专题四第1讲　定语从句

第1讲定语从句大一轮复习讲义专题四

三大从句与特殊句式定语从句的概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。STEP1考点分类突破STEP2考点分层演练STEP3语法链接写作内容索引/NEIRONGSUOYINSTEPONE考点分类突破考点一that/which/who/whom考点二as/which/whose考点三when/where/why考点一that/which/who/whom导入微小说XiaoMengisagirlwho/that①lovesreadingandsheisalsoagirlwho/whom/that②teachersoftenpraise.Booksthat/which③talkaboutloveoradventuresareherfavorite.Journey

to

the

Westisthefirstbookthat④XiaoMenghasread，anditisthebestnovelthat④shehasread.Everythingthat④appearsinthenovelisinterestingandbothpeopleandmonstersthat④aredescribedinitmakeherfascinated.①关系词指人作主语，可以用that，who引导。②关系词指人作宾语，可以用that,who，whom引导。③关系词指物作主语或宾语，可以用that,which引导。④关系词指物由形容词或副词最高级、序数词修饰，或者是关系词是不定代词，或关系词既指人又指物时，只能用that。1.that/which/who/whom在句子里充当主语或宾语，这些关系词叫关系代词。在上面的短文中的限制性定语从句中，that出现频率最高。既可以作主语，也可以作宾语，既可以指人，也可以指物。精析重难点2.此外指物时只用that不用which的情况的口诀：very、only序最高，人物、不定that好。即先行词指物被thevery、theonly、序数词、形容词或副词最高级修饰时，或者先行词既包括人也包括物时，或者先行词指物是不定代词或被不定代词修饰时，定语从句用that引导。ThisistheverybookthatIhavebeenlookingforforseveraldays.这正是我找了好几天的那本书。Isthereanythingthatyouwanttosayaboutthismatter?关于这件事你想说什么呢？3.定语从句的谓语动词要与先行词的数保持一致。Istillrememberthepeopleintheremotevillagewhowerefriendlytome.我仍然记得那些住在边远地区对我很友好的乡亲们。Thestudentswhoareinterestedintheactivityshouldsignupforitinadvance.对这次活动感兴趣的同学们要提前报名。点对点练习单句语法填空1.Thedictionary

thegentlemanboughthalfanhouragowasveryexpensive.2.Theladywho/that

(be)standingbehindthecounterismysister.3.Theman

Iservedwaswearingahat.4.Thisisthethirdapple

shehaseatenintheafternoon.5.Thisistheonly/verything

Icandotosolvethetrickyproblem.6.That’sall

Iknowabouttheyoungmanlivingnextdoor.that/whichiswho/whom/thatthatthatthat7.Whentheymetagain，thetwofriendstalkedaboutlotsofthingsandpersons

theycouldrememberintheschool.8.Thisisthebestfilm

Ihaveeverseen.thatthat单句改错9.Thisistheboywhowealwaysgotoschoolwithhim.10.Itwassuchaninterestingandexcitingfilmasallofuswantedtoseeitasecondtime.或Itwassuchaninterestingandexcitingfilmasallofuswantedtoseeitasecondtime.that返回考点二as/which/whoseAs①weallknow/As①isknowntoall，LiHuaisastudentwhose②nameisoftenseeninEnglishexaminations.Butthisyearhedidn’tmakeuswritecompositionsforhim，which③mademanystudentssad.Howwemisstheboyforwhom④wehavewrittenmanycompositionsandwehavepreparedmanysituationsinwhich④hecan’twritearticleshimself.微小说导入①位于句首，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，用as引导定语从句。②在定语从句中作定语，表示所属关系“……的”，用关系代词whose。③用于带逗号的非限制性定语从句中，作主语指物或前面整个句子时，只能用which而不用that。④当介词提到关系代词之前时，若先行词指物，则关系词只能用which；若先行词指人，则关系词只能用whom。1.whose既可以指人，又可以指物，在从句中作定语，表示先行词的所有格。即whose前的先行词和whose之后的名词有所属关系。口诀：whose前后名，后名属前名。ThisisthegirlwhosenameisLiMei.这就是那个叫李梅的女孩。Helivesinahousewhosewindowsfacethenorth.他住在窗户朝北的房子里。精析重难点2.只用which/whom而不用that的情况。用在非限制性定语从句中或者动词短语中的介词提到关系代词之前，充当其宾语时。注意：which既可以指某一个名词，也可以指前面的整个句子。Thisisthecompanyinwhichmyfatheronceworked.这就是我父亲曾经在里面工作的公司。Therewasnopersontowhomshecouldturnforhelpinthedarkstreet.在黑漆漆的街上没有她可以求助的人。3.定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。4.常用as的结构：asanybodycansee，asweallknow，asweexpected，asisreported，ashasbeenannounced，asisoftenthecase，as常常位于句首。Aswasexpected，hecamelateagain.正如我们所预料的那样，他又迟到了。Asanybodycansee，theelephantislikeasnake.正如每个人所看到的一样，这匹大象像一条蛇。点对点练习单句语法填空1.Heisthestudent

Englishisalwaysatthetop.2.Inourfactorythereare2,000workers，twothirdsof

arewomen.3.Heisworkinghard，

willmakehimpassthefinalexam.4.

isknowntoall，thereare7continentsontheearth.whosewhomwhichAs单句改错5.ThenMrGreenreadsomeviewsoftheplay，thatsaiditwasaterribleone.6.Heislookingforaboxinthathecanputthetworabbits.whichwhich返回考点三when/where/whyXiaoMingstillremembersthedaywhen①hewasseriouslypunishedbyhisfather.Thereasonwhy②hewaspunishedwasthatheplayedcellphonegamesforawholeweekend.Hisfatherbroughthimtoaroomwhere③therewasnoothers.Afterputtingthecellphoneintoabasinwhich/that④wasfullofwater，hetoldXiaoMingaboutthedaysthat/which④hespentearningschoolfeesbydoingpart-timejobsinarestaurant.Thiswasthereasonthat/which④hisfathertoldhimnottoplaycellphones.微小说导入①先行词表示时间，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词when。②先行词表示原因，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词why。③先行词表示地点，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词where。④先行词虽然表示地点、时间或原因，但是从句缺主语或宾语，仍然用关系代词that/which。1.关系副词与关系代词的选择从句不缺主语或宾语，是个完整的句子，可以是主谓宾或主系表结构，亦可以是主谓结构(主语＋vi.)。此时需要判断谓语动词是否及物。判断定语从句的谓语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词的方法：把谓语动词与先行词连接起来，看它们是否能构成动宾关系，如果能直接构成动宾关系，则该谓语动词为及物动词，否则为不及物动词。精析重难点(1)Thefactory

heonceworkedisclosednow.work与factory不能直接构成动宾关系，只有后面加上介词in才能构成正确的表达形式，workinthefactory。因此可推知work为不及物动词。因此此处应使用关系副词where作地点状语，也可使用inwhich(which代替先行词thefactory)。(2)Thefactory

hesetuplastyearisoperatingwell.该题中从句谓语动词可以和先行词构成动宾结构setupthefactory，所以setup是及物动词短语。其后缺宾语，因此此处用关系代词that或which。2.当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词situation，case，stage，point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时则用关系代词which/that。3.“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定：(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定Iboughtagreatmanybooks，onwhichIspentallmymoneythatIsaved.我买了很多书，这些书花光了我的所有积蓄。(2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定I’llneverforgetthetimeduringwhichIspentmychildhoodinthecountry.我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(3)根据所表达的意思来确定Thecolourlessgaswithoutwhichwecannotliveiscalledoxygen.离开它我们就不能生存的这种无色气体被称为氧气。4.当theway作先行词时，无论关系词作主语、宾语还是作状语，用that一定正确。Idon’tlikethewaythat/inwhichhespeakstome.(关系词作方式状语)Theyarelookingforawaythat/whichisthemostsuitablefortheproblem.(关系词作主语)点对点练习单句语法填空1.Istillremembertheday

IfirstcametoBeijing.2.Thereason

hefailedintheexamwasthathedidn’tstudyhard.3.Giftshopsinmuseums

peoplewouldbuysouvenirsforthemselvesandtheirfriendsusedtobethelaststopofeachvisit.whenwhywhere单句改错4.Inthesquarewhichmanyseniorcitizensweredancing，Ifoundseveraleldersburiedinfeedingbirds.5.Isthisthereasonwhyheexplainedatthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?或Isthisthereasonwhyheexplainedatthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?wherethat/which单句语法填空1.NowIreneAstburyworksfrom9amto5pmdailyatthepetshopinMacclesfield，

sheopenedwithherlatehusbandLes.(2019·全国Ⅱ)解题策略对接高考技法指导which解析分析句子结构可知，先行词为thepetshop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened的宾语，故填which。123452.Theywerewelltrainedbytheirmasters

hadgreatexperiencewithcaringfortheseanimals.(2019·全国Ⅲ)who/that解析先行词为masters，且限制性定语从句中缺少主语，故填关系词who/that。123453.Wehaveenteredintoanage

dreamshavethebestchanceofcomingtrue.(2019·江苏)解析句中先行词为anage(一个时代)，且先行词在从句中作时间状语，所以用关系词when。when12345单句改错4.Theyalsohadasmallpondwhichtheyraisedfish.(2018·全国Ⅰ)答案which→where或在which前加in解析考查定语从句。pond是表示地点的名词，后面的定语从句主、谓、宾成分齐全，故用where或“介词＋which”引导定语从句；表达“在池塘里”用介词in。123455.Havingteainthelateafternoonprovidesabridgebetweenlunchanddinner，thatmightnotbeserveduntil8o’clockatnight.(新课标全国Ⅱ)答案that→which解析考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为dinner，故填关系代词which。12345语法填空定语从句解题三步走第一步：根据是否修饰某一名词，放在该名词之后确定是不是定语从句。第二步：根据从句中是否缺主语或宾语确定用关系代词还是关系副词。如果从句缺主语或宾语，则用关系代词；如果不缺主语或宾语，则使用关系副词(或者“介词＋which”)第三步：根据先行词具体所指，确定是哪个关系代词或者关系副词。技法指导短文改错短文改错解题“3视角”1.忽视先行词2.混淆关系词的用法错用which和that；误把what当成关系代词；介词后的关系代词不能使用that。3.没有考虑关系词在从句中充当的成分返回续上页STEPTWO考点分层演练层级一基础达标练层级二高考真题练层级三语篇提能练层级一基础达标练Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Theoldmanturnedhisbusinessovertohisyoungerson，

madehiseldersondiscouraged.which解析设空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整句话的内容，并在从句中作主语，故填which。123456789102.Iwillneverforgetsuchabeautifulvillage

Ispentmychildhoodwithmygrandparents.12345678910where解析设空处引导定语从句，先行词是village，且在从句中作地点状语，因此用where引导，相当于inwhich。3.Theretheymetpeoplefromotherpartsofthecountry，

hadalsovolunteeredtohelp.12345678910who解析分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是people，从句缺少主语，故填关系代词who。4.Therearemanygoodwebsites

youcancheckoutthelatestinthescienceworld.12345678910where解析先行词为websites，将先行词代入定语从句后为：youcancheckoutthelatestinthescienceworldonthewebsites，由此可知，先行词在定语从句中与介词on一起作地点状语，故填关系副词where。5.Thesystem，

canbethemostadvancedinmanyways，willbethelargestearthquakeobservationnetworkintheworld.12345678910which解析设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为thesystem，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故填which。6.HedecidedtogotoStanfordbecausethereweremanyopportunitiesforpeople

wantedtoworkinSiliconValley.12345678910who/that解析people为先行词，从句中缺主语，故用who/that。7.Hisintereststartedafewyearsago，

hewasincollegeandstudyingwildlifescience.12345678910when解析先行词为afewyearsago，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故填when。8.ThenNeedhambeganhislifelongresearch，

endedupcreatingthegreatestwork—Science

and

Civilisation

in

China.12345678910which解析根据设空处前的逗号可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句；先行词为hislifelongresearch，将先行词代入定语从句后为：hislifelongresearchendedupcreatingthegreatestwork—ScienceandCivilisationinChina，由此可知，关系词在定语从句中作主语，先行词指物，故填which。9.Thiswomanhassetagoodexampletoherson，

isareallyluckyguy.12345678910who解析分析该句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，且先行词为herson，并在从句中作主语，故填who。10.Overtheyears，Ihavemetsomeinterestingpeople.Twoofthemostinterestingpeopleweretwoelderlysisters，JoanandBernice，

wayoftalkingaboutpeopleinspiredme.12345678910whose解析引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作定语，先行词为JoanandBernice，故填whose。Ⅱ.单句改错1.ThedisheswhatIcookedwereMom’sfavorite.答案what→that/which或删除what解析分析句子结构可知，dishes后跟的是定语从句，从句中缺少宾语，what不能引导定语从句，应用that/which引导。又因关系词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，故也可以直接删除what。1234562.AltogetherIhadfiveroommates，twoofwhicharrivedlater.答案which→whom解析分析句子结构可知，应用whom引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作介词of的宾语，修饰先行词fiveroommates。1234563.Oneday，Margarettoldmehergrandmawascomingandherparentswouldwantmybasementroomback，thatdidn’tsurpriseme.答案that→which解析分析句子结构可知，应用which在此引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整句话的内容，且在从句中作主语。1234564.Wehavemadethesamemistakewhichyoumadelasttime.答案which→as解析固定结构thesame...as...，表示“像……一样的”。1234565.BeingafraidofexpressingmyselfwasoneofthereasonsthatIrarelydidwellinschool.答案that→why解析先行词是reasons，且定语从句中不缺主干成分，故用why作状语。1234566.I’dliketoshareastorywhichmusicovercomesaphysicalbarrierandmakesaconnectionwithayoungstudent.答案which→where或在which前加in解析分析句子结构可知，此处引导定语从句，astory作先行词，从句中缺少地点状语，要用where引导，相当于inwhich即：inthestory。123456返回层级二高考真题练Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Becausethemoon’sbodyblocksdirectradiocommunicationwithaprobe，Chinafirsthadtoputasatelliteinorbitabovethemooninaspot

itcouldsendsignalstothespacecraftandtoEarth.(2020·全国Ⅰ)where解析分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是aspot，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。123456789102.InancientChinalivedanartist

paintingswerealmostlifelike.(2020·全国Ⅲ)whose解析此处为定语从句，修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。123456789103.The80,000objectscollectedbySirHansSloane，forexample，formedthecorecollectionoftheBritishMuseum

openedin1759.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)which/that解析此处是限制性定语从句，先行词是theBritishMuseum，关系词在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。123456789104.Thestudentsbenefittingmostfromcollegearethose

aretotallyengaged(参与)inacademiclife，takingfulladvantageofthecollege’schancesandresources(资源).(2019·北京)who解析“

aretotallyengaged(参与)inacademiclife”是定语从句，修饰先行词those，且空格处在从句中作主语，指代人，故填who。123456789105.Theirchildisatthestage

shecansayindividualwordsbutnotfullsentences.(2019·天津)where解析分析句子可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词是thestage，且关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where，相当于inwhich。123456789106.Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014

showedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses.(2018·全国Ⅰ)that/which解析分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，在定语从句中作主语，修饰先行词study，故填that/which。123456789107.TheChineseMinistryofAgriculturefindsthatbetween2005—whenthegovernmentstartedasoil-testingprogram

givesspecificfertilizerrecommendationstofarmers—and2011，fertilizerusedroppedby7.7milliontons.(2018·全国Ⅱ)that/which解析设空处引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语，修饰“asoil-testingprogram”，先行词表示物，故用that/which。123456789108.Manywesterners

cometoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheapitcanbetoeatout.(2018·浙江)who/that解析空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词指人，并在从句中作主语，故用who/that引导定语从句。123456789109.Self-drivingisanarea

Chinaandtherestoftheworldareonthesamestartingline.(2018·江苏)where解析设空处引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词anarea。将先行词代入定语从句后为“Chinaandtherestoftheworldareonthesamestartinglineinthearea”，由此可知，先行词与表地点的介词in一起在定语从句中作地点状语，所以要用关系副词where。1234567891010.ButSarah，

hastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels，wantstoprovethatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.(2017·全国Ⅲ)who解析分析句子结构可知，此处是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是Sarah，指人，并在从句中作主语，故用关系代词who。123456789101.Thankyouforyourletter，whatreallymademehappy.(2020·全国Ⅱ)答案what→which解析考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子，逗号后的从句为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词yourletter，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，what不能引导非限制性定语从句。故将what改为which。Ⅱ.单句改错1234562.Understandinghergoodintentions，IeatallthefoodwhatisprovidedbyMomwithappreciation.(2020·全国Ⅲ)答案what→that解析考查定语从句。food后是定语从句，先行词是allthefood，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，可用that或which，先行词被all所修饰，只能使用that，且what不能引导定语从句，所以将what改成that。1234563.Inthecafe，customerswillenjoythemselvesinthehistoricalenvironmentwhatiscreatedforthem.(2019·全国Ⅲ)答案what→that/which解析分子句子结构可知，此处引导定语从句，且在定语从句中作主语，先行词为environment，指物，所以用关系代词that或which。故将what改为that/which。1234564.OneafternoonwhereIwasinprimaryschool，Iwaswalkingbytheschoolplayground.(2019·全国Ⅰ)答案where→when解析先行词为Oneafternoon，且关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，所以用when。故将where改为when。1234565.Intheirsparetime，theyareinterestedinplantingvegetablesintheirgarden，thatisontherooftopoftheirhouse.(2017·全国Ⅱ)答案that→which解析此句是非限制性定语从句，且先行词是garden，指物，故应用which而不能用that引导。1234566.Aroundmeinthepicturearethethingstheywereveryimportantinmylifeatthattime：carmagazinesandmusicalinstruments.(2017·全国Ⅲ)答案they→that/which解析分析句子结构可知，things是其后定语从句的先行词，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，故用关系代词that或which。123456返回层级三语篇提能练Ⅰ.语法填空Therewasatime1.

IwastiredoflearningEnglishanddislikedtospeakEnglish.when语篇解读本文为记叙文，文章叙述了作者参加英语俱乐部的难忘经历。在那里作者遇到了一位好老师，那位老师使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣，同时作者还养成了学习英语的好习惯。解析先行词是时间time，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词when。Andthiswasthereason2.

myfatherforcedmetojoinina30-daytraininginanEnglishclubbeforeIwenttoseniorhighschool.WhenIfirstcametotheclub,3.

Imetmanystrangers，Imissedmyparentsverymuch.why解析先行词是原因reason，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词why。where解析先行词是地点club，定语从句不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词where。SoIpackedupmythingsandwantedtogohome.Fortunately，myguide,4.

teacherwasYuMinhong，communicatedwithmefacetoface.He，from5.

Igainedsomeusefulinstructions，alsoshowedmeagoodpartner，andwegotalongwellwitheachother.whose解析先行词是guide，空格后面的teacher与其构成所属关系，故填whose。whom解析此处为非限制性定语从句，结合句意及空格前的介词from可知填whom。GraduallyIadaptedtothelifethere.EverydayIwouldliketotalktootherteenagersandsetdownaseriesofactivities6.

wedid.Ishouldbegratefultomyfatherandtheguide,7.

encouragedmetofallinlovewithEnglish.that/which解析定语从句中用关系词指代先行词activities，并在定语从句中作宾语，故用that/which。who解析非限制性定语从句中用关系词指代先行词myfatherandtheguide，指人，并在定语从句中作主语，故用who。NowIfeelitinterestingtolearnEnglish，into8.

Iputmyentireenergy.EverydayIreadmywordsandpassagesaloud.InclassIjoininEnglishdiscussions.BeforeIgotosleep，Irecallthepassages，through9.

Icanmemorizealargenumberofnewwords.which解析非限制性定语从句中用关系词指代“学习英语”这件事，并在定语从句中作宾语，故用which。which解析非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的句子“Irecallthepassages”，要用which。10.

ourEnglishteachersays，“AslongasyouformthehabitoflearningEnglisheverydayandhaveperseverance，youwillconquerEnglishsoonerorlater.”As解析非限制性定语从句中要用关系词指代后面的句子“AslongasyouformthehabitoflearningEnglisheverydayandhaveperseverance，youwillconquerEnglishsoonerorlater.”并放在句首，意为“正如”，故用As。Ⅱ.短文改错Oneeveningafterwork，Ifoundabeautifullittlefoxwithainjuredleg.ShewaslikeaDisneyfox.ThenIfeedhersomefish.Acoupleofweeklaterthefoxwasback，completelybetterandhasvisitedeversince.Shewascomfortablyenoughtocomereallyneartome.Sheallowedmetophotographingher，thebestofwhichIposteditonsocialmedia.anfedweekscomfortablephotographSoonafter，onedayshetakeshercubstogethertovisitme，thatwasreallyunexpected.It’samazingtohavethisconnectionwithsomethingsowildthisbusycity，buthappilythelovingfoxstillkeepsturningup.返回tookwhich∧inandSTEPTHREE语法链接写作不同语境中定语从句的使用1.邀请信典例(2015·全国Ⅱ)我写信邀请你来看我们学校举办的汉服表演。I’mwritingtoinviteyoutoenjoyahanfushowwhichwillbehostedbyourschool.运用(2019·全国Ⅲ)我给你写信的目的是邀请你参加下周六在我们学校举办的音乐节。

I’mwritingtoinviteyoutotakepartinthemusicfestivalwhichwillbeheldinourschoolnextSaturday.123456782.申请信(1)典例(2019·全国Ⅰ)我自五岁学习中国画，因此我很了解这门艺术，这使得我能够很好地介绍画展。IhavetakenupChinesepaintingsinceIwasfiveyearsoldandIhaveagoodknowledgeofit，whichmakesitpossibleformetointroducetheexhibitionwell.运用(2018·浙江)我英语很熟练，这使得我与外国人自由交谈成为可能。

IhaveagoodcommandofEnglish，whichmakesitpossible