国际贸易实务英汉双语课件-第8章 Inspection-forcemajeure

Internationaltradepractice主讲：刘伟良TelQ：1047205122Chapter8Inspection,ForceMajeure&PrivateDisputeResolution1.CommodityInspection2.ForceMajeure3.PrivateDisputeResolution1/35P171-2/351.CommodityInspectionThebuyerwantstomakesurehegetswhathe’spaidfor.Nationallawsorint’lconventionsrecognizethebuyer’srightofproductinspections.Thesellerwantstocontroltheproductqualityandtoprovehisproductsmeettherelevantcontractterms.Somecountrieshavelawsonmandatory强制的inspections.Insummary,commodityinspectionisanindispensablepartofinternationaltradeandinspectionclauseisanindispensableclauseofacontracttoprotecttheinterestsofboththebuyerandthesellerwhilecargostandardsmayvaryenormouslyfromcountrytocountry.P171-1)PlaceandtimeofinspectionShippingqualityandquantityLandedqualityandquantityInspectionattheportofshipmentandre-inspectionattheportofdestinationShippingquantityandlandedquality3/35①在出口国检验在产地检验：在离开产地（如：工厂、农场、矿山）之前进行检验。在装运港/地检验：以离岸质量、数量、重量为准。②在进口国检验在目的港/地卸货后检验：以到岸质量、数量、重量为准。在买方营业处所或最终用户所在地检验③在出口国检验，在进口国复验在出口国检验作为卖方的结算依据；在进口国复验，若复验证明货物存在违约情形，责任由于卖方负责。检验地点和时间4/352)Inspectionagencyandcertificate①ForeignagenciesFederalGrainInspectionService(FGIS)Food&DrugAdministration(FDA)Societe

GeneraleDESurveillanceS.A.(SGS）Underwriter’sLaboratoryLloyd’sSurveyor(UK)NIPPONKAIJIKENTEIKYOKAI(NKKK)Int’lWoolSecretariat②ChineseagenciesAQSIACCIC①国外检验机构美国粮谷检验署美国食品药品管理局瑞士日内瓦通用鉴定公司美国保险人实验室英国劳合氏公证行日本海事鉴定协会国际羊毛局②中国检验检疫机构国家质量检验检疫总局

中国检验认证有限公司AgenciesP173-2)InspectionagencyandcertificateCertificates检验鉴定类证书食品卫生类证书兽医类证书动物检验检疫类证书检验证书的作用作为买卖双方交接货物的依据；作为索赔和理赔的依据；作为买卖双方结算货款的依据；作为海关验关放行的凭证。植物检疫类证书运输工具检验检疫类证书检疫处理类证书进口货物检验检疫类证书6/35P174-CommodityInspection3)Methods&standardsofinspectionMakeclearinthecontractwhatmethodsandstandardsaretobeused.Foronecontract,onlyonemethodandonestandardshouldbeusedtoensureconsistencyininspection.4)Re-inspectionSufficienttimeshouldbeagreedpreviouslyforre-inspection.Placeofre-inspection:thechoiceoftheplaceofre-inspectiondependsmainlyonthenatureofthecommodity.5)ReceiptandacceptanceReceiptmeansthatthegoodshavecomeintothecontrolofthebuyerwithoutregardtoownershiportoagreementtoanyaspectofthegoods.Itdoesnotmeanacceptance.Acceptancemeansthatthebuyerhasthecontrolofthegoodswithconsentregardingthegoodsdelivered.Itmeansmorethanreceipt.7/35P174-CommodityInspection6)ClaimBeforefilingaclaim,checkthepointsbelow:Whethertheclaimisjustifiedbythecontract.Whethertheclaimismadeintime.Whethertheclaimiswellsupportedbygooddocumentation.Claimscanbesettledinthewayslistedbelow:Makingrefundwithcompensationforotherdirectlossesandexpensessuchasbankingcharges,storageandinspectioncharges.Devaluatingthegoodsaccordingtothedegreeofinferiority,extentofdamageandamountoflosses.Replacingthedefectivegoodswithnewonesthatconformtothespecifications,qualityandperformanceasstipulatedinthecontract.8/35CommodityInspection有关检验权的规定；检验或复验的时间；检验或复验的地点；检验方法/标准；检验条款应包含的内容检验项目；检验机构；检验证书；索赔时限。9/35合同中的检验条款规定：“质量和数量以装运地检验报告为准”。但货到目的地后，买方发现货物与合同规定不符，并经当地商品检验机构出具检验证书。问：买方可否向卖方索赔？为什么？

CaseStudy110/35不可以索赔，质量和数量以装运地检验报告为准。P177-2.ForceMajeure-不可抗力Forcemajeureisacommonclauseincontractswhichessentiallyfreesoneorbothpartiesfromliabilityorobligationwhenanextraordinaryeventorcircumstancebeyondthecontrolofthepartiespreventsoneorbothpartiesfromfulfillingtheirobligationsunderthecontract.不可抗力条款是一种免责条款。合同中规定：如当事人一方因不可抗力不能履行合同全部或部分义务时，免除其全部或部分责任，而另一方当事人则不得对此要求损害赔偿。12/35P177-1)DefinitionofforcemajeureAforcemajeureeventisonethatcangenerallybeneitheranticipatednorbroughtundercontrol.Certainnaturaldisasterssuchasflood,earthquakeandvolcano(ActofGod)andsocialdisturbancessuchaswar,strikeandriot暴乱areconsideredtobeforcemajeure.非当事人的主观意志所决定，也非当事人能力所能抗拒的客观事实，使得当事人在订约时所谋求的商业目的无法达成，从而导致当事人的责任被免除的情况。不可抗力事故均为意外事故，包括：①自然原因引起的，如：地震、旱灾、火灾、风灾、雪灾等；②社会原因引起的，如：战争、政府封锁、禁运和罢工等。13/35P177-FeaturesofaforcemajeureeventExternality:itisnotduetothenegligenceofthebuyerortheseller.Unforeseeability:ithappensafterthecontractissignedandisunforeseeableatthetimeofconclusionofthecontract.Unavoidability:neitherthebuyernorthesellercancontrolthesituationanditiscompletelyimpossibletoperformtheobligation.构成不可抗力的条件在合同成立并生效后发生；非因任何一方当事人的过失或疏忽造成；对事故发生，当事人不能预见、无法避免和无法预防。市场风险、价格波动、汇率变化等均不能视为不可抗力事件。14/35P177-2)ConsequencesofforcemajeureTerminationofcontract(终止合同):incasenaturaldisastersorothereventshavemadeitimpossibletofulfillthecontract,thecontractcanbeterminated.Postponementofcontract(延期执行合同):incaseevents(suchastransportationstoppagecausedbyanearthquake)willonlydelaythefulfillmentofacontract,thecontractcanbepostponed(butnotterminated)sinceitisstillpossibleforthesellertocarryouthiscontractobligation.发生不可抗力后，一方当事人必须及时通知对方（并尽快提供由商会等公证机构出具的证明文件），同时提出处理建议，征求对方同意。发生不可抗力后，当事人必须尽最大努力将不可抗力造成的影响降低到最小。

15/35我方于1990年11月2日与伊朗签定FOB进口合同。因海湾战争爆发，我方接货货轮无法驶抵伊朗，到1991年4月海湾战争结束后，我方方能派船接货，而外商以我方未能按时派船接货为由，要求我方赔偿其仓储费。请问：外商的要求是否合理？

看情况。我方未能按时派船接货是因不可抗力事件。但我方必须按约定的通知期限和通知方式通知对方，并与对方商定是解除合同还是延期履行。若没有按时通知，我方对卖方因未收到通知而造成的损害应负赔偿责任。CaseStudy119/35我方以CIF纽约出口200套家具的到美国。合同规定1996年12月交货。11月底，我方商品仓库发生雷击火灾，致使一半出口家具烧毁。我方以发生不可抗力为由，要求免除交货责任。美方不同意，坚持要求我方按时交货。我方无奈，经努力于1997年1月初交货，美方却要求索赔。试问：①我方要求免除交货责任的要求是否合理?

②我方最终的处理方法是否妥当?我方要求不合理。因我仓库遇不可抗力导致一半出口家具烧毁，但不可抗力并没有严重到不能履约的程度，故我方不能要求免除全部交货责任，但可延期交货。不妥。我方没有要求对方同意延期执行合同，导致对方提出索赔。

CaseStudy220/35P177-3)Pointstorememberwhendraftingtheclause①Determinethescope–确定不可抗力范围Generalstipulation(概括式):“generallyrecognizedforcemajeurecauses”.Specificlisting(列举式):“war,flood,storm,heavysnow.Specificlistingplusgeneralstipulation(综合式):“war,flood,storm,heavysnoworanyothercausesbeyondtheircontrol/andothergenerallyrecognizedforcemajeureevent”.②Specifytheconsequences–明确处理原则和方法Whenthecontractcanbeterminated.Whenthecontractcanonlybepostponed.16/35P177-3)PointstorememberwhendraftingtheclauseDesignatetheagencytoissuecertificateSpecifywhichagencyistobetheissuer.明确由哪个机构出具证明文件。SetthetimelimitofnoticetotheothercontractorThepartywhowantstoquotetheclauseshouldinformtheotherpartyofhisdecisionwithinareasonabletimelimit.明确在何时之前必须通知对方有关不可抗力事件及影响。17/35P177-4)PointstorememberwhenquotingtheclauseDecideifanaccidentiswithinthescopeaccordingtothecontractterms.Notifytheothercontractorassoonaspossible(theotherpartyshouldreplyquicklyifheagreesordisagrees).Supplythecertificateissuedbythecorrectagency.一方接收到对方关于不可抗力的通知或证明后，无论是否同意都应及时答复，否则，有些国家（如：美国），将认为这是默认。18/35P180-3.PrivateDisputeResolution–争议的解决NegotiationsMediationArbitrationLitigation协商调解仲裁诉讼Methodsofprivatedisputeresolution21/35P180-1)ArbitrationArbitrationisamethodofhavingadisputebetweentwoormorepartiesresolved,outsidethecourts,byimpartialpersonscalledarbitratorswhoareknowledgeableinthesubjectmattersofdispute.Itisthemosttraditionalformofprivatedisputeresolution.Criminalcasescannotbesettledbyarbitration.仲裁是指纠纷当事人在自愿基础上达成协议，将纠纷提交非司法机构的第三者审理，由第三者作出裁决的一种解决纠纷的制度和方式。仲裁在性质上是兼具契约性、自治性、民间性和准司法性的一种争议解决方式。①Arbitrationdefined22/35P180-②AdvantagesofarbitrationFinal,bindingdecisions

-Arbitralawardsareusuallynotsubjecttoappeal上诉,theyaremuchmorelikelytobefinalthanthejudgmentsofcourtsoffirstinstance.Int’lrecognitionofarbitralawards裁定

-Arbitralawardsenjoymuchgreaterint’lrecognitionthanjudgmentsofnationalcourts.144countrieshavesignedthe1958UNConventionontheRecognitionandEnforcementofForeignArbitralAwards.Neutrality

中立-Arbitrationmaytakeplaceinanycountry,inanylanguageandwitharbitratorsofanynationality.Withthisflexibility,itisgenerallypossibletostructureaneutralprocedureofferingnoundue过度的advantagetoanyparty.23/35P180-②AdvantagesofarbitrationSpecializedcompetenceofarbitrators

-Arbitrationoffersthepartiestheuniqueopportunitytodesignatepersonsoftheirchoiceasarbitrators,providedtheyareindependent.Thisenablesthepartiestohavetheirdisputesresolvedbypeoplewhohavespecializedcompetenceintherelevantfield.Speedandeconomy-Arbitrationisfasterandlessexpensivethanlitigation诉讼.Confidentiality-Arbitrationhearingsarenotpublic,andonlythepartiesthemselvesreceivecopiesoftheawards.23/35③ArbitrationcaseflowAppointarbitratorsUsually1or3arbitratorsareappointed.Thearbitrationbodyappoints1.Orboththeplaintiff/claimant原告andthedefendantappoint1eachandthearbitrationbodyappointsathird.Submitdisputetoarbitrationifthedisputeistobesubmittedtoapermanentbody,theapplicationissentdirectlytothetribunal审理委员会andtothedefendant被告(respondent).Ifthedisputeistobesubmittedtoatemporarybody,theapplicationissentdirectlytothedefendant.HearingacaseCasehearingcanbecarriedoutbyface-to-facereplyorcorrespondence.Insomecases,thetribunalmaygivetheorderofinterim临时的measuresofprotectionwhilethearbitrationisgoingon.IssueanawardAfterhearing,thearbitratorswilldeliberate权衡thecaseandthenserveanaward,thedecisionmadeinwrittenformbythearbitrationtribunalafterdeliberation.P181-24/35仲裁程序仲裁申请提交仲裁申请书；提交仲裁请求所依事实的证明文件；在仲裁委员会的仲裁员名册中指定一名或数名仲裁员，或委托仲裁委员会主席/主任指定；按仲裁委员会的仲裁费用表预缴仲裁费。仲裁庭的组成国际上一般做法：争议案件可由3、5、7名仲裁员（其中1名为首席仲裁员）组成仲裁庭，以和议方式审理，也可由独任仲裁员单独审理。我国的做法：仲裁庭可由3名仲裁员或1名仲裁员组成。除非另有特别约定，我国的仲裁庭一般由3名仲裁员组成。由3名仲裁员组成的，设首席仲裁员。25/35仲裁审理仲裁审理一般包括以下步骤：①开庭；②和解及调解；③收集、审定证据；④采取保全措施。仲裁庭审理案件有两种方式：①开庭审理；②书面审理。仲裁裁决基于当事人的请求，仲裁庭在仲裁过程中可就有关事项作出部分裁决、中间裁决和临时裁决；在仲裁终结时就整个争议事项作出终局裁决书。依《国际商会调解与仲裁规则》：仲裁程序正式开始后6个月内作出裁决。在世界大多数国家，仲裁裁决是终局的，对双方当事人均有约束力。仲裁程序26/35P182-④EffectofarbitrationInmostcountries,

anarbitrationawardis“finalandbinding”providedthattherearenoillegalactionsbyanypartyinvolvedinthearbitrationprocess.Anarbitrationawardissubjecttoreviewbyacourtonlyonaverylimitedbasis.⑤Fees:feesareusuallytobebornebythelosingpartyofthedispute(unlessotherwisestipulatedbytheaward).27/35P182-⑥ArbitrationclauseItembodiestheagreementofbothpartiesthat,ifanydisputeariseswithregardtotheobligationswhichonepartyhasundertakentotheother,suchadisputeshallbesettledbyatribunaloftheirownconstitution.Itmayexcludethecourtfromhavingjurisdiction管辖overthedispute.Itgivesjurisdictiontothearbitratororanarbitrationbody,whichshouldhaveasetofruleswithregardtothearbitrationbythatbody.Functionsofanarbitrationagreement仲裁协议的作用表明双方当事人愿意将争议提交仲裁解决，不向法院起诉。排除法院对争议案件的管辖权。使仲裁机构取得对争议案件的管辖权。我国《仲裁法》：没有仲裁协议，一方申请仲裁，仲裁机构不予受理。28/35⑥Arbitrationclause仲裁条款：双方当事人在契约中明确将其可能发生的争议提交仲裁解决的条款。(合同内条款)仲裁协议书：争议发生前或后，当事人双方经协商共同签署的把争议提交仲裁解决的专门性文件。(合同外文件)其他文件所包含的仲裁协议：双方当事人针对有关商事关系而互相往来的信函、电传、电报以及其他书面材料中所包含的仲裁协议。(合同外文件)仲裁协议的形式29/35仲裁意愿（当事人一致同意将争议提交仲裁）仲裁事项（提交仲裁的争议范围）仲裁地点（国家-城市）仲裁机构名称仲裁规则仲裁裁决效力（裁决是否具终局性）我国的涉外商事仲裁都选择常设机构，没有临时仲裁。若仲裁条款中只写明仲裁城市而没写明仲裁机构名称，即推定当事人默示选择了该仲裁地的常设仲裁机构。我国：凡提交到仲裁委员会仲裁的，均视为当事人同意采用该委员会仲裁规则。仲裁条款内容30/35Alldisputesarisinginconnectionwiththecontractortheexecutionthereofshallfirstbesettledthroughfriendlynegotiations.Incasenosettlementcanbereachedthroughnegotiations,thecaseshouldthenbesubmittedtotheForeignTradeArbitrationCommissionoftheChinaCouncilforthePromotionof

Int’lTrade,ShenzhenBranch,inShenzhen,China,forarbitrationunderitsarbitralregulations.Thedecisionrendered开出bythesaidCommissionshallbefinalandbindinguponbothparties.Neitherpartyshallseekresourcesfromthelaw-courtorotherauthoritiesforrevisingthedecision.Thearbitrationfeeshallbeborne