新视野大学英语读写教程(第二版)第三册课文与翻译

./新视野大学英语3U1LovewithoutlimitationsMybrother,Jimmy,didnotgetenoughoxygenduringadifficultdelivery,leavinghimwithbraindamage,andtwoyearslaterIwasborn.Sincethen,myliferevolvedaroundmybrother’s.Accompanyingmygrowingupwasalways"gooutandplayandtakeyourbrotherwithyou".Icouldn’tgoanywherewithouthim,soIurgedtheneighborhoodkidstocometomyhouseforsomeout-of-controlkid-centeredfun.MymothertaughtJimmypracticalthingslikehowtobrushhisteethorputonbelt.Myfather,asaint,simplyheldthehousetogetherwithhispatienceandunderstanding.IwasinchargeoutsidewhereIadministeredjusticebytrackingdowntheparentsofthekidswhopickedonmybrother,andtellingonthem.MyfatherandJimmywereinseparable.Theyatebreakfasttogetherandonweekdaysdroveofftothenavyshippingcentereverymorningwheretheybothworked-Jimmyunloadedcolor-codedboxes.Atnightafterdinner,theywouldtalkandplaygameslateintotheevening.Theyevenwhistledthesametunes.Sowhenmyfatherdiedofaheartattackin1991,Jimmywasawreck,beneathhiscarefuldisguise.Hewassimplyindisbelief.Usuallyveryagreeable,henowquitspeakingaltogetherandnoamountofwordscouldpenetratethevacantexpressionheworeonhisface.Ihiredsomeonetolivewithhimanddrivehimtowork,butnomatterhowmuchItriedtomakethingsstaythesame,evenJimmygraspedthattheworldhe’dknownwasgone.OnedayIasked,"YoumissDad,don’tyou?"Hislipsquiveredandthenheasked,"Whatdoyouthink,Margaret?Hewasmybestfriend."Ourtearsbeganflow.MymotherdiedoflungcancersixmonthslaterandIalonewaslefttolookafterJimmy.Hedidn’tadjusttogoingtoworkwithoutmyfatherrightaway,sohecameandlivedwithmeinNewYorkCityforawhile.HewentwhereverIwentandseemedtoadjustprettywell.Still,Jimmylongedtoliveinmyparents’houseandworkathisoldjobandIpledgedtohelphimreturn.Eventually,Iwasabletoworkitout.Hehaslivedtherefor11yearsnowwithmanydifferentcaretakersandblossomedonhisown.Hehasbecomeessentialtotheneighborhood.Whenyouhaveanymailtobepickeduporyourdogneedswalking,heisyourman.Mymotherwasright,ofcourse:Itwaspossibletohaveahomewithroomforbothhislimitationsandmyambitions.Infact,caringforsomeonewholovesasdeeplyandappreciatesmyeffortsasmuchasJimmydoeshasenrichedmylifemorethananythingelseevercouldhave.ThishithomeafewdaysaftertheSeptember11thdisasteronJimmy’s57thbirthday.IhadapartyforhiminmyhomeinNewYork,butnoneofourfamilycouldjoinusbecausetravelwasdifficultandtheywerestillreckoningwiththesheerterrorthedisasterhadbrought.Icalledonmyfaithfulfriendstohelpmakeitamerryandfestiveoccasion,ignoringthefactthatmostofthemwereemotionallydrainedandexhausted.Insteadofthecustomary"Nogifts,please",Ishouted,"Gifts!Please!"Myfriends-peopleJimmyhadcometoknowovertheyears-broughttheidealpresents:countrymusicCDs,asweatshirt,oneleatherbeltwith"J-I-M-M-Y"onit,aknittedwoolhatandacowboycostume.Theeveningleduptothegiftsandthenthechocolatecakefromhisfavoritebakery,andofcoursetheceremonywasn’tcompletewithoutthesinging.AthousandtimesJimmyasked,"Isittimeforthecakeyet?"AfterdinnerandthegiftsJimmycouldnolongerberestrained.Heanxiouslywaitedforthecandlestobelitandthenblewthemoutwithonelongbreathaswellallsang"Happybirthday".Jimmywasn’tsatisfiedwithoureffort,though.Hejumpeduponthechairandstooderectpointingbothindexfingersintotheairtoconductusandyelled,"One…more…time!"Wesangwithalloftheenergyleftinoursoulsandwhenwewerefinishedheputbothhisthumbsupandshouted."Thatwassuper!"Wehadwantedtolethimknowthatnomatterhowdifficultthingsgotintheworld,therewouldalwaysbepeoplewhocaredabouthim.Weendedupremindingourselvesinstead.ForJimmy,thelovewithwhichwesangwasawelcomebonus,butmostlyhehadjustwantedtoseeeveryoneelsehappyagain.Justasmyfather’sdeathhadchangedJimmy’sworldovernight,September11thchangedourlives;theworldwe’dknownwasgone.But,aswesangforJimmyandheldeachtightafterwardprayingforpeacearoundtheworld,wewereremindedthattheconstantloveandsupportofourfriendsandfamilywouldgetusthroughwhateverlifemightpresent.ThesimplicitywithwhichJimmyhadreconciledeverythingforusshouldnothavebeensurprising.TherehadneverbeenlimitationstowhatJimmy’slovecouldaccomplish.无限的爱我哥哥吉米出生时遇上难产,因为缺氧导致大脑受损.两年后,我出生了.从此以后,我的生活便围绕我哥哥转.伴随我成长的,是"到外面去玩,把你哥哥也带上."不带上他,我是哪里也去不了的.因此,我怂恿邻居的孩子到我家来,尽情地玩孩子们玩的游戏.我母亲教吉米学习日常自理,比如刷牙或系皮带什么的.我父亲宅心仁厚,他的耐心和理解使一家人心贴着心.我则负责外面的事,找到那些欺负我哥哥的孩子们的父母,告他们的状,为我哥哥讨回公道.父亲和吉米形影不离.他们一道吃早饭,平时每天早上一道开车去海军航运中心,他们都在那里工作,吉米在那搬卸标有彩色代号的箱子.晚饭后,他们一道交谈,玩游戏,直到深夜.他们甚至用口哨吹相同的曲调.所以,父亲1991年因心脏病去世时,吉米几乎崩溃了,尽管他尽量不表现出来.他就是不能相信父亲去世这一事实.通常,他是一个令人愉快的人,现在却一言不发,无论说多少话都不能透过他木然的脸部表情了解他的心事.我雇了一个人和他住在一起,开车送他去上班.然而,不管我怎么努力地维持原状,吉米还是认为他熟悉的世界已经消失了.有一天,我问他："你是不是想念爸爸？"他的嘴唇颤抖了几下,然后问我："你怎么看,玛格丽特？他是我最好的朋友."接着,我俩都流下了眼泪.六个月后,母亲因肺癌去世,剩下我一人来照顾吉米.吉米不能马上适应去上班时没有父亲陪着,因此搬来纽约和我一起住了一段时间.我走到哪里他就跟到哪里,他好像适应得很好.但吉米依然想住在我父母的房子里,继续干他原来的工作.我答应把他送回去.此事最后做成了.如今,他在那里生活了11年,在许多人的照料下,同时依靠自己生活得有声有色.他已成了邻里间不可或缺的人物.如果你有邮件要收,或有狗要遛,他就是你所要的人.当然,母亲的话没错：可以有一个家,既能容纳他的缺陷又能装下我的雄心.事实上,关照像吉米这样一个深爱又感激我的人,更加丰富了我的生活,其他任何东西都不能与之相比.这一点,在9·11灾难后几天更显真切.那天是吉米57岁生日.我在纽约自己的家里为他举办生日宴会,但是我们家的人都没能来参加,因为交通困难,而且灾难带来的恐惧使他们依然心有余悸.我邀请了我的好友,请他们来帮忙把宴会弄得热闹些,增加点欢快气氛,没去理会他们多数人在情感上都有些疲惫这一事实.于是我一反常态,没说"请不要带礼物",而是向他们喊"请带礼物来".我的朋友──吉米认识他们多年了──带来了中意的礼物：乡村音乐CD、一件长袖运动衫、一条有"吉米"字样的皮带、一顶编织的羊毛帽,还有一套牛仔服.那天晚上,我们先是送礼物,然后是切从他喜欢的面包店里买来的巧克力蛋糕,当然还唱了"生日歌",否则宴会就不算完整了.吉米一次次地问："该切蛋糕了吧？"等用完餐和送完礼物后,吉米再也控制不住了.他焦急地等着点上蜡烛,然后在我们"生日快乐"的歌声中,一口长气吹灭了蜡烛.户然而吉米对我们的努力还是感到不满足.他纵身跳到椅子上,直挺着身子,双手食指朝天,一边喊一边指挥我们唱歌："再──来──次！"我们全力以赴地唱.待我们唱完时,他翘起两个拇指喊道："好极了！"本来我们想让他知道,无论世上有多难的事情,总是有人来关心他.现在反倒是提醒了我们自己.对于吉米来说,我们唱歌时的爱心,是他心中额外的礼物,但是他原先更想看到的,是别人再次感到快乐.有如父亲的去世一夜之间改变了吉米的世界,9·11也改变了我们的生活；我们熟悉的世界不复存在了.但是,当我们为吉米唱歌,相互紧拥,祈祷全球和平时,我们也意识到,朋友、家人间永恒的爱和支持可以让我们克服生活中的任何困难.吉米以朴素的方式为我们协调了眼前的一切,他做到这一点并不令人吃惊.吉米的爱可以征服一切,这是任何东西都限制不了的.U2IronandtheEffectsofExerciseSportsmedicineexpertshaveobservedforyearsthatenduranceathletes,particularlyfemales,frequentlyhaveirondeficiencies.NowanewstudybyateamofPurdueUniversityresearcherssuggeststhatevenmoderateexercisemayleadtoreducedironinthebloodofwomen."Wefoundthatwomenwhowerenormallyinactiveandthenstartedaprogramofmoderateexerciseshowedevidenceofironloss,"saysRoseanneM.Lyle,associateprofessoratPurdue.Herstudyof62formerlyinactivewomenwhobeganexercisingthreetimesaweekforsixmonthswaspublishedinthejournalMedicine&ScienceinSports&Exercise."Womenwhoconsumedadditionalmeatortookironsupplementswereabletobounceback,"shenotes."Butthenewexerciserswhofollowedtheirnormaldietshowedadecreaseinironlevels."

Irondeficiencyisverycommonamongwomeningeneral,affectingoneinfourfemaleteenagersandoneinfivewomenaged18to45,respectively.Buttheratioisevengreateramongactivewomen,affectingupto80percentoffemaleenduranceathletes.Thismeans,Lylesays,that"toomanywomenignoretheamountofirontheytakein";.Womenofchild-bearingageareatgreatestrisk,sincetheirmonthlybleedingisamajorsourceofironloss.Plus,manyhealth-consciouswomenincreasetheirriskbyrejectingredmeat,whichcontainsthemosteasilyabsorbedformofiron.Andbecausewomenoftenrestricttheirdietinanefforttocontrolweight,theymaynotconsumeenoughiron-richfood,andareliabletoexperienceadeficiency."Theaveragewomantakesinonlytwothirdsoftherecommendeddailyallowanceforiron,"notesanotherexpert."Forawomanwhoalreadyhasapoorironstatus,anyadditionalironlossfromexercisemaybeenoughtotipherovertheedgeintoamoreseriousdeficiency,"notestheexpert.

Exercisecanresultinironlossthroughavarietyofmechanisms.Someironislostinsweat,and,forunknownreasons,intenseenduranceexerciseissometimesassociatedwithbleedingofthedigestivesystem.Athletesinhigh-impactsportssuchasrunningmayalsoloseironthroughaphenomenonwheresmallbloodvesselsinthefeetleakblood.Therearethreestagesofirondeficiency.Thefirstandmostcommonishavinglowironreserves,aconditionthattypicallyhasnosymptoms.Fatigueandpoorperformancemaybegintoappearinthesecondstageofdeficiency,whennotenoughironispresenttoformthemoleculesofbloodproteinthattransportoxygentotheworkingmuscles.Inthethirdandfinalstage,peopleoftenfeelweak,tired,andoutofbreath—andexerciseperformanceisseverelycompromised."Peoplethinkthatifthey'renotatthethirdstage,nothingiswrong,butthat'snottrue,"saysJohnL.Beard,whohelpeddesignthePurduestudy."You'renotstage3untilyourironreservesgotozero,andifyouwaituntilthatpoint,you'reintrouble."

However,mostpeoplewithlowironreservesdon'tknowtheyhaveadeficiency,becausetraditionalmethodsofcalculatingtheamountofironinblood<bycheckinglevelsofthebloodproteinthattransportsoxygen>arenotsufficient,Beardstates.Instead,it'simportanttochecklevelsofadifferentcompound,whichindicatestheamountofstorageofironintheblood.Whileactive,child-bearingagewomenaremostlikelytohavelowironstores,henotes,"Menarenotsafe,especiallyiftheydon'teatmeatandhaveahighlevelofphysicalactivity."<Anestimated15percentofmalelongdistancerunnershavelowironstores.>Beardandotherexpertssayit'sadvisableforpeopleinthesegroupstohaveayearlybloodtesttocheckbloodironreserves.

Ifironlevelsarelow,talkwithaphysiciantoseeifthedeficiencyshouldbecorrectedbymodifyingyourdietorbytakingsupplements.Ingeneral,it'sbettertoundotheproblembyaddingmoreiron-richfoodstothediet,becauseironsupplementscanhaveseriousshortcomings.Supplementsmayproduceafeelingofwantingtothrowup,andmaybepoisonousinsomecases.Thebestsourcesofiron,andtheonlysourcesoftheformofironmostreadilyabsorbedbythebody,aremeat,chicken,andfish.Goodsourcesofotherformsofironincludedates,beans,andsomeleafygreenvegetables."Selectbreadsandcerealswiththewords'iron-added'onthelabel,"writessportsdietexpertNancyClark."Thisaddedironsupplementsthesmallamountthatnaturallyoccursingrains.EatthesefoodswithplentifulVitaminC<forexample,drinkorangejuicewithcerealorputatomatoonasandwich>toenhancetheamountofironabsorbed."Clarkalsorecommendscookinginironpans,asfoodcanderiveironfromthepanduringthecookingprocess."Theironcontentoftomatosaucecookedinanironpotforthreehoursshowedastrikingincrease,thelevelgoingupnearly30times,"shewrites.Andpeoplewhoarelikelytohavelowironshouldavoiddrinkingcoffeeorteawithmeals,shesays,sincesubstancesinthesedrinkscaninterferewithironbeingabsorbedintothebody.

"Activewomenneedtobealotmorecarefulabouttheirfoodchoices,"sumsupPurdue'sLyle."Ifyoupayattentiontowarningsignsbeforeironreservesaregone,youcanremedythedeficiencybeforeitreallybecomesaproblem."铁与运动的关系运动医学专家经过多年的观察,发现耐力运动员,特别是女性,经常会缺铁.普渡大学研究人员进行的一项新的研究表明：即使是适度的锻炼,也可能会降低女性血液中的铁含量."我们发现,那些通常不运动的女性一旦开始适度的锻炼,就会出现铁含量下降的迹象,"普渡大学罗斯安妮·M.莱尔副教授说.她对62名妇女进行了研究,并将研究结果发表在《体育运动医学与科学》杂志上.这些妇女原先不怎么运动,后来开始了为期6个月、每周3次的锻炼.莱尔指出："那些增食肉类食品或服用铁质补剂的女性能够恢复到健康状态.但突然参加锻炼却仍沿用旧食谱的人则显示出铁含量降低."缺铁在女性中是很常见的,每四个十几岁的少女中有一人缺铁,每五个18至45岁的女性中有一人缺铁.而在积极锻炼的妇女中这一比例更高,女耐力运动员中,缺铁者比例则高达80%.莱尔说,这意味着"太多女性忽视了自己摄入的铁含量".育龄女性危险最大,因为月经是铁流失的重要原因之一.此外,许多保健意识太强的女性也很危险,因为她们拒绝食用牛肉或羊肉,而这些肉中含有的铁最易被吸收.而且,由于女性常常为了控制体重而节食,从而未能摄取足够的含铁丰富的食物,结果可能导致缺铁.另一名专家指出,"普通女性每天摄入的铁只是应摄入量的三分之二."他指出,"对于那些已经缺铁的女性,任何因锻炼而产生的更多铁质流失都足以导致体内缺铁状况的恶化."运动可能通过多种机制导致铁流失.有些铁随汗液流失.另外,由于某些未知的原因,高强度的耐力运动有时会引起消化系统内出血.运动员从事跑步之类高强度剧烈运动,也可能会因为足部血管失血的现象而使铁质流失.缺铁分为三个阶段：第一也即最常见的阶段,是铁质储量不足.这一阶段一般没有症状.到了缺铁的第二阶段,就会出现疲倦和力不从心,此时体内已没有足够的铁来形成血蛋白分子,将氧输至运动肌肉.在第三即最后阶段,人常常感到虚弱、疲乏无力、喘不过气,运动成绩大打折扣."人们认为,只要不到第三阶段就不会有什么问题.这种想法是不对的."帮助设计普渡大学研究的约翰·L.比尔德说."只有当你的铁储量为零时,你才会进入第三阶段.而你若坐等到这个时候,你的麻烦就大了."然而,比尔德指出,大多数铁质储量低的人并未意识到自己缺铁,因为传统的检测血液中铁含量的方法──检验血液中输送氧气的血蛋白的含量──是不够的.其实,有必要检查血液中另一种混合成分的含量,它可以显示血液中的铁含量.他还指出,虽然积极锻炼的育龄妇女最有可能铁含量低,"但男性也并非不缺铁,尤其是在他们不吃肉类而又从事高强度的体力活动的情况下."〔估计有15%的男性长跑运动员铁含量低.比尔德和其他专家都说,对这些人而言,最好每年验一次血,以测定血液中的铁含量.如果铁含量低,就要去看医生,以确定是否该通过调整饮食或服用铁质补剂来校正不足.一般说来,解决问题的最好方法是在食谱中增加含铁丰富的食物,因为铁质补剂可能存在严重缺陷."服用铁质补剂可能使人想呕吐,有时甚至还会引起中毒.最好的铁来源,以及唯一最易为身体所吸收的铁来源,是肉、鸡和鱼.其他较好的铁质来源包括枣、豆类和一些多叶绿色蔬菜.""选择那些标有‘加铁’字样的面包和麦片,"运动营养专家南希·克拉克写道,"这些增加的铁质补充了谷物中自然含铁量的不足.将这些食物与含有大量维生素C的食物一起食用──比如吃麦片时喝橘子汁,或在XX治内夹上番茄──可以促进铁质吸收."克拉克还建议用铁锅烹食,因为烹调过程中食物能从铁锅中吸收铁质.她写道,"在铁锅内烹煮了3个小时的番茄汁,其铁含量大大提高,增加到原来的30倍左右."她说,铁含量可能低的人,吃饭时应避免喝咖啡或饮茶,因为这些饮料中所含的物质会妨碍身体对铁质的吸收."运动女性应特别注意选择饮食."普渡大学的莱尔总结说："如果你在铁含量流失之前就注意到了警告信号,你就可以在它真正成为问题之前弥补铁质的不足."U3WherePrinciplesComeFirstTheHydeSchooloperatesontheprinciplethatifyouteachstudentsthemeritofsuchvaluesastruth,courage,integrity,leadership,curiosityandconcern,thenacademicachievementnaturallyfollows.HydeSchoolfounderJosephGauldclaimssuccesswiththeprogramatthe$18,000-a-yearhighschoolinBath,Maine,whichhasreceivedconsiderablepublicityforitsworkwithtroubledyoungsters."Wedon'tseeourselvesasaschoolforatypeofkid,"saysMalcolmGauld,Joseph'sson,whograduatedfromHydeandisnowheadmaster."Weseeourselvesaspreparingkidsforawayoflife—bycultivatingacomprehensivesetofprinciplesthatcanaffectallkids."

Now,JoeGauldistryingtospreadhiscontroversialCharacterFirstideatopublic,inner-cityschoolswillingtousethetaxdollarsspentonthetraditionalprogramforthenewapproach.ThefirstHydepublicschoolprogramopenedinSeptember1992.Withinmonthstheprogramwassuspended.Teachersprotestedtheprogram'sdemandsandthestrainassociatedwithmoreintensework.Thisfall,theHydeFoundationisscheduledtobeginapreliminarypublicschoolprograminBaltimore.TeacherswillbetrainedtolaterworkthroughouttheentireBaltimoresystem.OtherUSschoolmanagersareeyeingtheprogram,too.Lastfall,theHydeFoundationopenedamagnetprogramwithinapublichighschoolinthesuburbsofNewHaven,Connecticut,overparents'protests.Thecommunityfearedtheschoolwouldattractinner-cityminorityandtroubledstudents.

AsinMainethequestfortruthisalsowidespreadattheschoolinConnecticut.InoneEnglishclass,the11studentsspendthelastfiveminutesinanenergeticexchangeevaluatingtheirclassperformanceforthedayona1-10scale."Igeta10.""Ichallengethat.Youdidn'tdoeitheryourgrammaroryourspellinghomework.""OK,aseven."

"Yououghttogetasix.""Wait,Iputmybesteffortforthhere.""Yeah,butyoudidn'taskquestionstoday."Explaininghisapproachtoeducation,JoeGauldsaystheconventionaleducationsystemcannotbereformed.Henotes"noamountofchange"withthehorseandcarriage"willproduceanautomobile".

TheHydeSchoolassumes"everyhumanbeinghasauniquepotential"thatisbasedoncharacter,notintelligenceorwealth.Conscienceandhardworkarevalued.Successismeasuredbygrowth,notacademicachievement.Studentsarerequiredtotakeresponsibilityforeachother.ToavoidthecontroversyofothercharacterprogramsusedinUSschools,Gauldsaystheconceptofdoingyourbesthasnothingtodowithforcingthestudentstoacceptaparticularsetofmoralsorreligiousvalues.TheHydecurriculumissimilartoconventionalschoolsthatprovidepreparationforcollege,completewithEnglish,history,mathandscience.Butallstudentsarerequiredtotakeperformingartsand

sports,andprovideacommunityservice.Foreachcourse,studentsgetagradeforacademicachievementandfor"besteffort".AtBath,97%ofthegraduatesattendfour-yearcolleges.CommitmentamongparentsisakeyingredientintheHydemixture.Forthestudenttogainadmission,parentsalsomustagreetoacceptanddemonstratetheschool'sphilosophiesandoutlook.

Theparentsagreeinwritingtomeetmonthlyinoneof20regionalgroups,gotoayearlythree-dayregionalretreat,andspendatleastthreetimesayearinworkshops,discussiongroupsandseminarsatBath.ParentsofMainestudentshaveanattendancerateof95%inthemanysessions.JoeandMalcolmGauldbothsaychildrentendtodotheirutmostwhentheyseetheirparentsmakingsimilarefforts.Thebiggestobstacleformanyparents,theysay,istorealizetheirownweaknesses.Theprocessforpublicschoolparentsisstillbeingworkedout,withalotmoredifficultybecauseitisdifficulttoconvinceparentsthatitisworthwhileforthemtoparticipate.Ofthe100studentsenrolledinNewHaven,about30%oftheparentsattendspecialmeetings.ThelowattendanceisinspiteofcommitmentstheymadeattheoutsetoftheprogramwhenHydeofficialsinterviewed300families.

Oncetheproblemsareworkedout,Hydeshouldworkwellinpublicschools,saysateacheratBathwhotaughtfor14yearsinpublicschools.Heisoptimisticthatonceparentsmakeacommitmenttotheprogram,theywillbedailyrolemodelsfortheirchildren,unlikeparentswhosechildrenareinboardingschools.Oneformerinner-cityhighschoolteacherwhonowworksintheNewHavenprogram,saysteachersalsobenefit."Herewereallybegintofocusonhavingafruitfulrelationshipwitheachstudent.Ourfocusisreallyaboutteachertostudentandthenwetogetherdealwiththe…academics.Inthetraditionalhighschoolsetting,it'steachertothematerialandthentothestudent."Theteacher-studentrelationshipistakenevenfurtheratHyde.Facultyevaluationsareconductedbythestudents.

JimmyDiBattista,19,isamazedhewillgraduatethisMayfromtheBathcampusandplanstoattendauniversity.Yearsago,hehadseenhisfutureas"jail,notcollege".

DiBattistaremembershisfirstdaysatHyde."WhenIcamehere,Iinsultedandcursedeverybody.Everyotherschoolwas,'Getout,wedon'twanttodealwithyou.'Icamehereandtheysaid,'Wekindoflikethatspirit.Wedon'tlikeitwiththenegativeattitudes.Wewanttoturnthatspiritpositive.'"品德至上海德中学的办学宗旨是：如果你向学生传授诸如求真、勇敢、正直、领导能力、好奇心和关心他人等美德的话,学生的学习成绩自然就会提高.该校的创始人约瑟夫·高尔德声称学校的教学很成功.海德中学位于缅因州巴思市,每年的学费高达1.8万美元,因其教导问题少年有方而闻名遐迩."我们并不把自己看作一所专为某一类孩子而开设的学校,"马尔科姆·高尔德说.他是约瑟夫的儿子,毕业于海德中学,现任海德中学校长."我们把帮助孩子培养一种生活方式看作自己的职责,办法是倡导一整套能影响所有孩子的价值观念."现在,乔·高尔德<约瑟夫·高尔德>正试图将他尚有争议的"品德第一"的理念向旧城区的公立学校推广.这些学校愿意将用于传统教学计划的税金用于实施这一新的教学方法.海德公立学校第一个教学计划始于1992年9月.但几个月后,该计划即告暂停.教师们对教学计划的高要求以及高强度工作所带来的压力表示抗议.今年秋天,海德基金会计划在巴尔的摩启动初步的公立学校教学计划.教师要接受培训,以便今后能在整个巴尔的摩体系内胜任工作.美国其他学校的领导们也在关注这个教学计划.去年秋天,在家长的一片抗议声中,海德基金会在康涅狄格州纽黑文市郊区的一所中学内启动了一个引人注目的教学计划.当地居民担心该校可能招进来旧城区的少数民族学生和问题学生.就像在缅因州那样,求真也在康涅狄格州的这所中学得到广泛推崇.在一堂英语课上,11名学生用最后的5分钟展开激烈的讨论,依照1－10的评分标准相互评价他们当天的课堂表现."我得10分.""我有意见.你既没做语法作业,也没做拼写练习.""那好,就7分吧.""你只能得6分.""等等,我可是全力以赴的.""是的,可你今天没提问."在解释自己的教育方法时,乔·高尔德指出,对传统的教育体制不能只是改革.他说"无论怎样改革",用马和马车"是改革不出汽车的".海德中学认为"每一个人都有自己的独特潜能",这种潜能的基础是品格而不是智力或财富.良知和苦干受到推崇.成功由不断进步来衡量,而不是由学习成绩来评定.学生必须相互负责.为了避免美国中学使用的其他品格培养方案所引发的争议,高尔德解释说,"全力以赴"这一概念并不是要强迫学生接受某一套道德原则或宗教观念.海德中学的课程与那些为升入大学做准备的传统学校所开设的课程相似,包括英语、历史、数学和自然科学.但所有的学生都必须选修表演艺术和体育,还要提供社区服务.在每门课程中,学生都会得到一个综合了学习成绩和"努力程度"的分数.在巴思市,97%的海德中学毕业生都升入了大学本科.在海德中学的综合教育中,父母的参与是一个关键的组成部分.为了使孩子被该校录取,家长也必须同意接受并实践学校的思想和观点.家长们签约同意每月出席一次区域小组会议<共20个区域小组>,每年去区域休养所三天,每年至少参加三次巴思市的研修班、讨论组和研讨会.在很多活动中,缅因州学生家长的出席率高达95%.乔和马尔科姆·高尔德都说,当孩子们见到自己的父母都在全力以赴时,他们也会竭尽全力.他们说,对许多家长而言,最困难的是让他们意识到自己的不足.公立学校学生家长的活动计划仍在制定之中.这项工作的困难要大得多,因为很难使家长相信他们的参与很有价值.在纽黑文市录取的100名学生中,有30%左右的家长出席了各类特别会议.这一低出席率违背了他们在教学计划开始实施时所做的承诺,当时海德中学的官员曾与300个家庭进行了面谈.巴思市一名在公立学校教书达14年之久的教师说,一旦问题得到解决,海德教学计划就会在公立学校中获得成功.他乐观地认为,一旦家长们投入到计划当中,他们就会成为孩子们日常行为的榜样,这与寄宿学校的学生家长完全不同.一名曾任教于旧城区学校的教师如今在从事纽黑文教学计划.他说,教师也能从中受益."在这里,我们真正开始集中精力与每一个学生建立卓有成效的关系.我们的重点真的是先考虑师生关系,然后是师生共同探讨学业.而在传统的中学里,是先考虑教师和教材的关系,然后再考虑师生关系."师生关系在海德中学被进一步深化了.对教职员工的评估由学生来进行.19岁的吉米·迪巴蒂斯塔今年5月将从巴思校区毕业,并准备升入大学.对此他感到惊奇.几年前,他还觉得自己的前途"是在监狱,而不是在大学".迪巴蒂斯塔还记得他刚到海德中学时的情景."我来这儿时,见人就侮辱,就咒骂.其他每所学校都会说：‘滚出去！我们这儿不要你.’我来到这儿,他们却说：‘我们有几分喜欢这种活力,但并不喜欢它消极的一面,我们要将它转化成积极的东西.’"U4FiveFamousSymbolsofAmericanCultureTheStatueofLibertyInthemid-1870s,FrenchartistFredericAugusteBartholdiwasworkingonanenormousprojectcalledLibertyEnlighteningtheWorld,amonumentcelebratingUSindependenceandtheFrance-Americaalliance.Atthesametime,hewasinlovewithawomanwhomhehadmetinCanada.Hismothercouldnotapproveofherson'saffectionforawomanshehadnevermet,butBartholdiwentaheadandmarriedhislovein1876.

ThatsameyearBartholdihadassembledthestatue'srightarmandtorch,anddisplayedtheminPhiladelphia.Itissaidthathehadusedhiswife'sarmasthemodel,butfeltherfacewastoobeautifulforthestatue.Heneededsomeonewhosefacerepresentedsufferingyetstrength,someonemoreseverethanbeautiful.Hechosehismother.

TheStatueofLibertywasdedicatedonanislandinUpperNewYorkBayin1886.Ithadhismother'sfaceandhiswife'sbody,butBartholdicalledit"mydaughter,Liberty".BarbieBeforeallthedifferenttypesofBarbiedollsforsalenow,therewasjustasingleBarbie.Actually,hernamewasBarbara.BarbaraHandlerwasthedaughterofElliotandRuthHandler,co-foundersoftheMattelToyCompany.RuthcameupwiththeideaforBarbieafterwatchingherdaughterplaywithpaperdolls.Thethree-dimensionalmodelforBarbiewasaGermandoll—ajokegiftforadultsdescribedashavingtheappearanceof"awomanwhosoldsex".Mattelrefashionedthedollintoadecent,all-American—althoughwithanexaggeratedbreastsize—versionandnameditafterBarbara,whowasthenateenager.

Sinceherintroductionin1959,BarbiehasbecometheuniversallyrecognizedQueenoftheDolls.MattelsaystheaverageAmericangirlownstenBarbiedolls,andtwoaresoldsomewhereintheworldeverysecond.

Nowmorethansixtyyearsold,Barbara—whodeclinesinterviewsbutissaidtohavelovedthedoll-maybethemostfamousunknownfigureontheplanet.Barbie'sboyfriend,Ken,wasintroducedin1961andnamedafterBarbara'sbrother.TherealKen,whodiedin1994,wasdisgustedbythedollthatmadehisfamilyfamous."Idon'twantmychildrentoplaywithit,"hesaidin1993.AmericanGothicGrantWoodinstantlyrosetofamein1930withhispaintingAmericanGothic,anoften-copiedinterpretationofthesolemnprideofAmericanfarmers.Thepaintingshowsaserious-lookingmanandawomanstandinginfrontofafarmhouse.HewasstronglyinfluencedbymedievalartistsandinspiredbytheGothicwindowofanoldfarmhouse,butthefacesinhiscompositionwerewhatcapturedtheworld'sattention.

Woodlikedtopaintfacesheknewwell.Forthegravefarmerheusedhisdentist,asour-lookingman.Forthewomanstandingalongsidehim,theartistchosehissister,Nan.Hestretchedthemodels'necksabit,buttherewasnodoubtwhoposedfortheportrait.NanlaterremarkedthatthefameshegainedfromAmericanGothicsavedherfromaveryboringlife.TheBuffaloNickelToday,AmericancoinshonorprominentfiguresoftheUSgovernment—mostlyfamousformerpresidents.ButtheBuffalonickel,producedfrom1913to1938,honoredapairofconnectedtragediesfromthesettlementoftheAmericanfrontier—thedestructionofthebuffaloherdsandtheAmericanIndians.

WhilewhitepeoplehadpreviouslybeenusedasmodelsformostAmericancoins,famedartistJamesEarleFraserwentagainsttraditionbyusingthreeactualAmericanIndiansasmodelsforhiscreation.Forthebuffaloontheotherside,sincebuffalonolongerwanderedaboutthegreatgrasslands,FraserwasforcedtosketchanagingbuffalofromNewYorkCity'sCentralParkZoo.Twoyearslater,in1915,thisanimalwassoldfor$100andkilledformeat,ahide,andawalldecorationmadefromitshorns.UncleSamFourteen-year-oldSamWilsonranawayfromhometojoinhisfatherandolderbrothersinthefighttoliberatetheAmericancoloniesfromtheBritishduringtheAmericanRevolution.Atage23,hestartedameatpackingbusinessandearnedareputationforbeinghonestandhardworking.Duringalaterwarin1812,WilsongainedapositioninspectingmeatforUSArmyforces,workingwithamanwhohadsignedacontractwiththegovernmenttoprovidemeattothearmy.Barrelsofmeatsuppliedtothearmywerestamped"EA-US",identifyingthecompany<EA>andcountryoforigin<US>.

Accordingtoonestory,whenagovernmentofficialvisitedtheplantandaskedabouttheletters,acreativeemployeetoldhim"US"wasshortfor"UncleSam"Wilson.SoonsoldiersweresayingallArmysupplieswerefrom"UncleSam".

Afterthewar,acharactercalledUncleSambeganappearinginpoliticalcartoons,hisformevolvingfromanearliercartooncharactercalledBrotherJonathanthatwaspopularduringtheAmericanRevolution.UncleSamsoonreplacedBrotherJonathanasAmerican'smostpopularsymbol.ThemostenduringportraitofUncleSamwascreatedbyartistJamesMontgomeryFlagginhisfamousarmyrecruitingpostersofWorldWarsIandII.Thatversion—atallmanwithwhitehairandasmallwhitebeardonhischin,adarkbluecoatandatallhatwithstarsonit—wasaself-portraitofFlagg.美国文化的五大象征<B>自由女神像</B>19世纪70年代中期,法国艺术家弗里德里克·奥古斯特·巴托尔迪正在设计一个大项目,名为"自由照耀世界".这是一座庆祝美国独立和美法联盟的纪念碑.与此同时,他爱上了一位他在加拿大认识的女子.他母亲不赞成自己的儿子和一个她没有见过的女子恋爱,然而巴托尔迪不为所动,和心中所爱于1876年结为伉俪.同年,巴托尔迪组装完雕像的右臂和火炬,并将它们陈列在费城.据说,他用了妻子的手臂为模本,但觉得她的脸太漂亮,不适合做雕像模本.他需要这样一个女人：面容沧桑却不失坚定,庄重多于美丽.他选择了自己的母亲.1886年,自由女神像在纽约湾北部落成.雕像综合了他母亲的脸和他妻子的身材,不过巴托尔迪称之为"我的女儿,自由之神".<B>芭比娃娃</B>在现今销售的各式各样的芭比娃娃之前,原本部门只有一种芭比娃娃.实际上,她的名字叫芭芭拉.芭芭拉·汉德勒是马特尔玩具公司的联合创始人艾略特和鲁思·汉德勒夫妇的女儿.鲁思是在见到女儿玩纸娃娃之后才想到做芭比娃娃的.芭比娃娃的三维模特是一个德国洋娃娃,一个哄成年人开心的礼物,被描绘成具有"风尘女子"的模样.马特尔公司将这个娃娃做了一番改造,变成了体面而地道的美国版本,尽管胸围有些夸张.它以当时10多岁的少女芭芭拉的名字命名.自从1959年面世,芭比娃娃就成了全球公认的"娃娃女王".马特尔公司说,一般的美国女孩拥有10个芭比娃娃,全球每秒钟就有两个芭比娃娃售出.如今芭芭拉已有60多岁了,她拒绝接受采访,但据说她非常喜欢芭比娃娃.她可能是当今世上最著名的不为人知的人物了.1961年,芭比娃娃的男朋友面世,按芭芭拉的弟弟肯的名字命名.真正的肯于1994年去世.他对令自己全家名扬天下的娃娃极为厌恶.他在1993年说："我可不想让我的孩子玩这洋娃娃."<B>《美国哥特人》</B>1930年,格兰特·伍德因其画作《美国哥特人》一举成名.此画体现了美国农民庄严的自豪,常常被人复制.画面展示了一位神色严肃的男子和一位女子站立在农舍之前.伍德深受中世纪艺术家的影响,他的灵感来自于一所古老农舍的哥特式窗户,但最令世界注目的是画中人物的脸.伍德喜欢画他熟悉的脸.为画神色严肃的农夫,他选择了他那表情木讷的牙医,至于站在他身边的农妇,他选择了自己的姐姐南.他把模特的脖子稍稍画长了一些,但无疑能看出谁是画像的原型.南后来说道,《美国哥特人》带给她的名誉使她摆脱了一种非常乏味的生活.<B>野牛镍币</B>今天,美国的硬币都用来纪念美国政府的杰出人物,其中大部分是著名的前总统.但1913至1938年间发行的野牛镍币,却是为了纪念由美国拓居引起的两起相互关联的悲剧──野牛群的灭绝和美