2021年上海市春考高考英语试卷(精校Word版含答案)

2021年上海市普通高校春季招生统一文化考试英语试卷考生注意：本场考试时间120分钟，总分值140分。作答前，在答题纸正面填写姓名、准考证号，反面填写姓名。将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置。所有作答必须涂在或书写在答题纸上与试题号对应的区域，不得错位。在试卷上作答一律不得分。第I卷〔共100分〕ListeningComprehensionDirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.B.Thefamilyreunion.D.Theintenseschedule.B.Thefamilyreunion.D.Theintenseschedule.C.Theannoyinghousework.A.Thekidswerefrightenedbythemovie.B.Thekidsenjoyedthemovie.C.Themovieisnotsuitableforkidstosee.D.Themovieisquiteboring.C.Themovieisnotsuitableforkidstosee.D.Themovieisquiteboring.A.Sheisdrinkingteaatatable.C.Shelikesthepicturesinthemagazines.A.Supermarket.B.Drugstore.A.Helikescookingfoodhimself.C.Heacceptsthewoman’sinvitation.A.Afull-timestudent.C.Avisitingscholar.A.Sheisbossy.C.Sheisarrogant〔傲慢的〕.A.He’sateacher.C.He’sabusinessman.A.1hour. B.2hours.A.Thebadweatherstoppedhim.C.Hedidn’tlikethehikingtrip.B.Sheisinterestedinreadingmagazines.D.Shedoesn’tknowanyChinese.C.Barbershop.D.Shoppingcenter.B.Hethinksfrozenfoodishealthier.D.Hepreferstobuyfrozenfood.B.Anexchangestudent.D.Apart-timestudent.B.Sheisshy.D.Sheistrustworthy.B.He’sawriter.D.He’sajournalist.C.3hours. D.4hours.B.Hisshoeswerewornout.D.He’stootriedtocontinue.Directions:InSectionB,youwillheartwopassagesandonelongerconversation.Aftereachpassageorconversation,youwillbeaskedseveralquestions.Thepassagesandconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefour

possibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.A.Theybecamemoreactiveinwater.B.Symptomsofdepressiondisappeared.C.Theirdigestiondeveloped.D.Theysufferedfromdepression.B.Kindlescreens.D.Closedwindowcurtains.B.Kindlescreens.D.Closedwindowcurtains.B.Readabookanddrinksomewater.D.Goonadietandlosesomeweight.C.Overweight.A.Turnoffalltheelectronicdevices.C.Takesomesleeppills.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.A.71%ofthepoorliveadaywithlessthantendollars.B.Thepopulationofpeopleliveinpovertyhasdecreasedinthepastdecade.C.Economicgrowthhasmadeglobalpovertyworsethanbefore.D.Themiddleclassarenowonestepawayfrompoverty.A.Themiddleclasshasexpandedinthe111countries.B.Thenumberofmiddleclasshasincreasedbutitisnotaglobalphenomenon.C.Greatprogresshasbeenmadeforthepeopleinpovertywithimpressiveresults.D.Oncegettingoutofpoverty,thosepeoplewillliveabetterlife.A.Themiddleclasswouldnotallowthosepoortomakeabetterliving.B.Whateverprogressismade,nothingwillbechanged.C.Goodchangesaretootinytomakethosepoorliveatotallydifferentlife.D.Developedcountriessufferfromthequestionfrombothpovertyandthemiddleclass.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.A.Athunderstormaccident.C.AnappointmentonSaturday.A.Athunderstormaccident.C.AnappointmentonSaturday.A.Lightning. B.Powerfailure.A.PlugtheTVoff.C.Stayathome.A.OnSaturdaymorning.C.OnTuesdaymorning.B.Acableemergency.D.Acomputersystembreakdown.C.Cablecut. D.Systemfailure.B.Keepthecableconnected.D.Callthecablecenterforsure.B.OnSaturdayafternoon.D.OnTuesdayafternoon.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.MyKid-FreeLifeIhadexpectedtohavemorefreetimeaftermysons,EvanandAlex,eachleftforcollege,andIdo.Thekitchencalendarlooksspare.Rarely(21)Ineedtopreparefamilydinnereveryday.Thereisalot(22)(little)laundry.Whentheboyswereinfants』wonderedhowI(23)(spend)allthehoursbeforetheywereborn.(24)Ihavethosehoursback,Icanfocusonmyownneeds.Ihadalsoexpectedtoworryaboutthemwhentheywereaway.AndIdo.Didtheygettheirflushots(流感疫苗注射)?Willtheyrememberthetalksabout“goodchoices”?Ontheotherhand,theworryismixedwithrelief.Ihaveseen(25) vigorouslytheygrowwithoutme.DoImissedthem?Yes.BothmoreandlessthanI’dguessed.DoIfeelunitedforhavinglostmyprimaryroleinlife?No,becauseovertheyear,Itookgreatpride(26) thefactthatmyidentitywasnotdependentontheirs.But,surprisingly,yes.(27) (be)adifferentkindofmotherdefinesmenow.Themissingcomesatunexpectedmoments:seeingtheschoolbusdriveby,startingtoputtoomanyplatesonthetable...Whentheyhavedoubtsaboutfriendshipsorjobprospects,Icanonlysay,“I’msureyouwillfigureitout.”Andyet,thespaces(28) (empty)bylossaremorethanfilledbywhatI’vefound.Inowhavethechance(29) (see)themasthewholeworlddoesbutalsolikenooneelseeverwill.AsadultsIhappenedtohelpcreate.Therooms(30) theboysusedtolivelookvacant.Ifeelsadnessbutalsojoy.Iknewtheywouldleave,buttheywillfindtheirwayback.Myhomeisempty.Butoverflowing.SectionBDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.addressB.fascinationC.governedD.imposingE.offensiveF.originallyG.overlookingH.rebellionI.reminderJ.randomlyK.sweptPalacesareknownfortheirbeautyandsplendor,buttheyofferlittleprotectionagainstattacks.It'seasytodefendafortress(堡垒),butfortressesarenotdesignedwiththecomfortofakingorqueeninmind.Whenitcomestostructuresthatareboth(31) andwell-fortified,theclassicEuropecastleisthepinnacle(小尖顶)ofdesign.Acrosstheagescastleschanged,developed,andeventuallyfelloutofuse,buttheystillcommandthe(32) ofourculture.Castleswere(33) builtinEnglandbyNormaninvadersin1066.AsWilliamtheConqueror(34) throughEngland,hefortifiedkeypositionstosecurethelandhehadtaken.ThecastleshebuiltallowedtheNormanlordstoretreattosafetywhenthreatenedbyEnglish(35) .Castlesalsoservedasbasesofoperationforoffensiveattacks.Troopsweresummonedto,organizedaround,anddeployedfromcastles.Inthiswaycastlesservedboth(36) anddefensiverolesinmilitaryoperations.Notlimitedtomilitarypurposes,castlesalsoservedasofficesfromwhichthelordwouldadministercontroloverhisfiefdom(领地).Thatistosay,thelordofthelandwouldholdcourtinhiscastle.Thosethatweresociallybeneaththelordwouldcometoreporttheaffairsofthelandsthatthey(37) andpaytributetothelord.Theywould(38) disputes,handlebusiness,feast,andenjoyfestivities.InthiswaycastlesservedasimportantsocialcentersinmedievalEngland.Castlesalsoservedassymbolsofpower.Builtonprominentsites(39)thesurroundingareas,castlesconstantlyloomedinthebackgroundofmanypeasants'livesandservedasadaily(40)ofthelord'sstrength.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagestherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Humanshatemarkedlytogiveworkersmorethantheydeserve,andindeedmanywillsettleforlesstocompensateworkequitably.Butisthisimpulse(41) ?Perhapsnot,sayspsychologicalscientistMarieSchaferinGermany.AccordingtoSchafer,nobodyhaseverlookedathowyoungchildrenfromdifferent(42) thinkaboutmeritwhensharingrewards.ThereisreasontosuspectthatmeritocracymaybemoreofaWesternconceptandvalue,sosheandseveralcolleaguesdecidedtoputthistothetest,studyingthe(43) ofchildren,fourto11yearsold,inthreedifferentcultures.Theideawastotesthowmuchthechildrenvaluedmerit.Soeachchildwasgivenanumberofsweetsequaltothetotalnumberoffishinthecatch,andwastoldtodistributethesweetsanywayheorshewanted—withoutadultsintheroomtoinfluencethem.Iftheyvaluedmerit,childrenshould(44) thesweetsaccordingtosharesofthecatch.Thatis,iftheyhadlandedthesamenumberoffish,theywoldchoosetorewardeachone(45) ,butifonefaredmuchbetteratfishing,rewardswouldalsobedisproportionate.Inthecasewheretheyweresimplygiventhefish,rewardsshouldbeunrelatedtocatchsize—sincenoeffortwasinvolved.matters.That’sthemainfindingamongmanyfromthestudy,asdescribedinaforthcomingissueofthejournalPsychologicalScience.TheGermanchildrendistributedthespoilsofthedaypreciselyinproportionto(47) ,evenwhenthismeantaveryunbalanceddistributionofrewards.Bycontrast,childrenfromthetworuralAfricanforager(狩猎)societiesbarelytookmeritintoconsiderationatall.Thesefindingssuggestthatthebasicnotionofmeritanddistributivejusticeisfarfromuniversalinourspecies,andthat(48) isculturallydefined.Butwhy?Thescientistsoffersome(49) onthis.Itcouldbethatinlarge-scalesocietieslikeGermany,ameritocracyis(50) forregulatingtransactionsbetweenpeoplewhodon’tknoweachotherandmaynotinteractagain.Thefocusisonequitableinteractions,becausethingswon’tbe“evenedout”inthefuture.Insmallscalesocieties,(51) ,mostexchangestakeplacebetweenpeoplewhoare(52) withoneanother.Itmaybemoreimportantinsuchsocietiestobuildlong-termrelationshipsbasedonequity—ratherthantoinsistonequityinasingletransaction.Inegalitarianforagersocieties,suchastheHaillom,(53) isanimportantlevelingmechanism,(54) asymmetriesinwealthandincreasingharmony.Childrenmayinternalizethesesocialvaluesearlyon,andapplythemevenwhenthefishingtripis(55) .41.A.unblockedB.universalC.unconsciousD.unique42.A.culturesB.casesCpaniesD.aspects43.A.moodB.behaviorC.emotionD.habit44.A.collectB.loadC.stressD.distribute45.A.reallyB.deliberatelyC.equallyD.happily46.A.SceneB.ObjectC.CultureD.Trend47.A.productivityB.benefitC.interestD.survey48.A.tirednessB.businessC.thicknessD.fairness49.A.feelingsB.thoughtsC.livesD.emotions50.A.usefulB.majorC.smallD.important51.A.inawordB.inadditionC.bycontrastD.what’smore52.A.familiarB.delightedC.satisfiedD.same53.A.cooperatingB.smilingC.equalingD.sharing54.A.forcingB.judgingC.balancingD.experiencing55.A.creativeB.imaginaryC.innovativeD.logicSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhaveread.(A)WeHaveaPaintertoThankforYellowstoneBeforeartistThomasMoransetfootinthepark,itwasseenasanunhappyplace.After,itwasmarketasawonderland.BeforeThomasMoranarrived,Yellowstoneinthepopularimaginationwasaharsh,willplacepockedwithhellishgeysers.Afterthepainter’sworkwasfinished,Yellowstonewasestablishedasanationalparkandmarketedasawonderland.In1871MoranandphotographerWilliamHenryJacksonhadjoinedthefirstU.S.governmentsurveyoftheregion.FortwoweeksMoranfilledasketchbookwiththelandscape’smoststunningsights.Thesurveyresults,Jackson’sphotos,andMoran’swatercolors—thefirstcolorrenderingsofthearea—werepresentedtoCongressthatfall.“Thephotographswereproofthatwhattheartistwasshowingreallyexisted,”saysEleanorHarvey,seniorcuratorattheSmithsonianAmericanArtMuseum.InMarch1872lawmakersofficiallymadeYellowstoneanationalpark,theworld’sfirst.ByApril,Moranhadtransformedsomeofhissketchesintoa7-by-12-footpainting.Thegold-splatteredvalleyandbillowingLowerFallsof“TheGrandCanyonoftheYellowstone”attractedthepublic.“Itistoograndandwonderfulforwords,”declaredtheLadies’RepositorythatAugust,“andnonecaneverjudgeofitswondersfromanyengravingorphotographinmereblackandwhite.”ThoughMoranlaterpaintedLakeSuperior,theGrandCanyon,andtheRockies,hsireputationwassointertwinedwithYellowstonethathetooktosigninghispaintings“TYM,”forThomas“Yellowstone”Moran..WhatcanweknowaboutYellowstoneaccordingtothepassage?A.ItwasapopularparkwithgeysersbeforeThomasMoranfinishedtransformation.B.Itwasanimaginationofaharshandwildplace.C.ItbecameanationalparkwiththeeffortsofMoranandJackson.D.Itisanattractivegrandvalley..Whatdoesthe“pocked”meaninthefirstsentence(paragraph2)?A.Packed. B.Dotted. C.Blocked. D.Stuck..WhatarethecharacteristicsofThomasMoran'spaintingsaboutYellowstonePark?A.Payingattentiontocolorrenderingofpaintings.B.Hismagnificentandwonderfulpaintings.C.HisreputationcloselylinkedtoYellowstonePark.D.Hispaintingswithnothingspecial..Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.TheSignificanceofThomasMoran’spaintingstoYellowstonePark.B.HowYellowstoneParkisestablishedasaNationalPark.C.TheGreatPainter—ThomasMoran.D.TheprocessofYellowstoneParkbeinglabelledasafairyland.(B)WhyUPSTrucks(Almost)NeverTurnLeftByfavoringright-handturnsatalltimes—unlessaleftisunavoidable—thecarriersavesmillionsofgallonsoffueleachyear,andavoidsemissionsequivalenttoover20,000passengercars.Thepracticestarteddecadesago,beforecomputersandGPS,andisnowmanagedbyasoftwarethatconjuresthemostefficientrouteforeachtruck.What’swrongwithturningleft?Left-handturnsaregenerallyconsideredunsafeandwastefulonright-handdrivingroads,suchsthoseintheU.S.“Left-turningtraffictypicallyhastoturnagainstaflowofoncomingvehicles,”explainsTomVanderbilt,authorofthebook“Traffic:Whywedrivethewaywedo.”“Thiscannotonlybedangerous,butmakestrafficbuildup,unlessyouinstalladedicatedleft-turn‘phase’,whichisfinebutbasicallyadds30or45secondstoeveryoneelse’ssingletime,”hesaid.Astudyoncrashfactorsinintersection-relatedaccidentsfromtheU.S.NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAssociationshowsthatturningleftisoneoftheleading“criticalpre-crashevents”(aneventthatmadeacollisioninevitable),occurringin22.2percentofcrashes,asopposedto1.2percentforrightturns.About61percentofcrashesthatoccurwhileturningorcrossinganintersectioninvolveleftturns,asopposedtojust3.1percentinvolvingrightturns.Leftturnsarealsothreetimesmorelikelytokillpedestriansthanrightones,accordingtodatacollectedbyNewYorkCity’stransportationplanners.Therightwaytosavefuel“Aleft-handturnisalsolessfuelefficient,”saidJackLevis,UPSSeniorDirectorofProcessM-J0此处应有图片)….UPSdoesnotbanleftturnsoutright,saysLevis:“Wewillmakelefthandturns,butnotonesthatareunnecessary.Wedon’tneedtogoincirclesalldaylongbymakingonlyrighthandturns.Wehavetoolsanalyzethenumberoflefthandturnsforeachroute,andwecanworkoutwhichonesareavoidable.”Theprocedureisnowincorporatedinmostcountriesaroundtheworld.Tothisend,thecarriercreateditsownmaps,whichitsaysaremoreaccuratethatcommerciallyavailableones:"Wecandifferentiatemoreimportantleft-handturnsfromunimportantones.GoogleMapshasnoconceptofnotmakingaleft-handturn,itjustshowsthemostdirectwaytoreachyourdestination.Wehavetheabilitytopenalizesomeofthose,”LevistoldCNN.Thesystemknowsaboutparkinglots,privatedriveways,variablespeedlimitsandroadsthatareinaccessibleforatruck.Thesoftwarecangiveanundesirableleftturnapenaltythatadds20secondstotheestimatedroutetime.Inthatcase,goingaroundtheblockandturningalwaysrightmightoffsetthat20-secondpenalty:“Wewereabletoturnofflefthandturns,”saidLevis.Takingalongerroutewhilestillsavingtimeandfuelmightsoundconfusing,eventoUPSdrivers,accordingtoVanderbilt:“I’veactuallybeentoUPS’slogisticscenteranddiscussedthiswiththeirleadengineers,”hesaid.“Alotofindividualdriversfeltthenewroutingsoftwarewasmakingtheirtripslonger,buttheywerelaterprovenwrong.Thisisthethingabouttraffic,it’ssuchacomplexsystemthatoftentheindividualcannotgetasenseoftheoverallefficiencyofthesystem,andoptimizeaccordingly.It’salsooneofthecounterintuitive,‘slower-is-faster’effectsyouoftenseeintraffic.”Therule,saysLevis,canalsobeappliedtoleft-handdrivingcountries,suchasAustraliaandtheUK,whereitdiscouragesright-handturns..HowmuchresourcescanUPStruckssavebyavoidingturningleft?A.UPStruckswillconsumemillionsofgallonsoffuel.B.TheemissionofUPStrucksisequivalenttothatofover2000passengercars.C.UPStrucksestimatetosave100,000metrictonsofCO2emissionayear.D.UPStrucksestimateanincreaseof6to8milesperroute.61.InTomVanderbilt’sView,howtoDealwiththeLeftTurnProblemintheUnitedStates?A.Installadedicatedleftturnphase.B.Trafficplannersmanageroadconditions.C.Operatorsmaketheirowntrafficmaps.D.Nationalpolicyencouragesleftturnofvehicles..WhichofthefollowingoptionsisNOTTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.It’sunsafetoturnleftonright-handdrivingroads.B.Turningleftisresource-efficientonright-handdrivingroads.C.Leftturningislikelytocausetrafficaccidents.D.Left-turnisdiscouragedinallcountries.(C)“Isdatathenewoil?”askedproponentsofbigdatabackin2012inForbesmagazine.By2016,andtheriseofbigdata’sturbo-poweredcousindeeplearning,wehadbecomemorecertain:“Dataisthenewoil,”statedFortune.Amazon’sNeilLawrencehasaslightlydifferentanalogy:Data,hesays,iscoal.Notcoaltoday,though,butcoalintheearlydaysofthe18thcentury,whenThomasNewcomeninventedthesteamengine.ADevonianironmonger,Newcomenbuilthisdevicetopumpwateroutofthesouthwest'sprolifictinmines.Theproblem,asLawrencetoldtheRe-WorkconferenceonDeepLearninginLondon,wasthatthepumpwasrathermoreusefultothosewhohadalotofcoalthanthosewhodidn’t:itwasgood,butnotgoodenoughtobuycoalintorunit.ThatwassotruethatthefirstofNewcomen'ssteamengineswasn'tbuiltinatinmine,butincoalworksnearDudley.Sowhyisdatacoal?Theproblemissimilar:therearealotofNewcomensintheworldofdeeplearning.StartupslikeLondon’sMagicPonyandSwiftKeyarecomingupwithrevolutionarynewwaystotrainmachinestodoimpressivefeatsofcognition,fromreconstructingfacialdatafromgrainyimagestolearningthewritingstyleofanindividualusertobetterpredictwhichwordtheyaregoingtotypeinasentence.Andyet,likeNewcomen,theirinnovationsaresomuchmoreusefultothepeoplewhoactuallcopious〔丰富的〕amountsofrawmaterialtoworkfrom.AndsoMagicPonyisacquiredbyTwitter,SwiftKeyisacquiredbyMicrosoftandLawrencehimselfgetshiredbyAmazonfromtheUniversityofSheffield,wherehewasbaseduntilthreeweeksago.Butthereisacodatothestory:69yearslater,JamesWattmadeanicetweaktotheNewcomensteamengine,addingacondensertothedesign.Thatchange,Lawrencesaid,“madethesteamenginemuchmoreefficient,andthat’swhattriggeredtheindustrialrevolution.”Whetherdataisoilorcoal,then,there’sanotherwaytheanalogyholdsup:alotofworkisgoingintotryingtomakesurewecandomore,withless.It’snotasimpressiveasteachingacomputertoplayGoorPac-Manbetterthananyhumanalive,but“dataefficiency”isacrucialstepifdeeplearningisgoingtomoveawayfromsimplygobblingupoodlesofdataandspittingoutthebestcorrelationspossible.“Ifyoulookatalltheareaswheredeeplearningissuccessful,they’reallareaswherethere’slotsofdata,”pointsoutLawrence.That’sgreatifyouwanttocategorizeimagesofcats,butlesshelpfulifyouwanttousedeeplearningtodiagnoserareillnesses.“It’sgenerallyconsideredunethicaltoforcepeopletobecomesickinordertoacquiredata.”.Accordingtothepassage,whydataisseenasthenewcoal?A.Itcandrivethesteamenginetopumpwater.B.Itcanhelppeoplemakemorecoals.C.Itcanhelptheareasofdeeplearning.D.Itcanhelpcurediagnoserareillnesses..AccordingtoLawrence,whybigdataislesshelpfultodiagnoserareillnesses?A.Becausethereisnosuchdemand.B.Becauseitcanonlyusetocategorizeimagesofcats.C.Becauseit’sunethicaltoacquiredatabyforcingpeopletobecomesick.D.Becauseitneedstoomuchdata..Whichareasaremostlikelytobesuccessfulinin-depthlearning?A.Somesmallstart-ups.B.Areaswithlargeamountsofdata.C.CoalandPetroleumDevelopmentField.D.Areasfortacklingrarediseases..Accordingtothecontentofthearticle,whichisNOTTRUEaboutthebigdata?A.Westillhavealotofworktostudythebigdata.B.Itrequirescountlessdatatobecollected.C.Thepurposeofstudyingbigdataistosaveparents'costs.D.“Dataefficiency”isacriticalsteptoexploremoredata.SectionCDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.A.Weweighbenefitsofmedicationsversusthecomplexityofaddingonemoredrugtohercrowdedpillbox.B.Ifyouansweredno,you,renotalone.C.Whenyouropinionsareshared,youwillfindmorepotentialaboutyou.D.Yourvalesandneedsmayalsovaryfromoneappointmenttothenext.E.Thetruedifferencereliesonwhatyouunderstandinsteadofwhatyousee.F.Ayearfromnowaftergraduation,we,llrevisittheconversation,ashisgoalsandneedsmaybedifferent.ThemostImportantThingYou’reNotDiscussingwithYourDoctorShareddecisionmakingrequiresyoutobeanactiveparticipant.PoliticiansandpolicymakersarediscussingwhatpartsoftheAffordableCareActtochangeandwhattokeep.Whilemostofushavelittlecontroloverthosediscussions,thereisonehealthcaretopicthatwecancontrol:whatwetalkaboutwithourdoctor.TheInstituteofMedicine(IOM)releasedthelandmarkpublicationCrossingtheQualityChasm15yearsago.ThereportproposedsixaimsforimprovementintheU.S.healthsystem,identifyingthathealthcareshouldbepatient-centered,safe,effective,timely,efficientandequitable.Theideathathealthcareshouldbepatient-centeredsoundsobvious,butwhatdoesthatmean?TheIOMdefinesitascarethatis“respectfulofandresponsivetoindividualpatientpreferences,needs,andvalues”andthatensures“patientvaluesguideallclinicaldecisions.”Forthistotrulyhappen,doctors’appointmentsneedtocovermoretopicsthanhowoneisfeelingandwhatcanbedone.Doesyourdoctorknowyourvalues?(67) Fewerthanhalfofpeoplereportthattheirphysicianorotherhealthcareproviderasksabouttheirgoalsandconcernsfortheirhealthandhealthcare.Yourdoctorcandiscussmedicaltestsandtreatmentswithoutknowingyourlifegoals,butsharingyourvaluesandneedswithyourdoctormakesdiscussionsanddecisionsmorepersonalizedandmayleadtobetterhealth.Howdoespatient-centeredcarehappen?Inorderforyourhealthcaretocenteraroundyou,yourdoctorneedstoknowyourvalues,preferencesandneeds.Everyoneisdifferent.(68) Asaneurologist,whenI’mworkingwitha76-year-oldwidowwhosemaingoalistoremainindependentinherhome,weframehercareinthatcontext.(69) Wediscusshowawalkerhelpsherbemoreindependentratherthanless,asshecanmovearoundherhomemoresafely.Whenastressedcollegestudentcomestomyofficeforabothersometremor,hispreferenceistoavoidmedicationsthathemightforgettotakeorthatmightharmhisschoolperformance.Thisguidesourdiscussionoftheprosandconsofdifferentoptions,includingusingmedicationsbutalsodoingnothing,anoptionthatalmosthalfofpatientsfeelstronglyshouldalwaysbediscussed.(70) Insharingtheirvaluesandgoalswithme,theseindividualsenabledahealthcareapproachthatrespectedtheirneedsandalsorespondedtotheirlifecircumstances.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.ToLaughIsHumanMostofusdon’tknowwhywelaughatsomejokesandnotatothers.Scientistsknowthatweareabletolaughatbirth.Babiesbegintolaughatthreetofourmonthsofage,wellbeforetheyproducetheirfirstwords.Whatscientistsareinterestediniswhywelaugh.Scientistsbelievehumanslaughwithothersprimarilybecauseitmakesusfeelconnectedwithoneanother,whichinturngivesusasenseoftrustandcomfort.Toscientists,laughterisanunconsciousreaction;consequently,whenwelaugh,otherscanbecertainthatitisanhonesreaction,andhonestyiskeywhenbuildingandmaintainingfriendships.Sincelaughterisseenasasocialsignalthatwesendtoothers,itcanalsohelpexplainwhyitissoinfectious.Studieshaveproventhatwhenpeopleseeorhearsomethingfunny,theyare20timesmorelikelytoalaughwhentheyarewithothersthanwhentheyarealone.Wantingtobeacceptedbyothersispartofhumannature.Andmirroringotherpeople’slaughterisawaytosignaltoothersthatyoufeelthewaytheydo,whichmakesusfeelmoreconnectedwithoneanother.Humanshavenotalwayslaughedjustsotheycanfeelclosertoothers,however.Scientistspointoutthatthissocialfunctionoflaughterwasbornoutofanevenmorefundamentalhumanneed.Laughter,theybelieve,cameaboutbecauseitcontributedtoourverysurvivalasaspecies.Scientistsassumethatsharinglaughterensuredourancestorsahighersurvivalratebecauseitledtogreatercooperationbetweenindividuals.Humanslearnedquicklythatgreatercooperationledtosurvival,andthebraininturnrealizedthatlaughingwithothersincreasedoutchancesoffindingpeopletocooperate,hunt,eat,live,andeventually,survivewith.第II卷〔共40分〕TranslationDirections:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingthewordsgiveninthebrackets..少喝含糖饮料，否那么你会容易发胖。〔or〕.在法庭上，他坚称自己没犯抢劫罪。〔guilty〕.你是不是同意，在心情愉快的时候，总会有创意出现？〔occur〕.当谈到办公室冲突的时候，专家建议应更多地反思自己，更多地换位思考，并及时与同事沟通。〔whenitcomesto〕VI.GuidedWritingDirections:WriteanEnglishcomp