美国文化·期中测验

对外经济贸易大学英语学院美国文化（英）

对外经济贸易大学

2008—2009学年第一学期

《美国文化(英)》期中考试试卷

Pleaseputyouranswerontheanswersheets.请把答案写在答题卷上。

I.Chooseonecorrectanswerforeachquestion.(50points)Score:

1.Accordingto,“Theonlypurposeforwhichpowercanberightfully

exercisedoveranymemberofacivilizedcommunity,againsthiswill,istoprevent

harmtoothers.^^

A.GeorgeWashington;B.JohnStuartMill

C.AdamSmithD.FriedrichHayek

2.Formostconservatives,thebasisforexplainingwhysocialconditionsaretheway

theyareis.

A.humanimperfectionB.historicalcircumstances

C.economicconditionsD.infalliblepeople

3.Neoconservativesacknowledgethemeritsofcapitalism,butarealsoawareofthe

broughtaboutbyafreewheelingmarketeconomy.

A.culturalcontradictionsB.underclass

C.socialdisruptionanddislocationD.laborunrest

4.IntheviewsoftraditionalConservativism,asocietyofself-seekingindividualsis

A.socialandnormalB.isolatedandinterdependentC.solventD.derangedand

disordered.

5.Asarule,liberaldemocracyemphasizestheimportanceof.

A.governmentB.individualrightsC.thestateD.nationalinterests

6.Someliberalsarguethatdemocracyisgoodbecauseitencourageswidespread

political___,whichinturnenrichespeople'slivesbydevelopingtheirintellectualand

moralcapacities.

A.institutionB.antagonismC.participationD.unrest

7.Liberalismhasfoughttoremovethefollowingobstacle(s)thatstand(s)intheway

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oftheindividualfreedom:

A.religiousconformityB.ascribedstatusC.politicalabsolutismD.allabove

8.Fromthebeginnings,liberalismalsodisplayedseveraldemocratictendencies,the

mostnotablebeingitspremiseof.

A.God'swillB.hierarchicalrule

C.basicequalityamonghumanbeingsD.monarchy

9.Theearlyliberalshadproclaimedthatgovernmentmustrestonthe___ofthe

people,andtheyhaddevisedconstitutionsandbillsofrightsto_thepowerof

government.

A.consent/limitB.will/extendC.love/forsakeD.opinion/confine

10.Theliberalviewoffreedomrequiresthatindividualshavetosucceed.

A.anequalopportunityB.thesamemeansC.agoodchanceD.easyaccess

11.Liberalsbelievethat,atbottom,mostpeopleare__individualswhowanttobe

freetochoosehowtolive.

A.emotionalB.rational,selfinterestedC.lonelyD.enthusiasticand

aggressive

12.Communitariansseeaneedforasocialorderthatcontainsasetofshared__,a

sharedsetofdefinitionsofwhatisrightversuswhatiswrong.

A.publicserviceB.valuesC.learningD.law

13.Theprogramsof_givespecialconsiderationineducationandemploymentto

membersofgroupsthathavesufferedfromdiscrimination.

A.affirmativeactionB.liberalideologyC.majorityD.minority

14.Onhumannature,conservativesdifferfromcommunistsinthatthesourceof

socialproblemsis.

A.fundamentallyimperfecthumanswhoarelikelytoabusefreedomthroughtheir

selfishnessandshort-sightedness

B.socialconditions-especiallythedivisionofsocietyintosocialandeconomicclasses

basedontheownershipandcontrolofproperty.

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C.povertyD.classdivision

15.Conservativesarefundamentallyatoddswithcommunisminthefollowing

particularaspects:

A.progressB.perfectibilityC.planningD.allabove

16.Forconservatives,revolutionarychangesare.

A.realisticB.prudentC.warrantedD.fartoorisky

17.Conservativessuggestthatbeliefinperfectibilityisa___-aview,thatis,

thatcontradictscertainreligioustruths,oradangerousillusion.

A.sinB.heresyC.justificationD.hostility

18.Conservativesbelievethatsocialplanningisdesirableonlywhenitiscarried

out___

A.onalargescaleB.onasmallscaleorgradualandpiecemeal

C.inabroadandcomprehensivewayD.tomeetallsocialneeds

19.Conservativesbelievethatplanningonagrandscalerequiresthat—be

concentratedinthehandsofafewatthecenterofsociety.

A.powerB.progressC.platoonsD.freedom

20.Thepriceofsocialplanningis__.

A.miseryB.brutalityC.despotismD.allabove

21.Conservativesclaim,levellingprogramssimplypromoteeconomicand

social—.

A.progressB.perfectionC.homogeneityD.stagnation

22.__,infact,isasignofhealth,foritshowsthatpeopleatthelocallevelare

abletomustertheresourcestheyneedtomeetthechallengesof

life-challengesthatwillvaryconsiderablyfromonecommunitytoanother.

A.FancyB.FadC.DiversityD.Uniformity

23.Thefunctionofeducation,accordingtoConservativism,isto__.

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A.deifythechild's"gloriousself-expression”

B.limithisinstinctsandbehaviorbyunbreakableethicalhabits

C.remaintoday'sbabyinacave

D.civilizebabiesbylawandtradition

24.WhichofthefollowingworksiswrittenbyEdmundBurke?

A.TheSecondTreatiseofGovernment

B.Leviathan

C.TheAgeofReason

D.ReflectionsontheRevolutioninFrance

25.Onthe___view,individualsarerelatedtooneanotherandtothesocietyin

thesamewaythattheheartandeyesandarmsarerelatedtothebody一not

asseparateandisolatedunitsbutasinterdependentmembersofaliving

body.

A.organicB.atomisticC.fabricD.contract

26.AccordingtoT.H.Green,freedomisnotmerelyamatterofbeingleftalone;itis

thepowerorabilitytodosomething.

A.negativeB.positiveC.selfishD.aiding

26.Comparedwithsocialism,welfareliberalsprefer.

A.privateownershipandeconomiccompetition

B.asystemofpubliclyownedanddemocraticallycontrolledenterprises

C.agovernmenttocuresocialills

D.todomorethantameorreformcapitalism

27.Accordingto___,"therearetwochiefthingswithwhichgovernmenthasto

dealwith.Theyare,thepropertyofmenandthehonorofwomen.”

A.WilliamGrahamSumnerB.T.H.GreenC.HerbertSpencerD.Jeremy

Bentham

28.JeremyBenthamsays:"Naturehasplacedmankindunderthegovernanceof

twosovereignmasters,.Itisforthemalonetopointoutwhatwe

oughttodo,aswellastodeterminewhatweshalldo.”

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A.utilityandtoolsB.painandpleasureC.desireandpassionsD.reasonand

love

29.Freedomisagoodthing,JohnStuartMillargued,becauseitpromotesthe

"permanentinterestsofmanasabeing.^^

A.progressiveB.commonC.regressiveD.rational

30.AccordingtoAdamSmith,governmenthasthefollowingproperfunction

(s):

A.itmustdefendthecountryagainstinvasion

B.itmustpromotejustice-mostlybyprotectingpropertyrights-andmaintain

order

C.itmustprovidecertainpublicworksandinstitutionsthatprivateenterprisewill

notprovide,suchasroads,bridges,canals,andharborsaswellaspubliceducation

D.allabove

31.IntheDeclarationofIndependence,menareendowedbytheirCreatorwith

certainunalienableRights,thatamongthesearelife,liberty,and.

A.thepursuitofhappinessB.propertyC.safetyD.privacy

32.Inhispamphlet,ThomasPainearguesthatsocietyisalwaysablessing,

butgovernmentisanecessaryevil.

A.TheWealthofNationsB.LetterconcerningToleration

C.CommonSenseD.ConsiderationsonRepresentativeGovernment

33.JohnLockebelievedthatpeoplecanconsenttocreateandobeyonlya

government.

A.hegemonicB.democraticC.limitedorconstitutionalD.totalitarian

34.BothHobbesandLockebelievethat:

A.socialstatuswassomehowfixedorascribedbynature

B.peoplehavenaturalrights

C.peoplehavearighttoworshipasonechose

D.peoplehavearightofrevolution

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35.Hobbes'sstateofnaturebecameastateof.

A.peaceB.desireC.powerD.war

36.Socialcapitalreferstothefeaturesofsocialorganizationsuchas___that

facilitatecoordinationandcooperationformutualbenefits.

A.networksB.normsC.trustD.allabove

37.Examplesofbondingsocialcapitalinclude.

A.civilrightsmovementB.youthservicegroups

C.ecumenicalreligiousorganizationsD.ethnicfraternalorganizations

38.Bridgingsocialcapitalcangenerate_identitiesandreciprocity.

A.narrowerB.selfishC.broaderD.equal

39.AccordingtoL.J.Hanifan,the__asawholewillbenefitbythe

cooperationofallitsparts,whiletheindividualwillfindinhisassociations

theadvantagesofthehelp,thesympathy,andthefellowship.

A.unitB.goodwillC.connectionD.community

40.Themostpowerfulstrategyforpaleometeorologistsseekingtoassessglobal

climatechangeistoamongdiversesourcesofevidence.

A.restB.castC.triangulateD.sprawl

41.The1969StoneWallmaybesaidtomarkthebeginningofthemoderngay

liberationmovementinAmerica.

A.DragB.QueenC.SocietyD.Riot

42.Sexismisasetofbeliefsandattitudesaboutwomen'ssupposedlyinnate__and

variousinadequaciesthatpreventthemfrommen'sequals.

A.superiorityB.inferiorityC.jealousyD.pride

43.Womenshouldbefreetobedifferent,argue,andthesedifferencesshould

berespectedandprotected.

A.liberalfeministsB.radicalfeministsC.lesbiansD.femaleworkers

44.Doubleragereferstohatrednotonlyofone'soppressorsbutofoneselfandone's

A.raceB.genderC.manacleD.nation

45.RobertNozickarguesthatthe“minimalstate"performsonlythefunctionsofa

protective__.

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A.mindB.agencyC.homeD.security

46.TherighttovoteforwaswonintheUnitedStatesin1920.

A.blacksB.womenC.gaysD.nativeAmericans

47.AccordingtoWoodrowWilson,themissionofAmericawas.

A.aggrandizement

B.oneofservicetomankind

C.materialinterest

D.neurosesandfascinationofwar

48.A____goodscannotbedividedintoportions,noristhereanycompetitionor

rivalrytopossessit.

A.privateB.publicC.usefulD.green

49.JosephNyeandWilliamA.Owenarguein“America'sInformationEdge"that

,morethaneverbefore,ispower.

A.cultureB.institutionC.knowledgeD.divide

50.Americanleadershipinthe_hasgenerallyincreasedglobalawarenessofand

opennessofAmericanideasandvalues.

A.undemocraticstatesB.informationrevolutionC.industrialageD.modernera

ILDefinitionsandConcepts-TrueorFalse(10points)Score:

51.Softpoweristheabilitytoachievedesiredoutcomesininternationalaffairs

throughcoercionratherthanattraction.

52.GarrettHardin'ssolutiontothe“TragedyofCommons^^is“mutualcoercion,

mutuallyagreeduponbythemajorityofthepeopleaffected.^^

53.AlltheenvironmentalgroupsintheUnitedStates-TheSierraClub,

EnvironmentalDefenseFund,TheNatureConservancy,Greenpeace,andEarthFirst!,

favorsubtle,low-keyeffortstoinfluencelegislationandinformthepublicon

environmentalmatters.

54.In1973,theAmericanPsychiatricAssociationagreedtoenlisthomosexualityasa

mentaldisorder.

55.Liberalfeminismhasbeenmotivatedmainlybyadesiretoovercomeovertforms

ofdiscrimination-inmarriage,educationalopportunities,legalrightsandtherightto

vote.

56.Informationisoftenapublicgood,anditisafreeone.

57.Americanpopularculture,withitslibertarianandegalitariancurrents,dominates

film,television,andelectroniccommunications.

58.TheAmericancivilrightsmovementofthe1960swasledbyMalcolmX.

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59.CommonSenseisapamphletwrittenandpublishedin1776byThomasPaine.

60.TheDeclarationofIndependencewaswrittenprincipallybyAbrahamLincoln.

III.CaseStudy.(6points)score:

TheKnightsofColumbusistheworld'slargestRomanCatholicfraternalsendee

organization.FoundedintheUnitedStatesin1882,itisnamedinhonorofChristopher

ColumbusanddedicatedtotheprinciplesofCharity,Unity,Fraternity,andPatriotism.There

aremorethan1.7millionmembersin14,000councils,withnearly200councilsoncollege

campuses.Membershipislimitedto"practicalCatholic4menaged18orolder.

CouncilshavebeencharteredintheUnitedStates,Canada,Mexico,theCaribbean,Central

America,thePhilippines,Guam,Saipan,Japan,Cuba,andmostrecentlyinPoland.The

Knights'officialjuniororganization,theColumbianSquires,hasover5,000Circles.Allthe

Order'sceremonialsandbusinessmeetingsarerestrictedtomembersthoughallotherevents

areopentothepublic.Apromisenottorevealanydetailsoftheceremonialsexcepttoan

equallyqualifiedKnightisrequiredtoensuretheirimpactandmeaningfornewmembers;an

additionalclausesubordinatesthepromisetothatKnightscivilandreligiousduties.

Inthe2006fraternalyeartheOrdergaveUS$143.8milliondirectlytocharity(1.1Billionin

charitablecontributionsinthelast10years)andperformedover68millionmanhoursof

voluntarysendee.FortheirsupportfortheChurchandlocalcommunities,aswellasfortheir

philanthropicefforts,theOrderisoftenreferredtoasthe'strongrightarmoftheChurch'.The

Order'sinsuranceprogramhasmorethan$60billionoflifeinsurancepoliciesinforceand

holdsthehighestinsuranceratingsgivenbyA.M.Best,Standard&Poors,andtheInsurance

MarketplaceStandardsAssociation.

61.WhattypeoforganizationistheKnightsofColumbus?(1%)

62.Whatissocialcapital?(2%)

63.IsKnightsofColumbusabridgingorabondingsocialcapital?Explain.(3%)

IV.Paraphrase.(9points)score:

PleaseuseplainEnglishtoexplainthesesentencesormetaphorsbyreferringtothe

social,historic,orpoliticalcontextofAmericanculture.

64.“EnglandhadaPuritanRevolutionwithoutcreatingaPuritansociety,America

createdaPuritansocietywithoutenduringaPuritanrevolution.—JamesBryce

65.“Softpoweristheabilitytoachievedesiredoutcomesininternationalaffairs

throughattractionratherthancoercion.Itworksbyconvincingotherstofollow,or

gettingthemtoagreeto,normsandinstitutionsthatproducethedesiredbehavior.

66."PresidentWoodrowWilsonlivedinfaith,tryingtobeguidedbytheHolySpirit

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inmeetingthecomplexproblemsofachangingnationandworld.Thelightof

Heavengleameduponhissword."-ArthurS.Link

V.ContentAnalysis.(25points)score:

InauguralAddressofGeorgeW.Bush,January20,2001

PresidentClinton,distinguishedguestsandmyfellowcitizens:

Thepeacefultransferofauthorityisrareinhistory,yetcommoninourcountry.Withasimple

oath,weaffirmoldtraditionsandmakenewbeginnings.

Wehaveaplace,allofus,inalongstory.Astorywecontinue,butwhoseendwewillnotsee.

Itisthestoryofanewworldthatbecameafriendandliberatoroftheold,astoryofa

slave-holdingsocietythatbecameaservantoffreedom,thestoryofapowerthatwentintothe

worldtoprotectbutnotpossess,todefendbutnottoconquer.ItistheAmericanstory.Astoryof

flawedandfalliblepeople,unitedacrossthegenerationsbygrandandenduringideals.The

grandestoftheseidealsisanunfoldingAmericanpromisethateveryonebelongs,thateveryone

deservesachance,thatnoinsignificantpersonwaseverborn.Americansarecalledupontoenact

thispromiseinourlivesandinourlaws;andthoughournationhassometimeshalted,and

sometimesdelayed,wemustfollownoothercourse.

Throughmuchofthelastcentury,America'sfaithinfreedomanddemocracywasarockina

ragingsea.Nowitisaseeduponthewind,takingrootinmanynations.Ourdemocraticfaithis

morethanthecreedofourcountry,itistheinbornhopeofourhumanity,anidealwecarrybutdo

notown,atrustwebearandpassalong;andevenafternearly225years,wehavealongwayyet

totravel.

Whilemanyofourcitizensprosper,othersdoubtthepromise,eventhejustice,ofourown

country.TheambitionsofsomeAmericansarelimitedbyfailingschoolsandhiddenprejudiceand

thecircumstancesoftheirbirth;andsometimesourdifferencesrunsodeep,itseemswesharea

continent,butnotacountry.Wedonotacceptthis,andwewillnotallowit.Ourunity,ourunion,

istheseriousworkofleadersandcitizensineverygeneration;andthisismysolemnpledge,UI

willworktobuildasinglenationofjusticeandopportunity."Iknowthisisinourreachbecause

weareguidedbyapowerlargerthanourselveswhocreatesusequalinHisimageandweare

confidentinprinciplesthatuniteandleadusonward.

Americahasneverbeenunitedbybloodorbirthorsoil.Weareboundbyidealsthatmoveus

beyondourbackgrounds,liftusaboveourinterestsandteachuswhatitmeanstobecitizens.

Everychildmustbetaughttheseprinciples.Everycitizenmustupholdthem;andeveryimmigrant,

byembracingtheseideals,makesourcountrymore,notless,American.

Today,weaffirmanewcommitmenttoliveoutournation'spromisethroughcivility,courage,

compassionandcharacter.America,atitsbest,matchesacommitmenttoprinciplewithaconcern

forcivility.Acivilsocietydemandsfromeachofusgoodwillandrespect,fairdealingand

forgiveness.Someseemtobelievethatourpoliticscanaffordtobepettybecause,inatimeof

peace,thestakesofourdebatesappearsmall.ButthestakesforAmericaareneversmall.Ifour

countrydoesnotleadthecauseoffreedom,itwillnotbeled.Ifwedonotturntheheartsof

childrentowardknowledgeandcharacter,wewilllosetheirgiftsandunderminetheiridealism.If

wepermitoureconomytodriftanddecline,thevulnerablewillsuffermost.Wemustliveupto

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thecallingweshare.Civilityisnotatacticorasentiment.Itisthedeterminedchoiceoftrustover

cynicism,ofcommunityoverchaos.Thiscommitment,ifwekeepit,isawaytoshared

accomplishment.

America,atitsbest,isalsocourageous.Ournationalcouragehasbeenclearintimesof

depressionandwar,whendefendingcommondangersdefinedourcommongood.Nowwemust

chooseiftheexampleofourfathersandmotherswillinspireusorcondemnus.Wemustshow

courageinatimeofblessingbyconfrontingproblemsinsteadofpassingthemontofuture

generations.

Together,wewillreclaimAmerica'sschools,beforeignoranceandapathyclaimmoreyoung

lives;wewillreformSocialSecurityandMedicare,sparingourchildrenfromstruggleswehave

thepowertoprevent;wewillreducetaxes,torecoverthemomentumofoureconomyandreward

theeffortandenterpriseofworkingAmericans;wewillbuildourdefensesbeyondchallenge,lest

weaknessinvitechallenge;andwewillconfrontweaponsofmassdestruction,sothatanew

centuryissparednewhorrors.

Theenemiesoflibertyandourcountryshouldmakenomistake,Americaremainsengagedin

theworldbyhistoryandbychoice,shapingabalanceofpowerthatfavorsfreedom.Wewill

defendouralliesandourinterests;wewillshowpurposewithoutarrogance;wewillmeet

aggressionandbadfaithwithresolveandstrength;andtoallnations,wewillspeakforthevalues

thatgaveournationbirth.

America,atitsbest,iscompassionate.InthequietofAmericanconscience,weknowthat

deep,persistentpovertyisunworthyofournation'spromise.Whateverourviewsofitscause,we

canagreethatchildrenatriskarenotatfault.AbandonmentandabusearenotactsofGod,they

arefailuresoflove.Theproliferationofprisons,howevernecessary,isnosubstituteforhopeand

orderinoursouls.Wherethereissuffering,thereisduty.Americansinneedarenotstrangers,

theyarecitizens,notproblems,butpriorities,andallofusarediminishedwhenanyarehopeless.

Governmenthasgreatresponsibilitiesforpublicsafetyandpublichealth,forcivilrightsand

commonschools.Yetcompassionistheworkofanation,notjustagovernment.Someneedsand

hurtsaresodeeptheywillonlyrespondtoamentor'stouchorapastor'sprayer.Churchand

charity,synagogueandmosquelendourcommunitiestheirhumanity,andtheywillhavean

honoredplaceinourplansandinourlaws.Manyinourcountrydonotknowthepainofpoverty,

butwecanlistentothosewhodo.Icanpledgeournationtoagoal,"Whenweseethatwounded

travelerontheroadtoJericho,wewillnotpasstotheotherside."

America,atitsbest,isaplacewherepersonalresponsibilityisvaluedandexpected.

Encouragingresponsibilityisnotasearchforscapegoats,itisacalltoconscience.Thoughit

requiressacrifice,itbringsadeeperfulfillment.Wefindthefullnessoflifenotonlyinoptions,but

incommitments.Wefindthatchildrenandcommunityarethecommitmentsthatsetusfree.Our

publicinterestdependsonprivatecharacter,oncivicdutyandfamilybondsandbasicfairness,on

uncounted,unhonoredactsofdecencywhichgivedirectiontoourfreedom.Sometimesinlifewe

arecalledtodogreatthings.Butasasaintofourtimeshassaid,everydaywearecalledtodo

smallthingswithgreatlove.Themostimportanttasksofademocracyaredonebyeveryone.I

willliveandleadbytheseprinciples,utoadvancemyconvictionswithcivility,topursuethe

publicinterestwithcourage,tospeakforgreaterjusticeandcompassion,tocallforresponsibility

andtrytoliveitaswell."Inalloftheseways,Iwillbringthevaluesofourhistorytothecareof

ourtimes.

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Whatyoudoisasimportantasanythinggovernmentdoes.Iaskyoutoseekacommongood

beyondyourcomfort;todefendneededreformsagainsteasyattacks;toserveyournation,

beginningwithyourneighbor.Iaskyoutobecitizens.Citizens,notspectators;citizens,not

subjects;responsiblecitizens,buildingcommunitiesofserviceandanationofcharacter.

Americansaregenerousandstronganddecent,notbecausewebelieveinourselves,but

becauseweholdbeliefsbeyondourselves.Whenthisspiritofcitizenshipismissing,no

governmentprogramcanreplaceit.Whenthisspiritispresent,nowrongcanstandagainstit.

AftertheDeclaratio