Unit4SpaceExplorationDiscoveringUsefulStructures课件高中英语人教版

UNIT4

SPACEEXPLORATION

DiscoveringUsefulStructures动词不定式Tosmokeoftenis_______foryourhealth.A.goodB.bad2.Itis______formetolearnEnglish.A.easyB.difficultTosmokeoftenisbadforyourhealth.2.ItisdifficultformetolearnEnglishwell.=TolearnEnglishwellisdifficultforme.过去分词v-ed不定式to+v动词的v-ing非谓语动词

定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词之一，表___________，其主要功能是在句子中作_______、______、_______、___________、______、________或用在一些固定结构中。目的和将来主语表语宾语宾语补足语定语状语点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本1.todo不定式作主语翻译句子：学好英语不容易。动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将动词不定式置于句末。e.g.TolearnEnglishwellisnoteasy.=It’snoteasytolearnEnglishwell.不定式的逻辑主语有时用“of/for+名词或代词宾格”构成。结构：It’s+adjfor/ofsbtodosth.描述逻辑主语性质、身份、特征的形容词后常用of

引导不定式的逻辑主语

good,kind,cruel,brave,honest,lazy,(un)selfish,wise,clever,silly,stupid,foolish,right,wrong,rude,(im)polite,careful,careless等。相关形容词有1.如果逻辑主语和形容词可以写成“sb.+be+形容词”，一般就用of。2.对某人来说，forsb.修饰人特性of/for?It’sdifficult_____metoworkoutthemathsproblem.

forIt’skind______youtohelpme.nice,kind,good,silly,clever,wrong,honesy…修饰人easy;hard;difficult;interesting;excitingboring;…修饰物或事

of点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本2.todo不定式作表语翻译句子：提高你英语的最佳方式是加入一个英语俱乐部。动词不定式作表语用来表示主语的身份,状态和特征等。可与系动词构成系表结构.ThebestwaytoimproveyourEnglishistojoinanEnglishclub.点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本3.todo不定式作宾语单句填空：Thelittleboydecided___________(plant)atreeinhisschool.宾语表示主语所做动作的承受者,一般跟在及物动词后面.e.g.Weneedtofinishthetaskaheadoftime.toplant接动词不定式作宾语常见的几个动词：1.需要做______todo2.决定做______todo3.想要做______todo4.希望做______todo5.开始做______todo6.拒绝做______todo7.学习做______todo8.更愿意做______todo9.做某事失败______todo10.假装做______todo......考考你needdecidewanthopebeginrefuselearnpreferfailpretend点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本4.todo不定式作宾语补足语单句填空：Thepoliceorderedusnot___________(approach)theburningcar.不定式作宾补，常用于以下结构：V+sb/sth+todotoapproach接动词不定式作宾补常见的几个动词：1.说服_________sbtodo2.允许_______sbtodo3.鼓励_________sbtodo4.期望_______sbtodo5.说服_________sbtodo6.提醒_______sbtodo7.使\让_______sbtodo8.建议_______sbtodo9.邀请_______sbtodo10.命令_______sbtodo

......考考你persuadeallowencourageexpectpersuaderemindaskadviseinviteorder①Theysawtheboyfallsuddenlyfromthetree.（改被动）

②MothermadeJohnwashthecarforaweek.（改被动）2.在感官动词

feel,hear,listento,lookat,notice,observe,see,watch

和使役动词

have,let,make

等词后的宾语补足语中，不定式不带

to，但是

这些句子如果变成被动结构，就必须带

to。

Theboywasseento

fallsuddenlyfromthetree.Johnwasmadeto

washthecarforaweek.注意啦（难点拓展）一

、不定式用在介词but,except后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反则带to.1.Ihavenochoicebut_______（take)risks.2.Hedidnothingthereexcept_____(watch)TVforthewholenight.totakewatch注意啦（难点拓展）二、特别提醒：hope,demand,agree,suggest,insist等不能跟不定式作宾语补足语。hopetodosth.hopethat+从句

hopesb.todosth.×希望某人做某事expectsb.todosth.点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本5.todo不定式作状语Agroupofyoungpeoplegottogether__________(discuss)thisquestion.(做目的状语)A.为了强调目的，有时可把不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加inorder或soas.例如：做目的状语，常用的结构：todo;

inordertodo,

soastodotodiscussHestudiedhard

onlytofail

theexam.Theroadistoodangeroustocross.(做结果状语)B.做结果状语,常与副词only,enough

或too连用onlytodo“不料(却)……,结果(却)……",表示一个没有料到的结果1.Mybrotherhurriedtoschool,only_______(find)thatheforgottobringbooks.2.Theroomneedstobebigenoughforthreepeople__________(live)in.3.Iwastootired________(cook)athome.tofindtolivetocookI’mgladtoseeyou.Theyarequitesurprisedtoseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea.

(做原因状语)C.不定式做原因状语,一般用在句尾▲常见于表示情感的形容词后，如happy/angry/afraid/glad/delighted/sorrow等。

点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本6.todo不定式作定语找不出不定式修饰的名词1.Ihavesomethingtotellyou.2.MymomisalwaysthefirsttohelpmewhenIhavetrouble.somethingthefirst不定式中作定语修饰名词；something,anything等不定代词或者用在“序数词\形容词最高级\thelast修饰的名词后。1.Hehasalotofhomework_______.A.doB.todoC.doingD.did(如果不定式中的动词是vi.,则不定式中要有介词.)2.Heislookingforaroom________.A.livingB.toliveC.toliveinD.livedBC1)如果不定式所修饰的名词是

time,place或

way，不定式后面习惯上要省略介词。

▲Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive.

(如果我们用

room代替

place，就应该用

noroomtolivein。因为此处的不定式与前面的名词构成动宾结构，不及物动词

live要加

in才能加宾语，即

toliveintheroom。但是在像

place一样的特殊词汇，习惯上省略介词)

Hehadnomoneyandnoroom_________________.tolivein2)不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可用主动语态，又可用被动语态，但含义不同。

如果修饰名词的不定式的动作是主语做的,不定式用主动语态。

①Haveyouanythingtosend?你有什么东西要寄吗？(不定式

tosend的逻辑主语是

you)②Haveyouanythingtobesent?你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗？

(不定式

tobesent的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，而是没有提到的

me或

someoneelse，这时不定式用被动语态)逻主≠句主，句主本人完成逻主≠句主，谁完成未知3)不定式作定语多表示将来，而动词-ing形式表示正在进行或用途，过去词则表示已经完成和被动。

aproblemtobediscussedtomorrow明天要讨论的问题

aproblembeingdiscussednow现在正讨论的问题

aproblemdiscussedyesterday已讨论多年的问题

awaitingroom候诊室

①Whatdoyouthinkoftheparty________________(hold)tomorrow?②Whatdoyouthinkoftheparty________________(hold)lastnight?③Whatdoyouthinkoftheparty________________(hold)rightnow?Practice:tobeheldheldbeingheld点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本7.todo不定式疑问词+不定式

动词不定式可以和疑问词构成短语。如：Wedon’tknowhowtousethemachine.toarrange“疑问词+不定式”结构wh-+todo相当于名词，常作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。

Howtogethelpremainstheessentialproblem.

Thequestionishowtoeducatetheyounggeneration._________+todo_________+todoitwhathow“疑问词+不定式”结构作know,wonder,discuss,teach,show等动词的宾语时，不定式前要加特殊疑问词，如：who,where,when,what,how等。

eg:Heiswonderingwheretofindhislostbike.

todo的构成基本形式：todo否定形式:nottodo▲todo表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作_______发生或在其_______发生。

一般式todo/tobedone①Iaskedhimtoattendthemeeting.②TheNO.8subway,tobeopenedin2021,willhelptoimprovethetrafficconditionsinBeijing.01同时之后02tobedoing进行式①HeseemstobereadingEnglishpoems.②Heseemstobethinkingdeeply,withoutnoticingmeoverpassinghim.▲tobedoing强调动作正在进行，或与谓语动词动作______________。同时发生03tohavedone/tohavebeendone完成式：HeissaidtohavetranslatedthebookintoEnglishlastyear.translatethebook.Sheiswellknowntohavebeentomanycountries,lecturingaboutanimalprotection.▲tohavedone表示的动作在谓语动词__________发生。

之前04完成进行式tohavebeendoingHersonisknowntohavebeenstudyingabroadforawhile.SheissaidtohavebeenwritingthenovelaboutNewYorkformanyyears.▲tohavebeendoing表示在谓语动作____________________________。之前一直在进行的动作Lookatthefollowingsentencesandfocusontheitalicisedinfinitives.Inpairs，discusstheirfunctionsandmeanings.Findmoreexamplesfromtheunit.1Itrainedforalongtimetoflyairplanesasafighterpilot.2Asweallknow，anastronautneedstobehealthyandcalminordertoworkinspace.3Firstofall，youmustbeintelligentenoughtogetarelatedcollegedegree.4Somescientistsweredeterminedtohelphumansrealisetheirdreamtoexplorespace.5On12April1961，YuriGagarinbecamethefirstpersonintheworldtogointospace.Activity1Describespacefactsandeffortstoexplorespacetodo作状语todo作状语todo作状语todo作定语todo作定语Rewritethesentencesusinginfinitivesor“inorderto/soasto+do”.Changetheitalicisedpartsaccordingly.1In2003YuriMalenchenkobecamethefirstpersonwhogotmarriedinspace.2Inspace，astronautscollectalldirtywatersothatitcanberecycledforlateruse.3Mankindhasalwaysbeencuriousabouttheuniverseandmanypeoplehavedreamtthatonedaytheywouldflyintospace.Activity2DescribepeopleorthingsingreaterdetailDescribespacefactsandeffortstoexplorespaceIn2003YuriMalenchenkobecamethefirstpersontogetmarriedinspace.Inspace，astronautscollectalldirtywatersoastorecycleitforlateruse.Mankindhasalwaysbeencuriousabouttheuniverseandmanypeoplehavethedreamtoflyintospaceoneday/havedreamttoflyintospaceoneday.Rewritethesentencesusinginfinitivesor“inorderto/soasto+do”.Changetheitalicisedpartsaccordingly.4Astronauts’bonesandmusclescangetveryweakinspaceduetothelackofgravity，sotheyneedtoexerciseeveryday，whichwillhelpthemstayhealthy.5Astronautshavetousetapetostickeverythingdownwhileworkinginspacebecauseeverythingwouldfloatoffotherwise.6Duringaspacewalk，astronautshavetomoveslowlysothattheycankeeptheirbodiesundercontrol.Activity2DescribepeopleorthingsingreaterdetailDescribespacefactsandeffortstoexplorespaceAstronauts’bonesandmusclescangetveryweakinspaceduetothelackofgravity，sotheyneedtoexerciseeverydayto/inorderto/soastostayhealthy.Astronautshavetousetapetostickeverythingdownwhileworkinginspaceto/inorderto/soastokeepeverythingfromfloatingoff.Duringaspacewalk，astronautshavetomoveslowlyto/inorderto/soastokeeptheirbodiesundercontrol.Completethepassagewiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinbrackets.Sendingpeopletootherplanetsorevenbeyondthesolarsystemisnotaneasygoal____________（achieve）.Oneoftheproblemsisthatthetripwouldtakeaverylongtime.Forexample，____________（use）currenttechnology，itwouldtakeovertwoyears____________（get）totheclosestplanet，Mars，andback.Althoughlightisthefastestthing___________（know）intheuniverse，itcouldtakemorethanfouryearstoreachtheneareststarsystem.Willscientistsfigureoutaway___________（store）sufficientfoodandwaterforthelongjourney?Isitpossibletotravelfasterthanlight?Nooneknowstheanswersyet.However，spacescientistsnevergiveup.Theyareexperimentingwithgrowingcropsinspacesoas___________（help）astronautsgetenoughfoodonlongerjourneysthroughspace.Activity3DescribepeopleorthingsingreaterdetailDescribespacefactsandeffortstoexplorespacetoachieveusingtogetknowntostoretohelpCompletethesentencesusinginfinitivesastheattributeortheadverbial.1Q:WhyisYangLiweifamousinChina?A:Becauseheis____________________________________________(第一个进入太空的的中国宇航员).2Q:Howdoyoufeelaboutthefilm2001：ASpaceOdyssey?A:I'mafraidthefilmis_______________________________________（太长太乏味而无法看它）.3Q:WhywastheRussianspacestationMir（和平号空间站）broughtdownoutoforbit?A:OneofthereasonsisthatMirwastoooldand______________________________________________________（不再是安全的居所）.Activity4DescribepeopleorthingsingreaterdetailDescribespacefactsandeffortstoexplorespacethefirstChineseastronauttogointospace.(WORKBOOKP80EX.1)toolongandboringformetofinish.nolongerasafeplacetolivein.Activity4DescribepeopleorthingsingreaterdetailDescribespacefactsandeffortstoexplorespace(WORKBOOKP80EX.1)holdbuildprovidesetcarryselecttakelaunch1Thespaceshuttle（航天飞机）wascreatedasareusablelaunchvehicle_________astronautsandotherequipmentintospaceandbackagain.Theshuttlelookslikeanordinaryplanebutithasacargobay(货仓)thatislargeenough_________asatellite.2Spaceprobes(航天器）areoftensenttoplacesthataretoofarawayortoodangerousforahuman_________footin.Forexamplein1977,theVoyagerIspaceprobewassent_________picturesoftheplanetsSaturnandJupiter.Completethesentencesusingthecorrectformsofthewordsinthebox.Activity5tocarry(WORKBOOKP81EX.2)toholdtosettotakeholdbuildprovidesetcarryselecttakelaunch3TheInternationalSpaceStationwastoobig_________onEarthand_________intospace,sodifferentcountriesworkedtogetherandbuiltabout100modules(分离舱).Afterwards,thesemoduleswerejoinedtogetherinspace_________livingquarters,laboratories,andotherequipmentforastronauts_________formonths.4Asthefirstwoman_________tomakeatripintospace,TereshkovafeltluckyandproudWhenthegreatdayfinallycame,shewasalmosttooexcited_________asleep!Completethesentencesusingthecorrectformsofthewordsinthebox.Activity5tobuild(WORKBOOKP81EX.2)launchtoprovidetoliveselectedtofallmakedobeconnectgetseesendCompletethepassageusingthecorrectformsofthewordsinthebox.Activity6toconnect(WORKBOOKP81EX.3)todotogetsending/tosendtoseebeingmaking核心词汇

2soasto（dosth.）为了，以便（表示目的）【学法点拨】动词不定式的一个主要作用是在句中作目的状语。inorderto或soasto则使目的更加明确。（1）soasto一般不放在句首，否定形式是soasnotto。（2）inorderto可以放在句首或句中，否定形式是inordernotto。【归纳拓展】sothat，inorderthat意为“为了，目的是”，引导目的状语从句。Theteacherexplaineditagainsothatwecouldunderstandthepassage.为了使我们明白那段文章，老师又把它讲了一遍。3recyclev.回收利用；再利用recyclethewastematerial回收废物 recyclethepaper/glass回收纸/玻璃recyclethegarbage循环利用垃圾 recycledmaterials回收的材料Theecologicalsystemcanrecyclebyitself.生态系统本身就可以循环。【词语积累】（1）recyclingn.回收利用（2）re-可以作动词前缀，表示“又，再，重新”。cyclen.循环；周期→recyclev.回收利用；再利用placev.放；置→replacev.取代；把……放回原处movev.移动→removev.移开；挪走usev.使用→reusev.再利用buildv.建；建造→rebuildv.重建4lackn.&vt.（1）n.缺乏；短缺 thelackof...缺乏……搭配 alackof缺少 for/becauseof/throughlackof因为缺乏……5otherwiseadv.否则；要不然；用别的方法；在其他方面；除此之外搭配：orotherwise或其他情况，或相反【学法点拨】（1）otherwise通常用于“祈使句+other