从女权主义角度看《呼啸山庄》中凯瑟琳的形象

AnalysisofCatherine'simageinWutheringHeightsFromFeministPerspective1Introduction1.1EmilyBrontëandHerWorksEmilyBrontë,aprominentEnglishpoet,andwriterofthe19thcentury,oneofthethreeBrontësisters,wrotenearly200poemsinherlifetime,andWutheringHeightsistheonlynovelbornafterherextensivepoetry,whichestablishedherpositioninthehistoryofEnglishandworldliterature.EmilyBrontëdevelopedthehabitofreadingandwritingundertheinfluenceofherfather.Independent,innocent,resolute,passionate,andintrovertedbynature,herrichinnerfeelingsareexpressedthroughherworks.1.2ResearchBackgroundResearchesaboutWutheringHeightsandCatherinenowencompassseveralaspects,includingcharacteranalysis,theirlovetragedy,feminism,andsoon.Buttheyallcoincidentallyfocusonthesamepoint:thetimeandsocialcontextinwhichthestorytakesplace.However,theanalysisofCatherine'simageismostlyfocusedonhercharacterandthereasonsforhercharacterformation.TheyseldomfocusonCatherine’sentireupbringing.InthesocialcontextoftheVictorianera,Catherine'sexperienceundoubtedlyhadagreatimpactonher1.Thisisalsooneoftheconcernsofournextstudy.1.3KeyResearchQuestionsThispaperfocusesontheanalysisofCatherine'scontradictoryimage.Therefore,thestudyismainlyaboutthecontradictoryimageofCatherineitselfandthereasonsforthechangeofCatherine'simage.ThechangeofCatherine'simagefromthebeginningofnaivetyandcheerfulnesstogolddiggers.Thereasonsforthechangearesocialbackground,aswellasfamilybackground,andevenotherpeople'sfactors,andthesecombinedfactorsarealsotheissuesweneedtodiscuss.Andhowtoanalyzetheseissuesfromafeministperspectiveandexploretheircontemporarysignificance,andhowtopromotethedevelopmentoffeminineconsciousnesswiththehelpoftheparadoxicalimageofCatherine.1.4SignificanceofthePaperAsoneoftheliteraryworksoftheVictorianera,WutheringHeightsplaysanimportantroleinourstudyof19thcenturyEnglishsociety.However,muchattentionhasfocusedonthesocialbackgroundandthemaleprotagonistHeathcliff,butthereislittleanalysisaboutthefemaleprotagonistCatherine.Especiallyherinconsistentimage,butthisisanareawhererelevantresearchneedstobeadded.Intoday'seraofincreasingwomen'srights,thestudyofCatherine,atypicalmiddle-classwomanoftheVictorianera,showsusthetragicimageofwomenintheolddaysandcanbetterstimulateusinthisneweratopursuetheprotectionoffemales’rights.

2LiteratureReview2.1ABriefIntroductionofWutheringHeightsInthenorthofEngland,thereisWutheringHeights.Heretheowner,Earnshaw,hasaboyandagirlandadoptedanabandonedchildHeathcliff.Lethimlivewithhisownchildren,theoutcastandoneofthegirlsCatherinedaybyday,butasthegirl'sbrotherHindleybutverydislikehim.Hindleyforbadetheircontactandscoldedandabusedhim,butthisdeepenedCliff'sloveforCatherine,butalsodevelopedahatredforHindley.Oneday,CliffandCatherinegoouttogetherandrunintoEdgar,theowneroftheThrushcrossGrange.EdgaradmiresCatherine'sbeautyandaskshertomarryhim,andCatherineagrees.Cliffrunsawayinangerasaresult.Manyyearslater,Cliffreturnedtohishometown,whereheboughtthefamilypropertyofthedestituteCinderandmadehimaslavetotorturehim.HealsofrequentlyvisitedtheThrushcrossGrangeandelopedwithEdgar'ssisterIsabella,whoadmiredhim.Infact,hebutIsabellalockedintheWutheringHeightstorture.AlthoughCatherineismarriedtoEdgar,buttheideologicaldifferencesarehuge,duetoEdgar'saccommodation,theylivehappily.ButCatherinesawCliffwhocamebackandawakenedthepursuitofwildnessinherheart.Intheexcitement,shefallsillanddies,leavingbehindaprematurebaby,Cathy.Afterward,IsabellaescapedfromWutheringHeightswhileinturmoilandgavebirthtoafrailbabyboy.AndClifftookadvantageofHindleyillnesstopickuphisson,Hareton,tocontinuehisrevengeonthechild.12yearslater,IsabelladiedofillnessandCliffpickeduphissonbutdidnotlikehisfrailty.OntheoccasionofEdgar'sillnessanddeath,Cliffforcedhisdaughtertomarryhisson.Butsoonafterthemarriage,hissondiedofillness.However,Hareton,whowasthesonofHindley,despitehislackofeducationandcare,wassturdyandsimpleandattractedKathy.Lookingatthetwowhofellinlove,Cliff'shatredfaded,andhisloveforCatherinebegantorevive,andsoonafter,hediedcallingoutCatherine'sname2.2.2PreviousStudyonWutheringHeightsSinceEmilyBrontëcompletedWutheringHeightsinthe19thcentury,countlesspeoplehavereadtheworkandmanyscholarshavestudiedit.Inforeigncountries,manyscholarshaveanalyzedandstudiedthepurposeandthemesofthewritingofWutheringHeights,focusingontwoaspects:theanalysisandcomparisonoftwogenerationsofCatherineandthecounterattackonthesocialenvironment.Amongthem,somescholarsbelievethatEmilyBrontë'screationnotonlychallengedthetraditionalliteratureoftheVictorianerabutalsowasacounter-attackagainstthepatriarchalpowerinthesocietyatthattime3.SomescholarsalsobelievethatCatherinedeservestobeviewedcritically,notingthatalthoughCatherinemademistakesinheryouthfulignorance,thespiritofherquestforloveinthefinalmomentsofherlifealsoneedstobeacknowledgedbyus4.TheshockofCatherine'sdeathandtheeffectherdeathbringstotheloveofthesecondCatherine5.Thebalancebetweenrealityandwildnessthatthefirst-generationCatherinewasunabletostrikeissuccessfullycombinedinthesecond-generationCatherine6.Thestudyiscarriedoutthroughacomparativeanalysisofthetwogenerations.Thedescriptionsanddiscoursesofthecharactersinthebookareanalyzedtounderstandtheinfluenceofothercharactersonthecharacteroftwopeoplewhorepresentthemiddle-classwomenofthe19thcentury7,thetragedyofthefirstCatherine,andthehappyendingofthesecondCatherine,theanalysisofwhyitarises.InChina,thestudyofWutheringHeightsisrelativelylatecomparedtoforeigncountries,buttherearestillmanyscholarswhohaveresearchedrelatedaspectsandmanyresearchdirectionshavebeendeveloped.Somescholarshaveanalyzedthecharacterizationofthecharactersinthebook,withthemaincharacterHeathcliffandthemaincharacterCatherineasthemaincharacters.Catherine'slifehasitsupsanddowns,fromalovingandwildchildhoodtorebelliousadolescence,andwhenshegrowsup,sheisinfluencedbytheworldandbecomesworldlyandprofit-oriented,endingintragedy.ThistragicfemalefigureistheauthorEmilyBrontë'sappealtosociety:womenshouldpursuelovebravelyandnotbepollutedbytheworld8.Catherine,thedaughterofWutheringHeights,doesnotwanttobeboundanddesiresfreedom,butshegivesuptheloveshedesiresbecausesheispollutedbyclassideasandfallsvictimtoclasssociety9.Bynature,Catherineiskindandsweet,stubbornandrebellious,andstillyearnsforloveandfreedomafterhermarriage,butunderthetemptationofthematerialisticworldofcapitalism,CatherinemarriesEdgarforthesakeofvanityandbecomeslonelyandemptyaftermarriage,becomingatragedyofcapitalismandmoneyworship.Theauthorintendstowarnsociety,readersandwomentofollowtheirownhearts10.Apartofscholarsanalyzestheloveinthebookfromtheperspectiveoftragedy.DuRuochenbelievesthatthedilemmaofloveinWutheringHeightsmakesitfundamentaltotranscendthefluidityofordinarylovestories.ThelovebetweenHeathcliffandCatherinegoesthroughmultiplestages,fromtwoyoungchildrentolovebecomingpasttodeathandrevenge,andtheirspiritualloveeventuallycannotgotomarriage,suchatragedycanbringreadersadeeperinsight11.ZhangZiyu'sanalysis,ontheotherhand,isCatherine'sworldlyloveandsoullove.Butthesetwokindsoflovecannotcoexist,andheractionsreflectherconflictingfeelingsforbothherhusbandandCliff,whichalsoleadtoherdeathinamentalbreakdown12.ChenShouqinshowsinherarticlethatthetragedyinthebookisreflectedinthethreeaspectsofHeathcliff'slovewithoutlove,Catherine'smarriageandHeathcliff'smarriageofgainwithoutlove,andLintonandIsabella'sgainwithoutlove.Thetragedyoftheirlivesisprecisebecauseoftheseconflictsbetweengainandloss,loveandpropriety13.XieHua'sviewisthatCatherine'stragedystemsfromthebetrayalofhertruedesires,whileHeathcliff'stragedystemsfromhisbetrayalandlossofself14.OtherscholarshaveusedfeminismasabasisforcomparingfemalecharactersinotherworkswithCatherine.YangShiyaetal.startfromthefirstwaveofChineseandWesternfeminismandcompareallaspectsofthetwofemaleprotagonists'resistance.CatherineandCaoQiqiao'slackofeconomicandsocialindependenceinthedifferentculturalcontextsofEastandWestisthecauseoftheirresistance.TheunderstandingofthefirstwaveofChineseandWesternfeminismisenhancedbythemulti-layeredcomparisonoftheirresistance15.AndZhouMietal.arguethatbothJaneEyreandCatherine,asVictorianfemalefigures,expresstheirrebellionagainstthepatriarchalsociety.Thedefiantspiritofthetwoheroineswouldalsocontributetothedevelopmentofhumancivilization16.Mostscholarshavenotonlyexploredthenovelfromtheirperspectives,buttheirstudiesalmostalwaysincludeanelaborationofthesocialcontext.TheVictoriansocialcontext,inwhichCatherinepassesthroughthelineofPaintedHills,isinfluencedbytheclassconceptofcapitalism,whichleadstohertragedywithClive.ChenJieyingetal.arguethattheVictorianvaluesandclassconceptsofmoneysupremacy,throughthePaintedHillsrow,hadanimpactonCatherineandCliffandcreatedthetragedy.ThedysfunctionalsocietyoftheVictorianeraisthekeycauseoftheirtragedy.Fromtheaboveliteraturereview,foreignscholars'studieshavedevelopedovertheyears,mostlyfromfeminism,andhavestudiedmanyaspectsofthenovelaswellasthecharacteristicsofthetimes.Thedomesticstudieshaveanalyzedthenovelfromvariousperspectives,suchascharacterization,lovetragedy,feminism,andsocialbackground.TheanalysisofCatherine'simagestillhasmanylimitationsandislimitedtotheinfluenceofthesocialcontextonher,whileignoringCatherine'sspiritualdevelopmentasafreewoman.Intoday'ssociety,thespiritualdevelopmentofwomenisalsoaninevitabletopic,andCatherine,asthefirstwaveofVictorianfeminism,isundoubtedoftypicalsignificance.ThispaperaimstoanalyzethecharacterizationofCatherineasafreeanddefiantspiritinherupbringingfromafeministperspective,andalsohopestopromotethedevelopmentofwomen'sfreeandequalspiritinsociety.

3IntroductionofFeminism3.1DefinitionoffeminismFeminism,alsoknownaswomen'sliberation,genderegalitarianism,etc.,isacritiqueofsocialrelations.Allfeminismhasapremise:womenareoppressed,discriminatedclassworldwide.Feministtheorieshavealsobeendividedintomacroandmicrotheoriesofgreatvariety.Buttheyallboildowntoonephrase:toachieveequalitybetweenmenandwomeninallofhumanity17.Feminismbelievesthattoday'ssocietyisbuiltonapatriarchal,male-centeredsystem.Itincludesmaledomination,maleidentity,femaleobjectification,andapatriarchalmindset.Thissocialmodel,whichhasbeenhandeddownfromancienttimes,isunjusttowomen.Thesecondarystatusofwomeninsocietyispervasiveandpersistent.Asaresult,womenareinanunequalpositioninmanyareasofsociety.Masculineideologyassumesthatthissituationisnaturallyoccurringandneverchanges.Feminism,however,believesthatthissituationissociallyandculturallyconstructed,notnaturallyformed,andcanbechanged.Feminismexploresthemessuchasdiscrimination,stereotyping,objectification,oppression,andpatriarchy.Thefocusisonsecuringwomen'srightsinsocietyintermsofvoting,reproduction,education,etc.,andwomen'sliberation.3.2FeministAwakeningBeforetheemergenceofawomen'smovementonalargescale,womenrepresentingwomen'sthoughtemergedinWesternsocietyinthe15thcentury.Buttheearliestwomen'semancipationmovementtookplaceinthelate19thcentury,andwasthefirstwaveofwomen'semancipation.Theydemandedgenderequality,rightofvoteandeducation,mostnotablytheequivalenceoffamilyandsociallaborandtheequalvalueofpoliticalrights.Bytheendofthemovement,womenhadmadegreatgainsinvotingrights,education,andwork,butthetraditionalimageofwomenremainedunchanged17.Thesecondmovement,ontheotherhand,beganinthe1960s-1970sandlasteduntilthe1980s,firstoriginatingintheUnitedStates.Thekeynotewastheemphasisonthenaturalnessofthedivisionoflaborbetweenthesexesandthephenomenonofdifferentpayforthesameworkbetweenmenandwomen.Asaresultofthismovement,therewasariseintheacademicstudyoffeminismandgenderstudies.Thereweremanyschoolsoffeminism,butdespitetheirdiversity,theyallhadthesamebasicpoint:tofightforequalrightsforbothsexesandtoeliminatetheoppression,exploitation,discriminationandabusementwomen.

4ImagesofCatherineinFeministPerspective4.1PositiveImagesofCatherine4.1.1InnocenceandPurityAsMr.Earnshaw’sonlydaughter,Catherinewasraisedtobeanangel,andherinnocentandpurecharacterwasnurtured.AlthoughMr.Earnshawhadrepeatedlyhintedthathedidnotlikeher,shewouldstillkissherfather'shandandsingtolullhimtosleep.That'swhyMr.Earnshawsaid:Shehasnobadintentions,onceshemakesyoucry,shewillalsocrywithyou.Fromtheseit,canbeseenhowinnocentandkindshewasintheeyesofherfather.AndinHeathcliff,herinnocenceandpurityareevenmoreevident.OnthenightMr.EarnshawbroughtCliffbacktothevilla,onlyCatherineintroducedherselfwithouthierarchy,intheeyesofothers,Cliffwasjustanadoptedvagrant,onlyCatherineandhegotalongequally.Intheirsubsequenttimetogether,Catherineplayedwithhim,andtheyplayedfreelyinthewilderness,andshefeltthatshecouldplaywithClifflikethisforever.ThischaracterwasretainedevenafterhermarriagetoEdgar.AftershemetCliffagainandhetriedtoendtheirlovewithakiss.Eventosuchatime,shestillmaintainsthatkindofinnocence,nomatterwhenandwhereherinnocencehasalmostalwaysbeenwellprotected.Asachild,Catherinewasverysimple,andinnocencecontinuedthroughoutherlife.4.1.2RebellionandFreedomThroughoutthenovel,thesearchforfreedominCatherine'spersonalityisconstant.Firstofall,whenshewasachildandteenager,sheplayedwithCliffandchasedhimbarefootinthefields,whichwasherexpressionofherfreenature.Secondly,herloveforHeathcliff,whoseidentityissodifferentfromhers,attractsherbecauseofhisfreecharacter,makesherfallinlovewithhim,andshowsherfreecharacterevenmore.Inthesameperiod,underthesameeducation,noyounggirlcanbeasfreeassheis.Finally,herdesireforfreedomalsoreactedaftershegotmarriedagain.AlthoughmarriedtoEdgarformanyyears,whenshesawCliffagain,shetriedtoconcealbutcouldnotsurvivetherealdesireofherheart-freedom.YearsofseeminglyhappymarriagewithEdgar,inthesearchforfreedomofnature,willbetorturedbyherbreakdown.Herrebelliousnatureisalsoreflectedinmanyaspectsofherupbringing.SheshowsthisatthebeginningofhermeetingandasachildwhensheisunconcernedwiththeoppressionanddiscriminationofhersurroundingsagainstCliff,andherrebellionagainstthisenvironmentbybeingonanequalfootingwithCliff.Asanadolescent,thisrebellionagainstherenvironmentbecomesevenmoreintense,asshedisdainstherulesandregulations,liesinCliff'sarmsandfights.ShecaneventhrowreligiousscripturesintothedoghouseandjoinCliffindefyingHindley’sorders,whichisasignofherstrongrebelliousspirit.Afterhermarriage,thisrebelliouscharacterwassuppressed,andshecouldnolongeractasshehadbefore.4.2NegativeImagesofCatherine4.2.1VanityandWorshipofMoneyCatherine'scharacterofvanityandMoneyworshipisshownafterhertriptotheThrushcrossGrange.Originallynaiveandfree,afterfeelingthedifferenceoftheThrushcrossGrange,shehadanendlessdesireforhighsociety,moneystatus,whichevenexceededheroriginalnature.SheknewthatbackinWutheringHeights,Cliffcouldnotgiveherallofthis,andhervanitymadehermakethechoicetoacceptEdgar'sproposalofmarriage.ComparedtoCliff'slove,moneyandsocialstatusiswhatshecravedatthattime,andvanityandmoneyworshiptookrootandgrewuncheckedinherheart.4.2.2EmptinessandLonelinessInthesameway,Catherine'semptinessandlonelinessalsoaroseaftershemarriedEdgar.Althoughinthismarriage,shesatisfiedhervanity,gotmoneyandstatus,butherspiritualemptinessandlonelinesscouldnotbesolved.TheseeminglyhappymarriagereliedonEdgar'saccommodation,butitcouldnotsolvetheproblem.BecauseEdgardidloveher,butEdgarcouldn'tunderstandher,andherloveforEdgarwasjustforthematerialconditionsthatEdgarhad,andtheirlackofpassionintheirmarriagemadeherfeelevenmoreemptyandlonely.Sincechildhood,shehasbeenfreeanddoesnotlikeconstraintsandregulations,timeandagaindisguisedastheupper-classsocietyneedshertobe,amidsuchrequirementsshesuffers.Furthermore,itwasduetoCliff.WhenshechosetomarryEdgar,becauseshefeltthatthislifeiswhatshewanted,andCliffcannotgiveherthese.ButwhenCliffleft,shefoundherselfnolongerhavingthehearttotalkto,shefeltshecouldloseCliff,andafterleavinghim,butlonelyandempty.Shecouldnolongerrunfreelywithhim,expressinghertruefeelings,andtheuninterestinglifeintheThrushcrossGrangecontinuedwithoutend,intensifyingheremptinessandlonelinesssothatwhenshemetCliffagain,shewasinaviolentinnerconflict.However,shehaslostthespiritandcouragetorebelfreelyinthepastafterbeingemptyandlonelyforalongtime.4.3ContradictoryImagesofCatherine4.3.1ContradictionBetweenPurityandVanityCatherine'spurityandvanityareastrongcontrast,anditisfoundthatthereasoninthebookistheThrushcrossGrangeline.Butthechangeofcharactershouldbesubtle,theThrushcrossGrangeisindeedakeyfactorinCatherine'schange,whileanotherfactoristheoverallimpactoftheenvironmentinwhichshegrewup.Catherinegrewupoutofstepwiththeenvironment,lackofcare,sheisinnocentbynatureanddoesnothavemuchunderstandingofreality,sotheupper-classliferepresentedbytheThrushcrossGrangecanbringahugeimpactonthesimpleCatherineatonce.AndthesubsequentinfluenceofHindleyandothersintensifiesthesplitinCatherine'simage,allowinghertoproducethiscontradictoryimage.4.3.2ContradictionBetweenFreedomandLonelinessJustasthepointstatedabove,Catherine'sfreenaturerunsthroughherwholelife,butshehasbeenenduringlonelinessandisolationaftermarriage,whichisalsoacontradictionpoint.AlthoughCatherineisfulloffreenature,undertheimpactoftheThrushcrossGrange,sheignoreswhatconsequencesthisfuturemarriageofherswillbringtoher,andsheonlythinksofmateriallifewhilecompletelyignoringhernature.ThepleasuresoffreedomwithCliff,towhichshehadbecomeaccustomed,andtheupper-classlifeofThrushcrossGrangeappealedtohermore.ButthefreenatureshehadfromchildhoodwasnotreleasedintheThrushcrossGrangeinanyway,andsheevenneededtodisguiseherselfanddisguiseherselfasanupper-classperson.Andnoonearoundhercanunderstandher,evenifshewantstopursuefreedom,butwhoaroundhercanhelpher,sheonlybecomesmoreandmorelonely.Itwasthenthatsherealizedthattherewasanunbridgeablegapbetweenherselfandupper-classandthatlifeatWutheringHeightswaswhatheaspiredtointhefirstplace.TheconflictinherheartalsocompletelyexplodedafterCliff'sreturn,andshediedaftergivingbirthundertheunbalancedinnercut.4.3.3ContradictionbetweenLoveofRealityandLoveofSoulCatherine'scontradictoryimageisnotonlyexpressedinherpersonality,butalsoinherdilemmaoflove.Edgaristherealityoflove,hismoney,status,speech,appearance,andhisloveforCatherineallattracttherealCatherine.ForCatherine,Cliffisliketheotherhalfofhersoul,andtheyhavesomuchincommonintheirnatureandsouls.Theirsoulswereattractedtoeachother,trulyintunewitheachother.EvenafteragreeingtoEdgar'sproposal,shewantedtohelpCliffgetoutofthecageandgetafutureofherownforhim,whichwasnotabadwaytohideherloveforCliffandmarryEdgar18.However,lovecanonlychooseone,whenshechoserealityhasbeendeeplyhurt,Cliff.Catherinethinksshecanreconcilethecontradictionbetweentheloveofrealityandtheloveofthesoul,butshefailsandhurtseveryone,includingherself.

5ReasonsforCatherine'schange5.1InfluencesfromFamily5.1.1InfluencefromMr.EarnshawMr.Earnshaw,Catherine'sfather,istheownerofWutheringHeights.ItisfoundthatheinfluencedtheformationofCatherine'scharacter.AstheownerofWutheringHeights,hegaveCatherinetherighttoeducation,sothatshecanacquireknowledgeandbefreefromignorance.AndWutheringHeightsunderhisinfluence,thereisnostrongclassatmosphere,whichisthereasonforCatherine'spurityandinnocence.Butthisisadouble-edgedsword,nurturingCatherine'spurecharacteratthesametime,butalsolettingherlikeaflowerinthehothouse,lackofcontactwithsociety,whichiswhyshewassotouchedwhenshecameintocontactwiththeThrushcrossGrange.Butasafather,hefailedtogivehisdaughterenoughcare,andhernaturewasevensomewhatsuppressed,andhisseveralverbalstimuli,allhintingathisbarrenloveforhisdaughter,whichundoubtedlyaffectedtheformationofCatherine'srebelliouscharacter.AndhebroughtCliffbacktoWutheringHeightssothathecangetalongwithhischildren,inthisprocess,CatherineandCliffcanstretchtheirfreenature.TheactoftreatingCliffastheeldestsonstimulatedhissonHindley,whowasalreadyfiercelywildanddeeplycynicalaboutCliff,andHindleyrepeatedlysuppressedCliffandCatherine'slovepreciselybecauseofthis.Hislackofcareforhischildrenisreflectedintheircharacter.Inasense,Mr.Earnshawwasthestartingpointofthetragedy,andhislackofcareforhischildrenaffectedtheformationoftheircharacter,whichledtothetragedy.Didhedosomethingwrong?No,itcanonlysaythatfatehasitsway.5.1.2InfluencefromHindleyCatherine'sbrother,Hindley,isthetypicalnegativeimageinthebook.Hisfierceandwildimagehasbeenformedsincechildhood,andhistyrannicalnatureisexacerbatedbythefactthathisfatherbringsbackCliveandtreatshimwithextrafavor.ThisisreflectedinhistreatmentofCatherineandCliff'slove,buthisoppressionofCatherinealsostimulatesCatherine'srebellion.Likehisfather,Hindleydislikeshissister'sfree-spirited,wildimage,andhedoesnotcareasmuchforhissister.Theirlackofcarefortheirsister/daughter,however,alsocontributestotheformationofCatherine'snaive,freeandrebelliousimage.Secondly,heandhiswifeactivelyencouragedhissisterwhenshewascomingclosetotheThrushcrossGrange.TheiruncaringandevenrudeattitudetowardshissisterchangedbecauseshewasgoingtomarryintotheThrushcrossGrange,andtheyraisedCatherinetobealady,dressedhiminbeautifulclothes,andinspiredhervanity.Ifonlytheyweresincereabouttheirsister,buttheyjustthoughtthatmarryingintotheThrushcrossGrangewouldshine.AndHindleyhadalwayswantedtodestroyCatherine'sloveforCliffandtookadvantageofthistoachieveit.ItcanbesaidthatHindleyisalsothedrivingforcebehindCatherine'snegativeimage.5.1.3InfluencefromHeathcliffCatherine'struelove,Heathcliff.Forhim,Catherineisthemostimportantpersoninhislife,andhehasmanypositiveinfluencesonCatherine.HewastheonlyonewhocouldplayfreelywithCatherineinthelodgeandreleasehernature.AndCatherine'srebellionalsohadhisfactor,disobeyingherelderbrotherHindleytobewithhim.Asalover,hegaveCatherinecompanionshipbutdidnotletCatherineseethefuture.Atthattime,hewasonlyaservant,failedtogiveCatherineenoughhope,experiencedtherealityoftheThrushcrossGrange,andreturnedtoCatherinesawonlyhisdecadence.Catherine,whowasalreadyabitconfused,lackedtherightguidanceandfelldirectlyintothetrapofvanityandemptiness.AndCliffalsoescapedfromthelodgebecausehewasunderthestimulus.HealsocompletelydrawsoutCatherine'sambivalenceinhislaterreturntorevenge,crushingCatherine.5.2InfluencesfromSociety5.2.1OppressionoftheTimesForanystory,thesocialandperiodbackgroundisanimportantfactoraffectingitsdevelopment.Thecontextofthetimesoftenleadsustomakechoicesthatarecontrarytoourhearts.AndinWutheringHeights,thisishighlightedevenmorestrongly.Inthemid-19thcentury,whenthestorytakesplace,successioninEnglandissimilartothefirst-bornsysteminChina,wheretheeldestsoninherits.Thefatheroreldestsoncouldcontroltheentirefamily'seconomy,anddaughterswereinavulnerableposition;theyhadtorelyonmarriagetochangetheirdestiny.Therefore,intheEarnshawfamily,Hindleywasincontrolofeverything,andeverythingaboutCatherine'seconomywasactuallyinhishands.Therefore,afterthedeathoftheirfather,Catherinewasweakandrootless,despiterepeatedlyresistingherbrotherforlove.Insuchanenvironment,itisalmostimpossibleforCatherinetotakecontrolofherownmarriage,andmarriagewith