Bloomfield的语言学理论

Bloomfield’sTheoryBorninChicago,Illinoisin1887.AttendedHarvardCollegefrom1903to1906,graduatingwiththeA.B.degree.AttendedtheUniversityofChicagoin1908-1909,graduatingwiththeDoctor’sdegreeUndertookfurtherstudiesDrovetheAmericanlinguisticsstudyintoaBloomfieldTimesLanguage《语言论》Publishedin1933ThebasicprincipleofAmericanstructuralistlinguisticsacomprehensivedescriptionofAmericanstructuralistlinguistics.Language(28chapters)Synchroniclinguistics(共时语言学)〔1-16chapter)diachroniclinguistics(历时语言学)

(17-28chapter)Thestudyanduseoflanguage,speechcommunitiesandthelanguagesoftheworld(1—4chapter)Phoneme,semantemeandspeechsound(5—9chapter)Grammaticalformsandterms(10—16chaper)Literaryrecordsandcomparativemethod(17—19chapter)EvolutionoftheLanguage(语言演变〕,semanticchange〔语义变化〕andLanguageborrowing〔语言借用〕(19—28chapter)MainTheoriesBehaviorismSpeechCommunityPhoneticsandPhonologyGrammaticalDescriptionImmediateConstituentAnalysisSyntacticConstructionsForBloomfield,linguisticsisabranchofpsychology,andspecificallyofthepositivisticbrandofpsychologyknownasBEHAVIOURISM.Behaviorism,isaprincipleofscientificmethod,basedonthebeliefthathumanbeingscannotknowanythingtheyhavenotexperienced.Stimulus---Response---ReinforcementWhenthebehavioristmethodologyenteredlinguisticsviaBloomfield’swritings,thepopularpracticeinlinguisticstudieswastoacceptwhatanativespeakersaysinhislanguageandtodiscardwhathesaysaboutit.Bloomfield’sPrincipleWhenoneindividualisstimulated,hisspeechcanmakeotherindividualreactaccordingly.一个人受到某种刺激时，他可以用他的言语让另一个人做出相应的反响。Thedivisionoflaborandallhumanactivitiesbasedonthedivisionoflaboraredependentonlanguage.劳动分工以及基于劳动分工之上的一切人类活动都依赖于语言。Thedistancebetweenthespeakerandhearer,twoseparatenervoussystems,isbridgedupbysoundwaves.说话人和听话人——两个不同的神经系统——之间的距离由声波连接在一起。Fromthat,Bloomfieldputforwardthewellknownformula:S→r---------------------s→RHereSstandsforpracticalstimulus,rstandsforthesubstitutereactionofspeech,sstandsforthesubstitutestimulus,andRstandsforexternalpracticalreaction.S—外部刺激r—言语的代替反响s—言语的代替性刺激R—外部的实际反响MainTheoriesSpeechCommunityLiteraryStandard(文学标准体)：用于正式讲演或书面语，通过教育得到，与人所处的地域没有关系。e.g.Ihavenone.ColloquialStandard(口语标准体)：特权阶层的非正式文体。e.g.Ihaven’tgotany.ProvincialStandard(地方标准体)：与口语标准体接近，取决于出现的地方。e.g.Ihaven’tany.Ihaven’tgotany.SpeechCommunitySub-standard(非标准体)：中下层的语言与前三类有明显区别，但没有明显的地域差异。e.g.Iain’tgotnone.LocalDialect(本地方言)：最低阶层的语言或家庭日用语，同一社团内的其他人如果不了解就听不懂。e.g.Ahaenane.MainTheoriesPhoneticsandPhonologyExperimentalPhonetics/LaboratoryPhonetics实验语音学Phonology音位学Phoneme---minimalunitsingleprimaryphoneme/segmentalphonemecompoundphonemesecondaryphoneme

MainTheoriesGrammaticalUnitFreeform—anindependentforme.g.Bill,danceBoundform—adependentforme.g.–yinBilly,-ingindancingMorpheme—aformthathasnophonologicalandsemanticcommonnesswithotherform.MainTheoriesICAnalysisConstituentisatermusedinstructuralsentenceanalysisforeverylinguisticunit,whichisapartofalargerlinguisticunit.Severalconstituentstogetherforaconstruction.Forexample,

ICAnalysisEndocentricConstruction向心结构ExocentricConstruction离心结构AchievementandinfluenceLeadingthedevelopmentofstructuralistlinguisticsintheUnitedStatesduringthe1930sandthe1940s.InthehistoryofAmericanlinguistics,theseyearsbetween1933-1950iscalled“BloomfieldianAge”.MakingsignificantcontributionstoIndo-Europeanhistoricallinguistics,Sanskritstud