环境工程专业英语 课件 U4L2 Hazardous Waste Management

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HazardousWasteManagementProfessionalEnglishforEnvironmentalEngineering

Themanagementofhazardouswasteshasbecomeaspecializeddisciplinebecauseofthecomplexnatureoftheproblemandthesolutionsavailabletous.Themismanagementexamplesofhazardouswastescausingdisastroushumanandenvironmentalconsequencesarenumerous.Therefore,thecurrentemphasisison"cradletograve"wastemanagement.HazardousWasteManagement

Introduction

Themanagementprocessbeginswithanunderstandingofthedefinitionandclassificationofthedifferentwastes,andtheirharmfuleffectsonhumanhealth,andendswiththeapplicationofriskmanagementtocontrolhumanhealthandenvironmentalimpactsofhazardouswaste.HazardousWasteManagement

Introduction

Withtherapidpaceofurbanizationandindustrialization,wastegenerationactivitiesresultingfromtheprovisionofgoodsandserviceshaveincreasedatanalarmingratethroughouttheworld.Themodernstandardsoflivingrequiretheusageofproductsmadeandrefinedfromvariousnaturalresources.Almostallthemanufacturingprocessesgeneratesolid,liquidand/orgaseousemissionasby-products.HazardousWasteManagement

Introduction

Someoftheseemissionsarepotentiallyharmfultohumanhealthandenvironment,andthuswarrantspecialtechniquesofmanagement.Hazardouswastemanagement,therefore,dealswithminimizingharmfuleffectsonhumansandenvironmentbyapplyingspecialtechniquesofhandling,storage,transportation,treatmentanddisposalofhazardousemissions.Currentpracticealsocallsforpollutionprevention,atermusedtodescribesourcereductionandrecyclingactivitiescontributingtoareductioninthevolumeofwastegeneratedatthesource.HazardousWasteManagement

Introduction

Contaminatedsitesaretheresultofpoormanagementofhazardouswasteinthepast.Therefore,effectivehazardouswastemanagementshouldminimizeshort-termrisksimmediatelyaftergenerationofthewasteandthelong-termrisksassociatedwithpotentiallycontaminatedsites.HazardousWasteManagement

Introduction

Consequently,theprocessofhazardouswastemanagementstartswithproblemdefinitionoridentificationandcharacterizationofwaste,applicationofpollutionpreventionactivitiestominimizewasteneedinghandling,storage,transportationandpollutioncontrolinvolvingappropriatetreatment.HazardousWasteManagement

Introduction

Themotivationtomanagehazardouswastestominimizehumanhealthandenvironmentalriskscamefromapublicawarenessthatgrewovermanyhistoricalincidentsofuncontrolleddisposalofhazardouswaste.Themostpublicizedlandmarkincidentisworthrecountingasreminder.HazardousWasteManagement

Introduction

TheLoveCanalincidentintheUnitedStatesisaclassicexampleofcontaminationofasitewithhazardouswasteoveraperiodoftime.ThesiteeventuallybecamethefirstU.S.federalenvironmentaldisasterarea.Thelevelofon-sitecontaminationwasfoundtobe250to5000timestheleveldeemedsafeforhumanexposure.Therewereabnormallyhighratesofmiscarriages,birthdefectsandcanceramongtheformerresidents.

HazardousWasteManagement

LoveCanal,UnitedStates

Sold

1953~1978~1989Sold~Closed~CleanedTheexamplehighlightedaboveandthemanymoresimilarcasesinNorthAmericaandelsewherehavecontributedavastpoolofpracticalandscientificknowledgeabouttheshort-termandlong-termeffectsofhazardouswasteonhumanhealthandenvironment.Scientistshaverealizedtheneedtodevelopclearcauseandeffectrelationshipsbetweenchemicalagentsandhumandisease.HazardousWasteManagement

LessonsLearned

Theroleofproduction,storage,transport,disposalandtransformationofchemicalcompoundsinthemanifestationofhumanhealthandenvironmentaleffectshasbecomeamajortopicforscientificresearch.Withoutscientificdatatoabsolvechemicalagents,theresponseoftheinternationalcommunitywastoimplementstringentregulationstocontrolhazardouswastes.HazardousWasteManagement

LessonsLearned

Pollutionpreventionwastoutedasthesolutiontoallillsassociatedwithhazardouswaste.Consideringthemonumentalcostsassociatedwithrectifyingpastmistakesormismanagement,pollutionpreventionatareasonablecostseemstomakeperfectsense.HazardousWasteManagement

LessonsLearned

Becauseofthemistakemadeinthepast,thecurrentapproachtohazardouswastemanagementfollowsthe"cradletograve"conceptofcomprehensivewastemanagement.Implementationofthisconceptrequirestheearlyidentificationofhazardouswastes,andactionscontributingtoformationofsuchwastes,aswellasastep-by-stepapproachtominimizerisksassociatedwiththeproduction,handling,andeventualdisposalofsuchwaste.HazardousWasteManagement

LessonsLearned

Asafirststep,aclassificationsystemisnecessarytoidentifywastetypecapableofcausinghumanhealthandenvironmentalimpacts.Unfortunately,auniversalclassificationsystem,acceptabletoallcountries,iscurrentlynotavailable.Nevertheless,thereisgeneralagreementonadefinitionofhazardouswastebasedonthefollowingfunctionalproperties:IgnitablilityCorrosivityReactivityToxicityHazardousWasteManagement

DefinitionandClassificationofHazardousWaste

Ignitabilityisthepropertythatcouldcauseafireduringroutinemanagement.Examplesofignitablewastesincludewasteoilsandusedsolvents.Corrosivity,asindicatedbyhighlyacidicandalkalinematerials,isabasicpropertyofahazardouswastebecausesuchcorrosivematerialscanreactdangerouslywithotherwastesorcausetoxiccontaminantstomigratefromcertainwastes.Anexampleofacorrosivewasteincludesusedpickleliquorfromsteelmanufacturing.HazardousWasteManagement

DefinitionandClassificationofHazardousWaste

Reactivityofunstablewastescanposeanexplosiveproblematanystageofthewastemanagementcycle.ExamplesofreactivewastesincludewaterfromTNToperationsandusedcyanidesolvents.Toxicityofwastesthatarelikelytoleachhazardousconcentrationsofparticulartoxicconstituentsintogroundwateraquifersisanimportantpropertyforclassification.Insimulatedleachingactionsthatoccurinlandfills,iftheconcentrationofthetoxicconstituentexceedsaregulatorylimit,thewasteistermedhazardous.HazardousWasteManagement

DefinitionandClassificationofHazardousWaste

Furthermore,anywasteexceedingregulatoryacutetoxicitylimitsisclassifiedasahazardouswaste.Examplesincludewastescontaininghighlevelsofvolatileorganiccompounds(e.g.benzene)andheavymetalssuchaslead,cadmiumandmercury.Aregulatoryclassificationsystemusingtheabovecriteriahasanumberoflimitations.Relativedifferencesinhazardsamongwastesarenotexaminedbysuchasystem.Accordingtothissystem,onceawasteisclassifiedashazardous,thenitwouldbeaccordedthesameregulatorycoverageregardlessofthedegreeofhazard.HazardousWasteManagement

DefinitionandClassificationofHazardousWaste

词性转换

名词的转译

英语中名词的转译就是把英语中的名词转化为其他的词性形式，包括名词转译为动词、名词转译为形容词、名词转译为副词等。1.名词转译为动词英语词汇有很多属于同根词，也就是说一个词根可以派生出很多词性的词来，如英语中抽象名词、动名词、由动词本身派生出来的名词、由介词构成的介词短语等，翻译时可以适当加以变通处理。(1)Insomecases,desertsarethecreationofdestructionofvirginforest.译文：沙漠有时是人类毁坏原始森林造成的。（“creation”和“destruction”作为动词派生的名词被转译为动词“造成”和“毁坏”）Translation

词性转换

名词的转译

英语中名词的转译就是把英语中的名词转化为其他的词性形式，包括名词转译为动词、名词转译为形容词、名词转译为副词等。2.名词转译为形容词

一些作表语的形容词或由形容词派生的名词，在翻译的过程中往往会被转译为形容词。(4)Singlecrystalsofhighperfectionareanabsolutenecessityforthefabricationofintegratedcircuits.译文：高度完整的单晶对于制造集成电路来说是绝对必要的。（由“necessary”派生的名词“necessity”译为形容词“必要的”）Translation

词性转换

名词的转译

英语中名词的转译就是把英语中的名词转化为其他的词性形式，包括名词转译为动词、名词转译为形容词、名词转译为副词等。3.名词转译为副词/连接词（组）

在有些语境中，名词就必须转译为副词，句子才显得通畅。(6)Theadvantageofionimplantationistheuniformityofdoping.译文：离子注入的优点是掺杂均匀。（由形容词派生的名词“uniformity”被转译为副词“均匀”）Translation

词性转换

动词的转译

1.动词转译为名词英语中动词和名词之间的转换非常普遍，很多英语名词都是由英语动词派生而来的。在翻译过程中，为了满足表达需要，有时也会将动词转译为名词。(1)Ahighlydevelopedphysicalscienceischaracterizedbyanextensiveuseofmathematics.译文：一门高度发展的自然科学的特点是广泛地运用数学。（动词“becharacterized”被转译为名词“特点”）英语中名词的转译就是把英语中的名词转化为其他的词性形式，包括名词转译为动词、名词转译为形容词、名词转译为副词等。

Translation

词性转换

动词的转译

2.动词转译为形容词动词有时也转译为形容词。(2)Theoutputvoltagesofthecontrolsystemvariedinawiderange.译文：这台控制系统输出电压的变化范围很宽。（动词“vary”被转译为形容词“宽”）Translation

词性转换

动词的转译

3.动词转译为副词/连接词（组）动词转译为副词不太多见，翻译的时候需要多加注意。(4)Rapidevaporationattheheating-surfacetendstomakethestreamwet.译文：加热面上的迅速蒸发，往往使蒸汽的湿度变大。（动词“tend”转译为副词“往往”）Translation

词性转换

动词的转译

3.动词转译为副词/连接词（组）动词转译为副词不太多见，翻译的时候需要多加注意。(4)Rapidevaporationattheheating-surfacetendstomakethestreamwet.译文：加热面上的迅速蒸发，往往使蒸汽的湿度变大。（动词“tend”转译为副词“往往”）Translation

词性转换

三、形容词的转译英语中的形容词也可以根据不同情况转译为其他汉语词性，如将形容词转译为动词、形容词转译为名词、形容词转译为副词等。1.形容词转译为动词英语中用于修饰名词的形容词很多，也有很多是和系动词构成的系表结构表示情感、心态、知觉、态度等时，往往需要改变词性译为动词。(1)Ifextremelylow-costpowerwereevertobecomeavailablefromlargenuclearpowerplants,electrolytichydrogenwouldbecomecompetitive.译文：如果能够从大型核电站获得成本极低的电力，电解氢会更具竞争力。（形容词“available”转译为动词“能够”）

Translation

词性转换

三、形容词的转译英语中的形容词也可以根据不同情况转译为其他汉语词性，如将形容词转译为动词、形容词转译为名词、形容词转译为副词等。2.形容词转译为名词充当表语、补足语等其他成分的形容词，在必要的时候也可以转译为名词。(3)Glassismoretransparentthanplasticcloth.译文：玻璃的透明度比塑料布高。（形容词“transparent”转译为名词“透明度”）Translation

词性转换

三、形容词的转译英语中的形容词也可以根据不同情况转译为其他汉语词性，如将形容词转译为动词、形容词转译为名词、形容词转译为副词等。3.形容词转译为副词

当英语名词转译为动词时，修饰它的形容词就相应地转译为副词。(5)Thewideapplicationofelectronicmachinesinscientificwork,indesigningandineconomiccalculationswillfreemanfromthelaborofcomplicatedcomputations.译文：在科学研究、设计和经济计算等方面广泛地应用电子计算机可以使人们从繁重的计算工作中解放出来。（形容词“wide”转译为副词“广泛地”）Translation

词性转换

四、副词的转译英语中副词的使用非常广泛，翻译时，可以根据具体需要做一些调整和转译，如副词转译为动词、副词转译为名词、副词转译为形容词等。1.副词转译为动词英语中副词在修饰表语、补语或复合宾语的时候具有动词的意味，表示一定的动作或方向，这类副词往往需要转译。此外，还有一些和系动词构成的合成谓语，或作宾语补足语、或作状语，也需要转译为动词。(1)Whentheswitchisoff,thecircuitisopenandelectricitydoesn'tgothrough.译文：当开关断开时，电路形成开路，电流就不能通过。（副词“through”译为动词“通过”）Translation

词性转换

四、副词的转译英语中副词的使用非常广泛，翻译时，可以根据具体需要做一些调整和转译，如副词转译为动词、副词转译为名词、副词转译为形容词等。2.副词转译为名词

英语中许多副词是由动词或形容词词根派生而来，对于这些副词习惯上还是转译为名词。(3)Sodiumisveryactivechemically.译文：金属钠的化学反应很活跃。（副词“chemically”转译为名词“化学反应”）Translation

词性转换

四、副词的转译英语中副词的使用非常广泛，翻译时，可以根据具体需要做一些调整和转译，如副词转译为动词、副词转译为名词、副词转译为形容词等。3.副词转译为形容词

英语中有些副词是形容词派生而来的，在翻译过程中，通常会把副词还原为形容词。(5)Theresistivityofsemiconductorsisinverselyproportionaltotemperature.译文：半导体的电阻率与温度成反比。（副词“inversely”转译为形容词“相反的”）Translation

词性转换

五、介词的转译介词是英语中最常见的一种词，它不仅数量多，而且在使用范围和使用频率上也超过其他词性的词。相比之下，汉语的介词没有那么多，使用也没有那么广。因此在翻译过程中，介词就需要加倍小心。英语里的介词具有较强的动词意味，通常情况下，都可以转译为动词。(1)Exceptforatomicenergy,allformsofenergyusedbymanarefromthesun.译文：除原子能之外，人类所利用的一切形式的能量都来自太阳。（介词“from”转译为动词“来自”）Translation

词性转换

六、代词及其他词性的转译为了准确表达原文的意思，代词及其他词性在翻译时也需要转译。

(1)Adecision-makingframeworkislikelytobeaseriesofrelativelysimplesteps,oraprocess,thatrepresentsthest