人教版英语选修8教师用书Unit5SectionⅠWarmingUpPre-readingReading

甲骨文(oraclebonescript)是中国古代的一种文字，被认为是现代汉字的早期形式，有时候也被认为是汉字的书体之一，同时也是现存中国最古老的一种成熟文字。甲骨文引导炎黄子孙走上使图形记号表示意义而不约束其读者的文字发展历程，造就了延绵数千年的统一文化意识。OracleBoneScriptOraclebonescriptreferstotheancientChinesecharactersfoundonanimalbonesorturtleshellsusedindivination(占卜)inBronzeAgeChina.ThevastmajorityrecordisthedivinationbyfireoftheroyalhouseofthelateShangDynastyatthecapitalofYin(modernAnyang，HenanProvince)．Becauseturtleshellsaswellasboneswereused，theoraclebonescriptisalsosometimescalledshellandbonescript.AsthemajorityoforaclebonesbearingwritingdatetothelateShangDynasty，oraclebonescriptessentiallyreferstoShangscript.ItiscertainthatthewritingoftheShangDynastyexperiencedaperiodofdevelopmentbeforetheAnyangoraclebonescript;however，nosignificantquantityofclearlyidentifiablewritingbeforeorduringtheearlytomiddleShangculturalperiodhasbeendiscovered.TheoraclebonescriptofthelateShangappearspictographic(象形文字的)，asdoesitscontemporary，theShangwritingonbronzes.TheearliestoraclebonescriptappearsevenmoresothanexamplesfromlateintheperiodparingoraclebonescripttobothShangandearlyWesternZhouperiodwritingonbronzes，oraclebonescriptisclearlygreatlysimplified；thisisthoughttobeduetothedifficultyofcarvingonthehardandbonysurfaces.Themoredetailedandmorepictorial(图片的，图画似的)styleofthebronzegraphsisthusthoughttobemorerepresentativeoftypicalShangwriting(aswouldhavenormallyoccurredonbamboobooks)thantheoraclebonescriptforms，anditisthistypicalstylewhichcontinuedtoevolveintotheZhouperiodwritingandthenintothesealscriptoftheQinstateinthelateZhouperiod.[阅读障碍词]1．BronzeAge 青铜时代2．evolvev. 演化；演变[诱思导读]根据短文内容，判断正(T)误(F)1．TheoraclebonescriptwesaytodaymainlyreferstoShangscript. ()2．TypicalShangwritingismoredetailedandmorepictorial. ()[答案]1.T2.TⅠ.匹配下列单词的词性及汉语意思()1.assume A．n.可能的选择 adj.供选择的；其他的()2.analysis B．n.被子；棉被()3.alternative C．n.挨饿；饿死()4.sharpen D．n.精确；准确()5.quilt E．vt.&vi.打断 时中断或中止()6.starvation F．vt.假定；设想()7.interrupt G．vi.&vt()8.messy H．adj.足够的；充足的；富裕的()9.accuracy I．adj.凌乱的；脏的()10.ample J．n.分析[答案]1－5FJAGB6－10CEIDHⅡ.选择下列句中词组的汉语意思A．领……四处参观B．关心；在意C．至多；最多D．得出结论E．由……制成F．切碎G．遭受；患病H．不管；不顾()1.Let'scutthemeatupandshareitwitheachother.()2.RalphhasetoaconclusionthatMartinwasonlyinterestedinhimself.()3.Thetablewhichismadeofwoodcanbeusedlongerthanthatmadeofglass.()4.Dadletmeshowtheguestsaroundourgarden.()5.Howlonghaveyoubeensufferingfromaheadache?()6.Regardlessofwhereweareandwhatwearedoing，ourdevotiontomotherlandwillneverchange.()7.Idon'tcareaboutthepriceaslongasthecarisingoodcondition.()8.Thetripwillonlycostyoufiftypoundsatmost.[答案]1－5FDEAG6－8HBCAVISITTOTHEZHOUKOUDIANAgroupofstudents(S)fromEnglandhasetotheZhoukoudiancavesforavisit.Anarchaeologist(考古学家)(A)isshowingthemround①.A：WeletotheZhoukoudiancaveshereinChina.ItisagreatpleasuretomeetyoustudentsfromEngland，whoareinterestedinarchaeology.Youmustbeawarethat②it'sherethatwefoundevidenceofsomeoftheearliestpeoplewholivedinthispartoftheworld.We'vebeenexcavating(挖掘)hereformanyyearsand．．．周口店洞穴参观记一群英国学生(简称学)来到周口店洞穴参观，有一位考古学家(简称考)正领着他们参观。考：欢迎到中国来参观周口店洞穴。很高兴见到你们这些来自英国并且对考古学感兴趣的学生。你们想必都很清楚，正是在这个地方，我们找到了居住在世界上这个地区的最早人类的证据。我们在这儿进行挖掘工作已经很多年了，而且……[助读讲解]①showsb.round带领某人参观。②be/beeawarethat．．．意识到；认识到。S1：I'msorrytointerruptyoubuthowcouldtheylivehere？Thereareonlyrocksandtrees.A：Goodquestion.Youareanacute(敏锐的)observer.Wehavefoundhumanandanimalbonesinthosecaveshigherupthehillaswellastoolsandotherobjects.Sowethinkitisreasonabletoassumetheylivedinthesecaves，regardlessof(不顾)thecold③.S2：Howdidtheykeepwarm？Theycouldn'thavemats(垫子)，blanketsorquiltslikewedo.Itmusthavebeen④veryunfortable.A：We'vediscoveredfireplacesinthecentreofthecaveswheretheymadefires⑤.Thatwouldhavekeptthemwarm，cookedthefoodandscaredwildbeasts(野兽)awayaswell.Wehavebeenexcavatinglayersofashalmostsixmetresthick，whichsuggeststhattheymighthavekeptthefireburningallwinter.Wehaven'tfoundanydoorsbutwethinktheymighthavehunganimalskinsatthecavemouthtokeepoutthecoldduringthefreezingwinter.学1：对不起，打断了你的讲话，但他们怎么会住在这儿呢？这儿只有石头和树木啊。考：问得好。你是一个敏锐的观察者。在高山上的那些洞穴里我们找到了人骨和兽骨，还有工具和其他物品。所以我们有理由认为他们不顾严寒，就住在这些洞穴里。学2：那他们是怎样取暖的呢？他们不可能像我们现在这样有垫子、毯子和被子。想必是很不舒服的了。考：我们发现在洞穴中央有生火用的地炉。他们用地炉里的火来取暖、做饭，还可以用火来吓跑野兽。我们一直在挖掘一层层的积灰，几乎有六米厚。这意味着他们可能整个冬天都在烧火。我们还没有找到门，但我们认为在天寒地冻的冬季他们可能是用兽皮挂在洞口来防寒的。[助读讲解]③在itisreasonabletoassume．．．中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是toassume．．．。④musthavedone意为“一定……，肯定……”，表示对过去情况的肯定推测。⑤makefires生火。S3：Whatwildanimalswerethereallthattimeago?A：Well，we'vebeenfindingthebonesoftigersandbearsinthecaves，andwethinktheseweretheirmostdangerousenemies.Nowwhatdoyouthinkthistellsusaboutthelifeoftheseearlypeople⑥？(showspictureofasewingneedle)S2：Gosh！That'saneedle.Goodness，doesthatmeantheyrepairedthings?A：Whatelsedoyouthinkitmighthavebeenusedfor⑦？S4：Letmelookatit.It'satmostthreecentimetreslong.Ahyes，itseemstobemadeofbone.Iwonderhowtheymadetheholeforthe．．．S2：(interrupting)Doyoumeanthattheymadetheirownclothes？Wheredidtheygetthematerial?A：Theydidn'thavemateriallikewehavetoday.Canyouguesswhattheyused?S1：Wow！Didtheywearclothesmadeentirelyofanimalskins⑧？Howdidtheypreparethem？I'msuretheywerequiteheavytocutandsewtogether.学3：在那以前有些什么野兽呢？考：嗯，我们在洞里陆续发现老虎和熊的骨头。我们认为，这些野兽对他们来讲是最危险的敌人了。现在，你们看这个东西能告诉我们有关早期人类生活的什么情况呢？(指着一张画有针线的照片让大家看)学2：哎呀！那是一根针。天哪，难道他们还会修补东西吗？考：除此之外，你们认为它还可能有别的什么用处吗？学4：让我看看。这枚针最多三厘米长，噢，它看起来像是用骨头做的。我不知道他们是怎样做成针眼的……学2：(插话)你是不是说他们自己做衣服穿？他们又是从哪里搞到衣料的呢？考：他们没有像我们今天穿的这种衣料。你们能猜出他们用的是什么吗？学1：哇！他们穿的衣服全都是用兽皮做的吗？他们那些衣服是怎么做成的？我想兽皮剪裁并缝起来一定又厚又重吧。[助读讲解]⑥．．．whatdoyouthinkthistellsusabout．．．？是复杂的特殊疑问句，其构成形式为：wh­/how＋doyouthink＋宾语从句。doyouthink作插入语，其后宾语从句用陈述语序。除think外，可用于此句式的动词还有believe，suppose，imagine，expect，guess等。⑦beusedfor．．．被用来……。⑧过去分词短语madeentirelyofanimalskins作后置定语，修饰clothes。A：Ourevidencesuggeststhattheydidwearclothesmadefromanimalskins⑨.Wecontinuediscoveringtoolsthatweresharpenersforothertools.Itseemsthattheyusedthesharpenedstonetoolstocutupanimalsandremovetheirskin.Thensmallerscrapers(刮刀)wereprobablyusedtoremovethefatandmeatfromtheskin.Afterthattheywouldrubanampleamountofsaltontotheskintomakeitsoft.Finally，theywouldcutitandsewthepiecestogether.Quiteadifficultandmessytask！Nowlookatthis.(showsanecklace)S2：Why，it'saprimitive(原始的)necklace.Didearlypeoplereallycareabout⑩theirappearancelikewedo？It'slovely!A：Yes，andsowellpreserved.Whatdoyouthinkit'smadeof?S4：Letmesee.Oh，Ithinksomeofthebeads(小珠子)aremadeofanimalbonesbutothersaremadeofshells.A：Howcleveryouare！Oneboneisactuallyananimaltoothandtheshellsarefromtheseaside.Canyouidentify(识别)⑪anyotherbones？考：我们有证据表明，他们的确穿的是用兽皮制作的衣服。我们不断发现一些磨削其他工具用的工具。看样子他们是用磨尖的石器来切割野兽并剥皮，可能再用小一些的刮子把皮上的脂肪和肉去掉。然后，他们可能在兽皮上边擦上大量的盐，使皮变柔软。最后进行剪裁，缝起来就成了。确实是既难又脏的活！现在来看看这个吧。(指着一串项链)学2：哎呀！这是一条原始的项链吧。早期人类也像我们现在一样讲究外貌吗？太漂亮了！考：是的。还保存得很好呢。你们看看是用什么做的？学4：我看看。噢，我想有些珠子是用兽骨做的，但是其他的是用贝壳做的。考：你真聪明！有块骨头实际上是野兽的牙齿，贝壳是从海边捡来的。你们认得别的骨头吗？[助读讲解]⑨didwearclothesmadefromanimalskins中，did强调谓语动词wear，表示“的确穿着”，过去分词短语madefromanimalskins作后置定语，修饰clothes。⑩careabout在乎；介意；关心，carefor照料；想要；喜欢。⑪identifyv．辨认，确认。S1：Thisonelooksverymuchlikeafishbone.Isthatreasonable?A：Yes，indeed，asthebotanical(植物学的)analyseshaveshownus⑫，allthefieldsaroundhereusedtobepartofalargeshallowlake.Probablytherewerefishinit.S3：Butalakeisnotthesea.Wearemilesfromthesea，sohowdidtheseashells(海贝壳)gethere?A：Perhapstherewastradebetweenearlypeoplesortheytravelledtotheseasideontheirjourneys.Weknowthattheymovedaround,followingtheherdsofanimals⑬.Theydidn'tgrowtheirowncrops，butpickedfruitwhenitripened(成熟)andhuntedanimals.That'swhy⑭theyarecalledhuntersandgatherers.Now，whydon'twegoandvisitthecaves？学1：这根很像鱼骨头，对吗？考：很对，正如植物学的分析结果告诉我们的一样，这四周曾经是一个很大的浅水湖的一部分。当时可能湖里是有鱼的。学3：不过，湖并不是海呀。我们离海还远着呢。那么，贝壳又是怎么来的呢？考：早期人类之间也许有贸易来往，或者他们也可能旅行到海边去。我们知道，他们跟着兽群四处走。他们并不种植谷物，而是在野果熟了的时候采摘它们并捕杀野兽来充饥。这就是他们被称为猎人和采摘者的缘故。好了，咱们现在去参观洞穴好吗？[助读讲解]⑫as引导非限制性定语从句，as指代后面整个主句的内容。⑬现在分词短语followingtheherdsofanimals作movedaround的伴随状语。⑭That'swhy．．．意为“这就是为什么……”，why引导表语从句，why从句表示结果，原因前面已经说明。第一步速读——了解文章主题和段落大意Ⅰ.速读P38－39教材课文，匹配段落大意1．Topic1 A．Whatcanwelearnfroma necklace?2．Topic2 B．Lifeinthecave.3．Topic3 C．Whatcanwelearnfromaneedle?[答案]1－3BCAⅡ.速读P38－39教材课文，选择最佳答案ThemainideaofthepassageisabouttheoftheearliestpeopleintheZhoukoudiancaves.A．lifeandhabits B．foodandclothingC．homesandfishing D．farmingandhunting[答案]A第二步细读——把控文章关键信息细读P38－39教材课文，选择最佳答案1．Wheredothecaveslie?A．Intheforest. B．Ontheseaside.C．Atthefootofthehill. D．Higherupthehill.2．OurearliestpeopleintheZhoukoudiancaveskeptthemselveswarmby．A．working B．fightingC．makingfires D．hunting3．Evidencehasshowedthattheearliestpeopleinthecavesusedtomakeclothesaccordingtotheconversation.A．leaves B．treeskinsC．animalskins D．cotton4．Whichofthefol