浙江工商大学外国语学院《615综合英语》历年考研真题汇编

目录

2005年浙江工商大学综合英语考研真

题

2006年浙江工商大学综合英语考研真

题

2008年浙江工商大学615综合英语考研

真题

2010年浙江工商大学615综合英语考研

真题

2011年浙江工商大学615综合英语考研

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2012年浙江工商大学615综合英语考研

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2013年浙江工商大学615综合英语考研

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2014年浙江工商大学615综合英语考研

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2015年浙江工商大学615综合英语考研

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2016年浙江工商大学615综合英语考研

真题

2017年浙江工商大学615综合英语考研

真题

2005年浙江工商大学综合英语考研真题

I.Vocabularyandstructure

Directions:Chooseonewordorphrasethatcorrectlycompletesthesentence.

Markyouranswersblackingthecorrespondingletters.(25%)

1．Despitetheirgoodservice,mostinnsarelesscostlythanhotelsof

standards.

A.equivalent

B.alike

C.uniform

D.likely

2．Waterentersintoagreatvarietyofchemicalreactions,havebeen

mentionedinpreviouspages.

A.afewofit

B.afewofthat

C.afewofthem

D.afewofwhich

3．Ileftfortheofficeearlierthanusualthismorningtrafficjam.

A.inlinewith

B.forthesakeof

C.incaseof

D.attheriskof

4．Oncetheyhadfame,fortune,securefutures;isutterpoverty.

A.nowthatallisleft

B.nowallthatisleft

C.nowallwhichisleft

D.nowallwhatisleft

5．Allflightsbecauseofstorm,theydecidedtotakethetrain.

A.havingcanceled

B.havingbeencanceled

C.werecanceled

D.havebeencanceled

6．Languagebelongstoeachoneofus,totheflower-sellertothe

professor.

A.asmuchas

B.asfaras

C.thesameas

D.aslongas

7．Wepreferredtopostponethemeetingitwithoutthepresenceofour

president.

A.toholding

B.thantohold

C.ratherthanheld

D.ratherthanhold

8．Manypeople,ifnotmost,literarytasteasanelegantaccomplishment,

byacquiringwhichtheywillcompletethemselves,andmakethemselves

finallyfitasmembersofacorrectsociety.

A.lookon

B.lookdown

C.lookin

D.lookinto

9．Whatagoodlistenerisabletodoistoprocesswhathehearsonthebasis

ofthecontext.

A.itoccurringin

B.occurredinit

C.itoccursin

D.occurringinit

10．It’stimeaboutthetrafficproblemdowntown.

A.anythingwillbedone

B.everythingisdone

C.somethingwasdone

D.nothingtobedone

11．Physicsisthepresent-dayequivalentofusedtobecallednatural

philosophy,fromwhichmostofpresent-daysciencearose.

A.that

B.which

C.all

D.what

12．isthecenterofourplanetarysystemwasadifficultconceptto

graspintheMiddleAges.

A.Itisthesunandnottheearth

B.Beingthesunandnottheearth

C.Thesunandnottheearth

D.Thatthesunandnottheearth

13．Amembershipcardauthorizestheclub’sfacilitiesforaperiodof12

months.

A.theholdingusing

B.theholder’susing

C.theholdertouse

D.theholderuses

14．Iadmitthatthereareproblems,Idon’tthinkthattheycannotbe

solved.

A.Unless

B.Until

C.As

D.While

15．Althoughrainfallsthroughoutmostoftheworld,inAntarctica,andina

fewotherplaces,precipitationoccursasiceandsnow.

A.andall

B.all

C.whereall

D.itisall

16．Prizedforcenturiesfortheirbeauty,rosesareprobablytheworld’s

plants.

A.cultivatedornamentalmostwidely

B.ornamentalwidelycultivatedmost

C.mostwidelycultivatedornamental

D.widelyornamentalmostcultivated

17．theyrelyonexternalsourcesofwarmth,amphibiansincoolregions

hibernatethroughthewinter

A.Because

B.Byreasonof

C.Dueto

D.Sincethat

18．astasteisreallyacompositesensemadeupofbothtasteandsmell

A.Towhichwerefer

B.Whatdowereferto

C.Thatwerefertoit

D.Whatwereferto

19．LorraineHansberry’splayaRaisininthesunwastobeproducedon

Broadway.

A.thefirstdramathatanAfricanAmericanwoman

B.anAfricanAmericanwomanwhosefirstdrama

C.thefirstdramabyanAfricanAmericanwoman

D.anAfricanAmericanwoman’sdramathatfirst

20．Achallengingnewareaininorganicchemistryistheroleof

transitionmetalsinthebiochemicalcatalystscalledenzymes.

A.thatofunderstanding

B.tohaveunderstanding

C.theunderstanding

D.understandingthat

21．Soapoperas,atypeoftelevisiondramaseries,aresocalledbecauseat

firsttheywereSuchassoapmanufacturers.

A.commercialcompaniesbysponsored

B.companiesbycommercialbysponsored

C.sponsoredbycommercialcompanies

D.companiescommercialsponsoredby

22．Sheismostfrugalinmattersofbusiness,butinherprivatelifeshe

revealsastreakof.

A.antipathy

B.prodigality

C.misanthropy

D.virtuosity

23．Justassomewritershavethecapacityoflanguagetoexpress

meaning,GiacomettiThefailureofarttoconveyreality.

A.despairedof…bewailed

B.denied…refuted

C.demonstrated…exemplified

D.scoffedat…abjured

24．Accordingtoonepoliticaltheorist,aregimethathasasitsgoalabsolute

,withoutanylaworprinciple,hasdeclaredwaronjustice.

A.respectability…codificationof

B.supremacy…suppressionof

C.autonomy…accountabilityto

D.responsibility…prioritizationof

25．Althoughitseemsthattherewouldbeagreaterriskofserious

automobileaccidentsindenselypopulatedareas,suchaccidentsaremost

likelytooccurinsparselypopulatedregions.

A.paradoxical

B.anomalous

C.axiomatic

D.portentous

II.Cloze

Directions:Fillineachoftheblanksinthefollowingpassagewithone

appropriatework.(15%)

Oneargumentusedtosupporttheideathatemploymentwillcontinuetobe

thedominantformofwork,andthat(1)willeventuallybecomeavailable

forallwhowantit,is(2)workingtimewillcontinuetofall.Peoplein

jobswillworkfewerhoursintheday,fewerdaysintheweek,fewerweeks

intheyear,andfeweryearsinalifetime,(3)theydonow,thiswillmean

thatmorejobswillbeavailableformorepeople.This,itissaid,isthe(4)

weshouldsetaboutrestoringfullemployment.

Thereisno(5)thatsomethingofthiskindwillhappen.Theshorter

workingweek,longerholidays,(6)retirement,job-sharing—theseand

otherwaysofreducingtheamountoftimepeoplespendontheirjobs--(7)

certainlylikelytospread.Amixofpart-timepaidworkandpart-time

unpaidworkislikelytobecomeamuchmorecommonworkpatternthan

today,andaflexi-lifepatternofwork—involvingpaidemploymentatcertain

stagesoflife,butnotatothers—willbecome(8).Butitissurely

unrealistictoassumethatthiswillmakeitpossibletorestorefull

employmentasthedominant(9)ofwork.

Inthe(10)place,solongasemploymentremainstheoverwhelmingly

importantformofworkand(11)ofincomeformostpeopletoday,itis

verydifficulttoseehowreductionsinemployees’workingtimecantake

placeonasufficientscaleforexample,introducinga35-hourworkingweek.

But,secondly,ifchangesofthiskingwereto(12)placeatapaceandona

scalesufficienttomakeitpossibletoshareemploymentamongallwho

wantedit,theresultingsituation—(13)whichmostpeoplewouldnotbe

workingintheirjobsformorethantwoorthreeshortdaysaweek—could

hardlycontinuetobeoneinwhichemploymentwasstillregardedastheonly

trulyvalidformofwork.Therewouldbesomanypeoplespendingso(14)

oftheirtimeonotheractivities,includingotherformsofusefulwork,that

theprimacyofemploymentwouldbeboundtobecalledintoquestion,at

leasttosome(15).

III.Proofreading&ErrorCorrection

Directions:Thefollowing2passagescontain20errors:eachindicatedline

containsoneerroronly.Ineachcase,onlyonewordisinvolved.Youshould

proofreadthepassageandcorrectitinthefollowingmanner:forawrong

word,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneintheblank

providedattheendoftheline.Foramissingword,markthepositionofthe

missingworkwitha“Λ”signandwritetheworkyoubelievetobemissingin

theblankprovidedattheendoftheline.Foranunnecessaryword,crossthe

unnecessarywordwithaslash”/”,andputthewordwithaslashintheblank

providedattheendoftheline.(30%)

Passage1

Passage2

IV.ReadingComprehension

Directions:Readeachpassagecarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsby

blackingthelettersyouhaveselected.(50%)

PassageOne

Toacelebratoroftheallegedmaternalinstinct,”modernwoman”—withher

contraception,abortionrights,careerandnanny—canonlybeapitifulfreak.

Mid-20thcenturyFreudiansurgedwomentoputasideambitionand

masochistically(theirword)submittothematernalinstinct.Inthe19th

century,gynecologistswarnedthatanyuseofthefemaleintellect—from

novelreadingtohighereducation—couldforeclosemotherhoodbycausing

theuterusto,quiteliterally,witheraway.Happinesswasafullwombanda

vacantmind.

Inthepast,feministshaverespondedtothiskindoftalkbyarguingthat

womenhavenobiologicallyscriptedinnernaturetoviolate.Hey,girlsjust

wannahavefun!Butthetruth,accordingtoanthropologistSaraHrdy,isthat

womenarebiologicallyhard-wiredformotherhood,onlynotinthewaysmen

imagine.Weareprimates,afterall,notspidersorguppies,andthismeanswe

arenotscriptedforindiscriminatereproductionbutforwell-spacedoffspring,

eachrequiringlengthycare.

Inthenaturalhumancondition—thePaleolithiclifestylethatprevailedforat

least90%ofexistence—womenprobablyspacedtheirbirthsuptofouryears

apartthroughprolongedlactation.Asinsurvivinghuntingsocietieslikethe

Kung,infrequentbirthsmeanthateachbabycanbecherishedand,ofcourse,

fed.Itisthisscript—notcommandmenttomultiplynonstop—thathasbeen

violatedbyhumansocietiesforthepastfewthousandyears.Bythetimeof

theancientMediterraneancivilizations,womenwerealreadyhavingfarmore

babiesthantheycouldcarefor—asevidencedbythewidespreadpracticeof

infanticideandabandonment.

Whatmakesaprimatespeciesstartbreedingmorelikebunniesthan

bonobos?Hrdypointstothatgreatwatershedofprehistory,thedawnofthe

Neolithicera,withtheinventionofagriculture,about10,000yearsago.For

onething,thechangingdietallowedgirlstofattenupforpubertyearlierand

weantheirbabiesfaster,thusbearingmorebabiesperlifetime.Menbeganto

definelandandanimalsaspropertyandsourcesofprestige,itwouldseem,

andwomenaschattelstobefoughtover.

Withthe“domestication”ofwomen,andtheirconsignmentforfrequent

childbearing,patriarchywasborn.Theculturalpatternfoundinsomany

tribalhorticulturalsocieties—includingwarfare,maledominationand

polygyny—begantotakeholdworldwide.Bythedawnof“civilization’,the

venerablefemaletendencies,Hrdytellsus,soessentialtosuccessfulprimate

motherhood,ambition,ingenuityandsexualadventurousness,hadbeen

redefinedasimmortaloratleast“unnatural”.

Butmaybewearefinallywakingupfromourspecies’10,000-year-long

mistake.Perhapsfamilyplanning,workingmomsandchild-carecenters

aren’tbizarremodernistdigressionsfromthe“natural”butthehallmarksof

ancientprimatefamilyvalues.Afterall,thefemaleprimate’sgoalhasnever

beenhordesofoffspring—justafewgoodkids.Andifthereisanything

uniqueaboutourspeciescomparedwithmostotherprimates,it’sthathuman

malesaresooftenmotivatedtoserveashands-onparentstoo.Thanksto

contraceptivetechnologyand,yes,feminism,wemayhaveachancetoget

backtonatureatlast—ourspecialhumanprimatenature.

1．Thepurposeofthisessayisto.

A.claimwomen’srighttopursuetheircareer

B.clarifythenatureofmotherhood

C.comparemodernwomenwiththeircounterparts10,000yearsago

D.criticizetheconceptionoftheallegedmaternalinstinct

2．Inthisessay,theallegedmaternalinstinctmeansthat.

A.womenarebornproductivedevices

B.women’saffectionforchildrenisnatural

C.frequentchildbearingisnaturalforawoman

D.motherhoodisanaturaldesireonthepartofawoman

3．ThePaleolithiclifestylepreferred.

A.indiscriminatereproduction

B.well-spacedkidswithgoodcare

C.frequentchildbearing

D.hordesofgoodoffspring

4．ThePaleolithiclifestylepreferred.

A.indiscriminatereproduction

B.well-spacedkidswithgoodcare

C.frequentchildbearing

D.hordesofgoodoffspring

5．Inthefirstsentenceofthelastparagraph,‘ourspecies’10,000-year-long

mistake”refersto.

A.indiscriminatereproduction

B.infanticideandabandonment

C.domesticationofwomen

D.maledominationandpolygyny

PassageTwo

Formostofus,workisthecentral,dominatingfactoflife.Wespendmore

thanhalfourconscioushoursatwork,preparingforwork,travelingtoand

fromwork,.Whatwedotherelargelydeterminesourstandardoflivingand,

toaconsiderableextent,thestatusweareaccordedbyourfellowcitizensas

well.Itissometimessaidthatbecauseleisurehasbecomemoreimportant,

theindignitiesandinjusticesofworkcanbepushedintoacorner,that

becausemostworkisprettyintolerable,peoplewhodoitshouldcompensate

foritsboredom,frustrations,andhumiliationsbyconcentratingtheirhopes

ontheotherpartsoftheirlives.Irejectthatasacounselofdespair.Forthe

foreseeablefuturethematerialandpsychologicalrewardswhichworkcan

provide,andtheconditionsinwhichworkisdone,willcontinuetoplaya

vitalpartindeterminingthesatisfactionthatlifecanoffer.Yetonlyasmall

minoritycancontrolthepaceatwhichtheyworkortheconditionsinwhich

theirworkisdone;onlyforasmallminoritydoesworkofferscopefor

creativity,imagination,orinitiative.

Inequalityatworkisstilloneofthecruelestandmostglaringformsif

inequalityinoursociety.Wecannothopetosolvethemoreobvious

problemsofindustriallife,manyofwhicharisedirectlyorindirectlyfromthe

frustrationscreatedbyinequalityatwork,unlesswetackleithead-on.Still

lesscanwehopetocreateadecentandhumanesociety.

Themostglaringinequalityisthatbetweenmanagersandtherest.Formost

managers,workisanopportunityandachallenge.Theirjobsengagetheir

interestandallowthemtodeveloptheirabilities.Theyareconstantly

learning;theyareabletoexerciseresponsibility;theyhaveaconsiderable

degreeofcontrolovertheirown—andothers’—workinglives.Most

importantofall,theyhavetheopportunitytoinitiate.Bycontrast,formost

workers,andforagrowingnumberofwhite-collarworkers,workinaboring,

monotonous,evenpainfulexperience.Theyspendalltheirworkinglivesin

conditionswhichwouldberegardedasintolerable—forthemselves—by

thosewhotakethedecisionswhichletsuchconditionscontinue.The

majorityhaslittlecontrolovertheirwork;itprovidesthemwithno

opportunityforpersonaldevelopment.Oftenproductionissodesignedthat

workersaresimplypartofthetechnology.Inoffices,manyjobsareso

routinethatworkersjustifiablyfeelthemselvestobemerecogsinthe

bureaucraticmachine.Asadirectconsequenceoftheirworkexperience,

manyworkersfeelalienatedfromtheirworkandtheirfirm,whetheritisin

publicorinprivateownership.

Risingeducationalstandardsfeedrisingexpectations,yettheamountof

controlwhichtheworkerhasoverhisownworksituationdoesnotrise

accordingly.Inmanycaseshiscontrolhasbeenreduced.Symptomsof

protestincrease—risingsicknessandabsenteeism,highturnoverof

employees,restrictionsonoutput,andstrikes,bothunofficialandofficial.

Thereisnotmuchescapeoutandupwards.Asmanagementbecomesmore

professional—initselfagoodthing—theopportunityforpromotionfromthe

shopfloorbecomesless.Theonlyescapeistoanotherequallyfrustrating

manualjob;theonlycompensationisfoundnotinthejobbutoutsideit,if

thereisarisingstandardofliving.

5．WhichofthefollowingstatementsDOESNOTstandfortheauthor’s

viewpoint?

A.Mostpeoplecannevergetanysatisfactionfromtheirjobs.

B.Equalityinoursocietyisimpossible.

C.Themoreeducationaworkerhas,themorecontrolhehasoverhisown

worksituation.

D.Senseofself-fulfillmentisoneofthekeyfactorswhichdeterminethe

satisfactionajobcanoffer.

6．Intheauthor’sopinion,peoplejudgeothersby.

A.thetypeofworktheydo

B.theplacewheretheywork

C.thetimetheyspendonwork

D.theamountofmoneytheyearn

7．Workingconditionsgenerallyremainintolerablebecause.

A.theworkersmakenoefforttochangethem

B.theworkershavefoundcompensationoutsidetheirjobs

C.themanagementseesnoneedtochangethem

D.manyjobsareboringandmonotonous

8．Thepassageisdevelopedby.

A.causeandeffect

B.definitionandillustration

C.divisionandclassification

D.comparisonandcontrast

PassageThree

Toanadolescentwhodreamsofdominatingthebasketballcourt,synthetic

humangrowthhormonemaylooklikeagodsend.Tobiotechnology

watchdogJeremyRifkin,ithasamoresinisteraspect.The5-foot-activist

doesn’tviewshortstatureasamedicalproblem,andhe’sappalledthatthe

USgovernmentissponsoringa10-yearstudytoseewhetherthetreatment

willmakehealthychildrentaller.InanewpetitiontotheNationalInstituteof

Health,RifkinandhisWashington-basedFoundationonEconomicTrends

chargethatthestudyviolatesfederalrulesrestrictingmedicalexperimentson

children.Nooneexpectsthepetitiontoshutdownthestudy,butithas

rekindledalong-simmeringdebateoverwhatmakesadifferenceadefect.

Synthetichumangrowthhormonewasapprovedin1985asatreatmentfor

kidswhodon’tproducethesubstancenaturally.Themanufacturerswould

liketofindalargeclientele.ThedisputedNIHtrial,nowinitssecondyear,is

designedtoseewhateffectthetreatmentwillhaveonkidswithnormal

hormonelevels,butwhofallatthelowestendoftheheightcurve.Halfofthe

80participantsgetinjectionsofsyntheticgrowthhormonethreetimesaweek.

Theothersgetdummyinjections.Tomeasuretheeffectsofthetreatment,

researcherswillmonitorallthekidsuntiltheystopgrowing.

Advocatesofthedrug’swideruseinsistthatwhileshortstatureisnodisease,

itcanbeasocialhandicap.Theyciteresearchshowingthatshortpeopletend

tolaginschool,earnlessmoney,evenloseelections.Twelve-year-oldMarco

Oritihasnormalhormonelevelsbuthasalwaysbeensmall.Aftersixyearsof

treatmenthe’sstillfiveinchesbehindsomepeers,buthismothercreditsthe

drugwithnarrowingthegap.

Smallrisk:Someoneelse’sparentsmayfindasmallergapworrisome.

Shouldanychildwithnervousparentsreceiveyearsofcostlymedical

treatment?Iftherisksareminimal,andthepublicisn’tpayingthebill,maybe

there’snoharm(syntheticgrowthhormoneisn’tknowntocauseseriousside

effectsatstandarddoses.)Buttheimplicationsareunsettling.Ifshortstature

istobetreatedasamedicaldisorder,Rifkinasks,whatotherperceived

handicapwillfollow?Skincolor?

SomeresearcherssharethosemisgivingbutdefendtheNIHstudyasaneffort

toidentifythedrug’spossibilities.Atthemoment,nooneknowswhetherit

willincreaseanormalchild’sadultheightorsimplyhelphimattainitfaster.

Ifsyntheticgrowthhormonedoesnotprovideextrainches,saysDrLynnette

NiemanofNIH,thedebateovertreatinghealthykidswillbequestionable.

Maybeso.Butifthedrugworks,sciencealonewon’ttellushowtouseit.

9．AccordingtoJeremyRifkin,thesinisteraspectoftheuseofsynthetic

humangrowthhormoneisthat.

A.peoplearenotsurewhetherthetreatmentwillincreaseanormalchild’s

abultheightorsimplyhelphimattainitfaster

B.itisveryexpensivebutproducesverylittleeffects

C.itmisleadspeopleintobelievingthatshortstatureisamedicalproblem

D.theUSgovernmentiswastingthepublic’smoneyontheten-yearstudyof

synthetichumangrowthhormone

10．WhichofthefollowingisNOTincludedinthedisputedNIHtrial?

A.Itisdesignedtoseewhateffectthetreatmentwillhaveonkidswhohave

normalhormonelevelsbutaretooshortfortheirage.

B.Itistoprovethatshortstaturecanbeasocialhandicapthoughitisnota

disease.

C.Fortyparticipantsreceiveinjectionswithoutanysynthetichumangrowth

hormone.

D.Researchersaretokeepobservingalltheparticipantsuntiltheystop

growing.

11．Wemayinferfromthepassagethat.

A.evenifthedrugworks,thewideuseofitwillinvolveotherconcerns.

B.ifthedrugcanincreaseakid’sheight,coloredpeoplewouldhopeto

changetheirskincolor

C.parentswillbescaredifthedrugdoesnotprovideextrainches

D.peoplehavenodoubtsthatthedrugwillincreaseanormalchild’sadult

height

PassageFour

Thediscoverythatlanguagecanbeabarriertocommunicationisquickly

madebyallwhotravel,study,governorsell.Whethertheactivityistourism,

research,government,policing,business,ordatadissemination,thelackofa

commonlanguagecanseverelyimpedeprogressorcanhaltitaltogether.

”Commonlanguage”hereusuallymeansaforeignlanguage,butthesame

pointappliesinprincipletoanyencounterwithunfamiliardialectsorstyles

withinasinglelanguage.”Theydon’ttalkthesamelanguage”hasamajor

metaphoricalmeaningalongsideitsliteralone.

Althoughcommunicationproblemsofthiskingmusthappenthousandsof

timeseachday,veryfewbecomepublicknowledge.Publicitycomesonly

whenafailuretocommunicatehasmajorconsequences,suchasstrikes,lost

orders,legalproblems,orfatalaccidents—even,attimes,war.Onereported

instanceofcommunicationfailuretookplacein1970,whenseveral

Americansateaspeciesofpoisonousmushroom.Noremedywasknown,and

twoofthepeoplediedwithindays.Aradioreportofthecasewasheardbya

chemistwhoknewofatreatmentthathadbeensuccessfullyusedin1959and

publishedin1963.WhyhadtheAmericandoctorsnotheardofitsevenyears

later?Presumablybecausethereportofthetreatmenthadbeenpublished

onlyinjournalswritteninEuropeanlanguagesotherthanEnglish.

Severalcomparablecaseshavebeenreported.Butisolatedexamplesdonot

giveanimpressionofthesizeoftheproblem—somethingthatcancomeonly

fromstudiesoftheuseoravoidanceofforeign-languagematerialsand

contractsindifferentcommunicativesituations.IntheEnglish-speaking

scientificworld,forexample,surveysofbooksanddocumentsconsultedin

librariesandotherinformationagencieshaveshownthatverylittleforeign-

languagematerialiseverconsulted.Libraryrequestsinthefieldofscience

andtechnologyshowedthatonly13percentwereforforeignlanguage

periodicals.Studiesofthesourcescitedinpublicationsleadtoasimilar

conclusion:theuseofforeign-languagesourcesisoftenfoundtobeaslowas

10percent.

Thelanguagebarrierpresentsitselfstarkformtofirmswhowishtomarket

theirproductsinothercountries.Britishindustry,inparticular,hasinrecent

decadesoftenbeencriticizedforitslinguisticinsularity—foritsassumption

thatforeignbuyerswillbehappytocommunicateinEnglish,andthat

awarenessofotherlanguagesisnotthereforeapriority.Inthe1960s,over

two-thirdsofBritishfirmsdealingwithnon-English-speakingcustomers

wereusingEnglishforoutgoingcorrespondence;manyhadtheirsales

literatureonlyinEnglish;andasmanyas40percentemployedno-oneable

tocommunicateinthecustomers’languages.Asimilarproblemwas

identifiedinotherEnglish-speakingcountries,notablytheUSA,Australia

andNewZealand.Andnon-English-speakingcountrieswerebynomeans

exempt—althoughthewidespreaduseofEnglishasanalternativelanguage

madethemlessopentothechargeofinsularity.

Thecriticismandpublicitygiventothisproblemsincethe1960sseemsto

havegreatlyimprovedthesituation.Industrialtrainingschemeshave

promotedanincreaseinlinguisticandculturalawareness.Manyfirmsnow

havetheirowntranslationservices;totakejustoneexampleinBritain,

RowntreeMackintoshnowpublishtheirdocumentsinsixlanguages(English,

French,German,Dutch,ItalianandXhosa).Somefirmsrunpart-time

languagecoursesinthelanguagesofcountrieswithwhichtheyaremost

involved;someproducetheirowntechnicalglossaries,toensureconsistency

whenmaterialisbeingtranslated.Itisnowmuchmorereadilyappreciated

thatmarketingeffortscanbedelayed,damaged,ordisruptedbyfailureto

takeaccountofthelinguisticneedsofthecustomer.

ThechangesinawarenesshavebeenmostmarkedinEnglish-speaking

countries,wheretherealizationhasgraduallydawnedthatbynomeans

everyoneintheworldknowsEnglishwellenoughtonegotiateinit.Thisis

especiallyaproblemwhenEnglishisnotanofficiallanguageofpublic

administration,asinmostpartsofFarEast,Russia,theArabworld,etc.Even

incaseswhereforeigncustomerscanspeakEnglishquitewell,itisoften

forgottenthattheymaynotbeabletounderstandittotherequiredlevel—

bearinginmindtheregionalandsocialvariationwhichpermeatesspeechand

whichcancausemajorproblemsoflisteningcomprehension.Insecuring

understanding,how”we”speakto“them”isjustasimportant,itappears,as

how”they”speakto“us”.

12．Accordingtothepassage,“Theydon’tspeakthesamelanguage”

(paragraph1)canrefertoproblemsin.

A.understandingmetaphor

B.learningforeignlanguages

C.understandingdialectorstyle

D.dealingwithtechnologicalchange

13．ThecaseofpoisonousmushroomssuggeststhatAmericandoctors.

A.shouldhavepaidmoreattentiontotheradioreports

B.onlyreadmedicaljournalswritteninEnglish

C.aresometimesunwillingtotryforeigntreatments

D.donotalwayscommunicateeffectivelywiththeirpatients

14．Accordingtothewriter,thelinguisticinsularityofBritishbusinesses.

A.laterspreadtoothercountries

B.hadanegativeeffectontheirbusiness

C.isnotasbadnowasitusedtobeinthepast

D.madenon-English-speakingcompaniesturntoothermarkets

15．Accordingtothewriter,English-speakingpeopleneedtoeawarethat

.

A.someforeignershavenevermetanEnglish-speakingperson

B.manyforeignershavenodesiretolearnEnglish

C.foreignlanguagesmayposeagreaterprobleminthefuture

D.English-speakingforeignersmayhavedifficultyunderstandingEnglish

16．Asuitabletitleforthispassagewouldbe.

A.OvercomingtheLanguageBarrier

B.HowtoSurviveanEnglishSpeakingWorld

C.Globalunderstanding-theKeytoPersonalProgress

D.TheNeedforaCommonlanguage

PassageFive

ClaracametoJordan’s.Someoftheolderhands,Fannyamongthem,

rememberedherearlierrule,andcordiallydislikedthememory.Clarahad

alwaysbeen”ikey”,reserved,andsuperior.Shehadnevermixedwiththe

girlsasoneofthemselves.Ifshehadoccasionto