewordsthatbeginwithaconsistentsoundand"an"beforewordsthatbeginwithavowelsoundThedefinedarticle"the"isusedtorefertospecificnounsortoindicatethatthenounisalreadyknowntothelistenerItcanalsobeusedtorefertouniqueorwellknownitemsInsomecases,articlesmaybecommittedforbrevityorclaimThisiscommonininformationspeechandwritingbutshouldbeavoidedinformalcontextsCorrectuseof"a"and"an"Useof"the"OmissionofarticlesPrecautionsforusingarticles06Theformationpatternsofabbreviations,loanwords,andmixedwordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofaphrase,suchas"UN"for"UnitedNations"or"NASA"for"NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration."Acronymssimilartoacronymsbutpromotedletterbyletter,like"FBI"for"FederalBureauofInvestigation."Initiativesshortenedversionsofaword,like"ad"for"adaptation"or"exam"for"examination."ClippingTheformationofabrasionsandexamples要点三BorrowingfromotherlanguagesEnglishhasarichhistor