高考英语阅读理解之掌握主旨大意

掌握主旨大意《全日制普通高级中学英语教学大纲〔试验修订版〕》明确规定，高中英语教学目的之一是“侧重提高阅读能力”。据此，历年全国高考英语试题都把阅读能力作为主要考查项目。阅读能力通常指两个方面：理解和速度。阅读速度快、理解正确率高是阅读能力强的标志。提高阅读能力要注重阅读速度，更要注重阅读理解率。只有阅读速度而没有阅读理解率就达不到阅读的目的。提高阅读理解率，不仅需要大量的阅读实践，而且需要掌握阅读的基本技巧。高考阅读理解题要求考生掌握下面六种阅读技巧：1，掌握主旨大意2。理解具体信息3。推测词语意义4。推断深层含义5。理解文章结构6。理解作者的意图和态度这六种技巧提供了解答以多项选择为考查形式的阅读理解题的思路。这样，就可明确考题的考查目的，掌握阅读技巧，从而提高解答阅读理解题的正确率。掌握主旨大意主旨大意题考查对一个段落或一篇文章的主题思想的理解。一个段落或一篇文章通常是围绕一个主题展开的，作者会从不同的角度，围绕这个主题进行阐述、论证和分析。阅读时仅仅注意对句子的理解而忽视从语篇上对文章或段落的整体理解和把握是不够的。如果只理解了各个单句的意思而没有抓住文章或段落的主题，其结果只能是获取了凌乱而不系统的信息，因而也就无法解答有关主旨大意题型的阅读理解题。理解一个段落的主题思想首先要学会寻找主题句。一般说来，在英语篇章中，主题句在段落中的位置是有规律可循的。〔一〕主题句在段落中常见的表现形式1。主题句在段首在有主题句的段落中，主题句往往置于段首。英语文章的段落通常用演绎法撰写，遵循从概括到具体的写作程序，即以概述开始，随之详细解说，以支撑段落的主题。例⒈Insectscomeinmanysizes．Somearebigandsomearesmall．Thesmallestonesaresosmal1thatittakesonehundredofthemtoformoneinch．Thebiggestinsectsarenotbig，buttheyareonethousandtimesasbigasthesmallest．Theyareaboutteninchesinlength！第一句即为主题句，概述本段的主题思想“昆虫的大小不同”。接着，在主题句后面的句子里，作者为阐述这个主题，指出昆虫有大有小，并对最小的昆虫和最大的昆虫分别加以陈述。例⒉（NMET2002）Undergroundsystemsarealreadyinplace．Manycitieshaveundergroundcarparks．Insomecities，suchasTokyo，SeoulandMontreal,therearelargeundergroundshoppingareas，The“Chunnel”，atunnel（隧道）connectingEnglandandFrance；isnowcomplete．第一句为主题句，本段中的其他句子都是用未说明“地下设施”是以何种形式在地球上“已经存在”的具体实例。2。主题句在段尾与主题句位于段首的情况相反，主题句位于段尾时，段落是采用归纳法撰写的。表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。位于段尾的主题句往往是基于上文细节得出的结论或建议，归纳出的要点或共性，得到的印象或结果等。例3：Oneofthemostimportantusesofgoldisformoney．Goldcanbeusedtomakerings，earings，andotherthings，Goldisalsousedtomakeagoldleaf,averyflatribbonofgoldthatisoftenusedonpictureframes．Cupsanddishescanalsobemadefromgold.Goldhasmanyuses.本段共有五句。前四句主要列举了金子的一些用途。根据上述细节，段落的最后一句给出结论，即金子有多种用途。这种带结论性的句子应视为主题句。3。主题句在段中主题句位于段中时，段首句往往是段落主题的引言，而主题则由随之引出的句子来表达。为阐明主题思想，在主题句之后，仍有一些句子陈述细节，或做合乎逻辑的引申。这一类的段落包括三个层次：引题——主题——解释，或提问——回答——解释。例4Peoplewholiveincountrieswithmanydoctorsandmodernhospitalsareworld’shealthiestpeople--right？Notnecessarily.Somegroupsofpeoplewhohavenodoctorsorhospitalsatallareamongtheworld’shealthiest.Forexample，peoplewholiveonsmall,farawayislandsgetveryfewdiseasesbecausetherearenooutsiderstobringingermsornewillness.本段的三个层次比较明显。第一句以设问的方式提出该文段要讨论的主题：生活在有许多医生和现代化医院的国家中的人是世界上最健康的人吗？此句起到了引出主题的作用。第三句对前面的提问做出笼统的回答：许多生活在没有大夫和医院环境中的人也是世界上最健康的人。此句起到了陈述主题思想的作用，应枧为主题句。段落的最后则举例对主题做进一步的解释。例5Joeishappyaboutbeingonabowlingteamthatbowlsonceaweek.Healsoenjoysplayingbasketballtwiceamonth.Duringthesummer，hetriestoplaybaseballonweekends.Joereallydoesenjoyallsportsactivities.Hegoesswimmingasoftenashecan.Wheneverhecan’tparticipatedirectly，helovestowatchafootballgameoragolfortennismatch.本段的主题句为第四句Joereallydoesenjoyallsportsactivities.前三句引述了他喜欢的几种体育活动，主题句后面的两句对中心思想做了进一步的解释和支撑。段落结构包括三个层次：引出主题——呈现主题——解释主题。4．主题句在段首和段尾在一些文段中，作者为了突出主题思想，采用了前后呼应，两次点题的写作手法。值得注意的是，表述同一主题思想的两个主题句，在句型结构和措辞方面往往不尽一致，而且在内容上后者也不是前者的简单重复，往往有所引申或顺应其细节的铺叙而有所侧重。例6Goodmannersareimportantinallcountries，butwaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentfromcountrytocountry.Americanseatwithknivesandforks；Japaneseeatwithchopsticks.Americanssay“Hi”whentheymeet；Japanesebow.ManyAmericanmenopendoorsforwomen；Japanesemendonot.Onthesurface，itappearsthatgoodmannersinAmericanarenotgoodmannersinJapan，andinawaythisistrue.Butinanycountry，themamersthatareimportantarethoseinvolvingoneperson’sbehaviortowardanotherperson.Inallcountriesitisgoodmannerstobehaveconsideratelytowardothersandbadmannersnotto.Itisonlythewayofbehavingpolitelythatdiffersfromcountrytocountry.本段主要说明“礼貌在所有国家都很重要，然而各国表达礼貌的方式却不同”。文段的第一句明确陈述了这一看法。接着作者列举了美国人和日本人在表达礼貌上的不同方式，即不专项训练一阅读下面短文，从各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。AWouldn’titbeterribleifwedidn’thavegrass？Wewouldhavetowalkonbaresoil.Canyouguesswhatourplaygroundswouldlooklike？Onarainyday,wewouldgetallmuddy.Onadrydaywewouldbreathecloudsofdust.1.Theshorttextmainlydealswith.A.whyweneedrain C.howgrasshelpsusB.howgrassiskeptgreen D.whywebreathedustBThewordWaterloohasbecomeaSynonymfordefeat----totaldefeatandcompletedisaster.Waterloo,atowninBelgium,wasthesceneofabattlein1851thatbroughtoverwhelmingdefeattoNapoleonBonaparte,sFrenchArmy.AtstakewerethewholecontinentofEuropeandNapoleon’sdreamofanempire.Inafewdays,overfortythousandFrenchsoldiersdied.Withtheirdeathsanewwordfordisasterwasborn---Waterloo.l.Thesubjectofthetextis.A.whereWaterlooisB.whonamedWaterlooC.whyNapoleonwasdefeatedD.howWaterloocametomeandefeatCWhatarethetallestplantsintheworld?ManypeoplewouldsaythatgiantredwoodtreesofCalifornia.Actually,thetallestplantsareintheoceans.Theseareseaweedsthatgrowalmostsevenhundredfeettall.Comparedtothisheight,thegiantredwoodsarepygmiesofonlyfourhundredfeet.Togetsomeideaoftheseheights,considertheStatueofLiberty.Thishugefigurerisesonlythreehundredfeet.3.ThetextcanbeentitledA.TheTallestPlantsB.TheStatueofLibertyC.PlantsinOceansD.RedwoodsinCaliforniaDWethinkofaf1oodoranearthquakeasanaturaldisaster.Tomanyofnature’sanimals,however,thegreatestdisasteristhecomingoflargenumbersofhumans.WhensettlerscamefromtheEasttoAmerica’sgreatwesternplains,theykilledmillionsofbison,poisonedtheprairiedogs,andshotthecoyotes.Allthisupsetthearea’sbalanceofnature.Fortheanimals,itwasworsethanafloodorearthquake.4.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.FloodsandEarthquakeB.Humans--DisastertoNatureC.AmericanSettlersD.NatureBalanceItselfEWhenapieceofpaperburns,itiscompletelychanged.Theashthatisleftbehinddoesnotlookliketheoriginalpieceofpaper.Whendull-redrustappearsonapieceoftinware,itisquitedifferentfromthegleamingtin.Thetarnishthatformsonsilverwareisanewsubstanceunlikethesilveritself.Animaltissueisunlikethevegetablesubstancefromwhichitismade.Achangeinwhichtheoriginalsubstanceisturnedintoadiferentsubstanceiscalledachemicalchange.5.Theauthorwritesthistexttotellus.A.howpaperburnsB.howdull-redrustappearsC.whatanimaltissueisD.whatachemicalchangeisF“Evenwhenamanissaidtobeabestfriend,”Rubinwrites,“thetwosharelittleabouttheirinnermostfeelings.Whereasawoman’sclosestfemalefriendmightbethefirsttotellhertoleaveafailingmarriage.Itwasn’tunusualtohearamansayhedidn’tknowhisfriend’smarriagewasinserioustroubleuntilheappearedonenightaskingifhecouldsleeponthesofa”6.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythelastparagraph?A.Menkeeptheirinnermostfeelingstothemselves.B.Womenaremoreseriousthanmenaboutmarriage.C.Menoftentakesuddenactiontoendtheirmarriage.D.Womendependonothersinmakingdecisions.GRatsarestillalmostasbigadangertopeop1eastheywerelongago.Theystillspreaddiseaseandeatcrops.Muchofthehungerwehavetodayiscausedbyrats.Theyeathalfofthegrainharvestedintheworld.Thisparagraphmainlytellsus.A.thatweareshortofgrainbecauseofratsB.whyratsarestillanenemyofpeopleC.howratsdestroyourfoodD.whyratscausediscaseHAnewspaperinHelsinki，Finland，recentlypublished