Cooperative-Principle-语言学合作原则

合作原那么

COOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEGroupmembers王凤英

王已林

柯苏

冉曼2012级7班CONTENTS1TheCooperativePrinciple2ViolationofCP

THECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEHerbertPaulGriceDefinitionClassificationHerbertPaulGriceCPIntroducedby

HerbertPaulGrice,1975March13,1913,Birmingham,England–

August28,1988,Berkeley,CaliforniausuallypublishingunderthenameH.P.Grice,H.PaulGrice,orPaulGriceaBritish-educatedphilosopheroflanguageGrice'sworkisoneofthefoundationsofthemodernstudyofpragmatics.Gricestudiedthedifferencesandrelationshipsbetweenspeakermeaningandlinguisticmeaning.Heexplainednonliteralspeechastheoutcomeofacooperativeprinciple,andsomederivedmaximsofdiscourse.Speakermeaningistoinduceabeliefinone'shearersDefinition

Grice(1975):Makeyourcontributionsuchasitisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged."在所有的语言交际活动中，为了到达一定的目标，说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契，一种双方都遵守的原那么，即合作原那么。SpeakersandlistenersusualSpeakersandlistenersusuallycooperatewitheachotherverywell.Atalking,evenanargumentisaresultoflanguagecooperation..cooperatewitheachotherverywell.Atalking,evenanargumentisaresultoflanguagecooperationClassification

Quality质Quantity量Relation相关Manner方式Quantity:Ifyouareassistingmetomendacar.Iexpectyourcontributiontobeneithermorenorlessthanisrequired.If,forexample,ataparticularstageIneedfourscrews,Iexpectyoutohandmefour,ratherthantwoorsix.Quantity量1)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired.2)Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Quantity量不多说，也不少说说真话Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue:1)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.Quality质Quality:

Iexpectyourcontributionstobegenuineandnotspurious.IfIneedsugarasaningredientinthecakeyouareassistingmetomake,Idonotexpectyoutohandmesalt:ifIneedaspoon,Idonotexpectatrickspoonmadeofrubber.Berelevant.话题要相关。Relation相关说话要相关，贴切Relation相关Relation.

Iexpectapartner'scontributiontobeappropriatetotheimmediateneedsateachstageofthetransaction.IfIammixingingredientsforacake,Idonotexpecttobehandedagoodbook,orevenanovencloth(thoughthismightbeanappropriatecontributionatalaterstage).Beperspicuous,andspecifically:1)avoidobscurityofexpression.防止晦涩2)avoidambiguity.防止歧义3)bebrief.简单明了4)beorderly.井井有条Manner方式Manner方式Manner.Iexpectapartnertomakeitclearwhatcontributionheismakingandtoexecutehisperformancewithreasonabledispatch.〔Grice,1975〕Sub-consciouslyorevenunconsciously,whenwespeak,wegenerallyhavesomethingliketheCPinourmind.说话者在无意识地遵守着合作原那么。Wewilltrytosaythingswhicharetrue,relevant,aswellasinformativeenough,andinaclearmanner.Theviewwementionedbeforemaydescribeaphilosopher’sparadise,butnooneactuallyspeakslikethatthewholetime.但是，现实中人们并非总按照规那么说话。甚至，有时候人们在成心违反规那么。ViolationofCPViolationofCPViolationofQuantity(量的违反)1.A:Wouldyoumindtellingmeyouraddress?(您介意告诉我您的住址吗？)B:SomewhereInthesouthofHandan.(我住在邯郸的南边。)2.A:WhereisJohn?(约翰在哪呢？)B:He’sgonetothelibrary.Hesaidsowhenheleft.(他去图书馆了。他走时是这么说的。)ViolationofQuality(质的违反)1.Sheismadeofiron.

她是铁娘子。

2.“用了xx产品，今年20，明年18。”ViolationofRelation(相关性的违反

(一个宴会上)1.A:Youknow?ProfessorLi’swifeisabald.(知道吗？李教授的妻子是个光头。)B:Oh!Whataniceday!Isn’tit?(哦，今天的天气可真不错，是吧？)2.A:How’shertermpaper?(她学期论文写得怎样？)B:Herhandwritingisquitebeautiful!(她书法不错！)ViolationofManner(方式的违反)1.Indifficulties(有困难)-----indeb