week1 大学英语应用文体写作教程

大学英语应用文体写作教程ACourseofPraticalEnglishWritingfamilyname:lin〔林〕nicetomeetyou!requirementsandarrangements

requirements1.attendtheclassasnecessaryaspossible2.attendtheclassontime3.askforaleaveifyousomethingurgent4.givemesuggestionafterclassorduringabreak2.arrangementsYouaredividedintotengroups.eachgroupneedtopresentprograms(5-10minutes).EverythingrelatedtoEnglishisOK.Forexample:aEnglishsong,aspeech,astory,adrama,amethodoflearning,orainterestingthingyouexperience.AbriefintroductiontopracticalEnglishwritingWhatispracticalEnglishwriting?practicalEnglishwritingisapartofnon-literaturewrittenEnglish.Itisgenerallyreferredtoasthosecommonwrittendocumentsforspecialpurposesandinregularforms.featuresofpracticalEnglishwritingRigorofstyleTheauthenticityofcontentTheaccuracyoflanguageFormateoftheformGeneralizationofapplicationTimelinessTypesofpracticalEnglishwriting

IdividepracticalEnglishwritingintothreecommon

types:dailypracticalEnglishwriting,business

writingsandofficialdocuments.中英文写作的差异比照中英文写作的差异性主要根源于中西方两个文化体系的思维模式差异。中国的思维方式以整体性为基点，把事物作为有机整体进行笼统的直觉综合，重视悟而轻视形式论证。汉语以意合为特点，擅长归整为零，运用系统的、整体的观念对待事物。语言表现多为主题句，在同一主题下诸多小句按自然逻辑事理加以铺排，形散神聚。西方的思维是分析型思维，英语以形合为特点，形合是指在语言组织时，通过连接手段将一个分句置于另一个分句的附属位置上，使得主句和从句之间以及其它各个句子成分之间的关系清晰明了。Gonearethedayswhennightvisiondeviceswere

onlywithin

thereachofthemilitary,securityservices,

andtheverywealthy。Thedayswhennightvisiondeviceswereonlywithin

thereach

ofthemilitary,securityservicesandtheverywealthyaregone。1.词序WordOrder

在词序上,中文和日文,较多是左伸展left-branching的,而英文是右伸展的right-branching。中英文写作的差异比照中英文写作的差异比照2、词汇多样化WordVariety中英文在词汇上也有很大区别。中文是象形文字,二维表现方式,表达信息的效率很高。而英文是拼音文字,一维的表现方式,效率没有中文高。一个人掌握3000-4000个汉字,就可以读懂许多报纸杂志了，而英文知道10000个词还远远不够。这就意味着中文词的使用重复率相对于英文来说非常高。例如：看电视,看电影,看书,看父母,看问题同样是“看〞,在英文中那么用不同的词表达：watchTV,seeamovie,readabook,visitparents,lookatanissueRetirementoftenbringspeoplemanyproblemssuchas″What

shallIdotoday″problem,thoughtheymaynothaveeconomical

problems.Peopleobservethatapartfromeconomicalproblems,

retirementalsobringsmanypsychologicalproblems.Manypeopleoftengetillnessesandevendeterioratewhenpeople

areretired.Retirementoftenbringsmanyproblemssurroundingthe"What

shallIdotoday?"question,eventhoughtheymaynothaveecono-micconcerns.Ithasbeenobservedthatwithdrawalfromwork,

asidefromexertingfinancialpressures,causesenormouspsycholo-gicalstress.Largenumbersofpeopletendtogetsomeillnessesandevendeterioraterapidlywhenjobless。3.主客观情感的差异汉语重视主观，多使用主动句，，其主语常常被幽灵化。英语注重客观，强调事实，物化主语与被动句的使用频率较高。4.论证手段的差异汉语尊重权威，喜欢引经据典，而英语更强调个体经验和原创的论述。考试作文评分标准2分……条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大局部句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分……根本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8分……根本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分……切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分……切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。根本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。结论：考查的重点是考生的英语语言水平，而不是学生的思辨创新能力写作技巧1、“炼〞字2、审题3、谋篇英语专业四级例如例：Nowadayssomestudentsfeelbewilderedaboutthevalueofcollegelife.Apartfromacquiringknowledge,whatelsecouldcollegestudentsgetfromthetimespentinauniversity?WriteonAnswerSheetTwoacompositionofabout200words

onthefollowingtopic:TheValueofUniversityLifeYouaretowriteinthreeparts.Inthefirstpart,statespecificallywhatyourideais.Inthesecondpart,providereasonstosupportyouropinionORdescribeyouridea.Inthelastpart,bringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionorasummary.Markswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,grammarandappropriateness.Failuretofollowtheinstructionsmayresultinalossofmarks.TheValueofUniversityLifeTherearereportsaboutbusinessmen,stars,celebritieswhoareundereducatedandevendidnotgraduatefromhighschool.Therefore,somecollegestudents

doubtaboutthevalueofcollegelife.AsfarasI’mconcerned,I’dsaycollegelifeisthemostvaluableinthefollowingaspects.Timespentatauniversityisthemostworthwhileperiodinayoungperson’slife.Thisisatimewhenastudentbeginstoformhisorherideasaboutlifeingeneral.Attendingclassesandstudyinginthelibrarykeepastudentbusyandprovidehimorherwithaccesstovaluableinformation,addingtohisorherknowledgebase.Campuslifecanalsoberichandcolorful.Mostuniversitiesofferavariety

ofextracurricularactivitiessuchassportsevents,contests,andother

socialgatherings,enablingthestudentstoexperiencerelieffromstudyandhomework.Studentsoftenformlifelongfriendshipsthroughvariousexperie-ncesduring

universitylife.Duringthetimeastudentspendsatuniversity,henotonlydevelopshis

intellectual11abilities,butalsodevelopssocialskillsaswellasknowledgeandwisdomnecessaryforchoosingafuturecareer.Bylearninghowto

balanceintensestudyandrecreation,astudentwillbewellpreparedfor

thechallengesoffutureresponsibilities.Therefore,it’sonlytoonaturaltodrawtheconclusionthatuniversitylife,ifenjoyedfullyandmadebestuseof,isveryrewardinginvariousways.引言局部：作者先说明有些学生对大学生活是否有价值产生疑心的原因，然后开门见山地提出自己的观点，并用inthefollowingaspects引出下文。主体局部：分为三个自然段，从获取知识、结交朋友、为未来做好准备三方面说明大学生活的价值所在。这三段的结尾句都是该段的总结句，使文章的逻辑非常清晰、结构紧凑.总结局部：作者用therefore自然引出结尾，并用invariousways照应首段的followingaspects，使文章整体感很强。

1.celebrities:“名人〞，比使用famouspeople来得正式。2.undereducated:“受教育缺乏的，未受良好教育的〞，也可以用poorlyeducated，该词的使用显示了作者较大的词汇量。3.doubtabout:“对……表示疑心〞，注意与suspect之间的区别。4.worthwhile:“值得做的〞；注意与worth和worthy之间的区别，另外worthwhile还常用于itisworthwhiletodosth.。5.ingeneral:“大体上、一般来说〞；近义词有inthemain,generally(speaking)。6.base:“基地、根底、基线〞；此处也可以用foundation，另外注意base作为形容词表示卑劣的、不道德的〞

7.relief:“轻松、减轻〞；注意与它搭配的介词是from。8.lifelong:“终身的〞；通常同学们都会使用allone'slife来表示“一辈子〞这一概念，但用lifelong这一形容词更为简洁明了。9.intellectual:“智力上的、聪明的〞；还可以作名词，表示“知识分子〞。10.intense:“强大的、强烈的、紧张的〞；这里的意思是“紧张的〞，很多同学会误写成nervousstudy，当然此处也可以用busy来替代。11.recreation:“娱乐〞；该词的使用表达了作者较大的词汇量。12.onlytoo...to:一般情况的too...to结构表示“太……而不能〞，此处加上only就变为“非常……去做……〞的意思了，不过too后面所接的词得是正面词汇，这里表示的意思是“得出以下结论是非常自然的事情〞。13.rewarding:“有报酬的、值得的、有益的〞。作文类型现象解释型作文利弊类作文观点对立类/观点选择类习作原因类习作问题解决类作文图表类作文书信类作文

现象解释型作文1描述现象——列举现象利弊——提出观点2分析现象正反/可供选择两方面的观点3分析原因——得出结论或提出解决措施4产生的影响或带来的问题——得出结论或提出解决措施利弊类作文描述现象——列举现象利弊——提出观点eg:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicMyViewonCross-UniversityCourseSelection.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinebelow.1.大学中出现了一种崭新的学习制度——跨校选课。2.跨校选课带来的好处。3.跨校选课令我们面临的挑战。MyViewonCross-UniversityCourseSelectionRecentlytherehavebeenmanyreportsofabrandnewsystemamonguniversities,inwhichstudentscanselectcoursesinotheruniversities.ItturnsanewpageofadvancededucationinChina,andwillhavefar-reachingeffectsintheforthcomingyears.

Thebiggestbenefit,inmyeyes,isthatthissystemprovidesachanceforintegrationofresources,andstudentscanselecttypicalcoursesofdifferentuniversities.Inaddition,studentshaveamuchwiderrangeofselection.Theycannotonlyselectcoursesoftheirspecialinterest,butalsoselectmoredifficultcoursestostudyaparticularsubjectbetter.Finally,itisalsogoodforalluniversitiesconcerned,becausemanyspecializedoradvancedcoursescanbeopenedasaresult.

Apartfromthebenefitsmentionedabove,wealsofaceseveralunfavorablechallenges.Inthefirstplace,itisquitedifficultforsuchasystemtofunctionproperly,becauseitismoredifficulttomanage,andmoreimportantly,itneedsthecooperationofuniversitiesandstudents.Inthesecondplace,somestudentsdon’tcareaboutthesubjecttheyjustwanttoobtainthecertificatefromacertainuniversitytofacilitatejob

huntinginthefuture.What’sthemostimportant,itisquitetime-consumingforthe

studentswillthelecturersalwaysjustifythetimeandmoneyconsumed?Onlywhenwedealwiththeseproblemssuccessfullycanwebenefitthemostfromsuchanewsystem.观点对立类/观点选择类习作描述现象——分析现象正反/可供选择两方面的观点——说明个人观点eg:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositi-ononthetopicTheMakingofaGoodStudent.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinebelow.1.有人认为好学生应该是主动学习型的。2.有人认为被动学习型也能出现好学生。3.你的观点。Nowadays,therehasappearedaheateddiscussionamongthecollege

studentsastowhetheragoodstudentshouldbeanactivelearnerora

passivelearner.Opinionsaredividedover

thematter.

Thosewhoareinfavorofanactivelearnermaintainthatanactive

learnerhasastrongdesiretolearnnewknowledge.Hecanstudyinitiallynomatterinclassorafterclass.Hecanputwhathehaslearnedinto

practice.Hecanalsohaveacreativeandindependentmind.Thusitisno

surprisethathecanretaininformationandknowledgemoreeffectively.Butothersarguethatapassivelearnerislikelytobeagoodstudent.By

learningsomething

bythewayofteachingbyholdinghishand,apassive

learnercanlayagoodfoundationonbasicskills.Bylearningtoreceive

informationfromateacherinanunquestioningmanner,apassivelearner

cangaineasyaccesstowhatheshouldhaveagoodcommandof.

Therefore,hecanfindaquickerwaytosuccess.

AsfarasI’mconcerned,Ipreferagoodstudentshouldbeanactive

learner,becauseIwanttobeanindependentthinkerandunderstandwhathasbeentaughtinsteadofmerelymemorizingeverything.Besides,itis

necessa