高一上学期寒假英语作业说明文阅读强化练习

高一年级第一学期寒假英语作业——说明文强化练习班级________姓名______________~2023学年度高一年级第一学期寒假英语作业说明文阅读强化练习Passage1Doyouliketokeepfit?We’realwaystoldthatregularexerciseisgoodforourbodyandmind.Moreandmorepeoplearetakingupactivitiesthatimprovetheirfitness.Butisthereariskthatsomeofusmightgetobsessed(着迷的)andoverdoit?Well,forsomepeople,fitnesshasbecomeanobsessionastheyaimforperfection.Andfitnesstrackersandappscanaddtothisaddiction,especiallyifsomeoneisdrivenbyachievementandperfectionism.Andsharingdataonsocialmediameansexercisingbecomespublicandcompetitive,whichcouldcauseproblemsinsomeonewhoisvulnerable(脆弱的).Expertssaythiscanleadtoamedicalconditioncalledorthorexianervosa,oraddictiontohealthyeatingandover-exercise.Untreated,itcanleadtomalnutritionandmentalhealthcomplications.Toomuchexercisecanalsotakeitstollonsomeone’sphysicalhealthaswell.Symptomsofover-exercisingincludeinjuriessuchasabrokenlegandalowimmunesystem.Sohowmuchexerciseistoomuch?Researchesfoundtheidealpacetojogwasabouteightkilometersperhour-andthatitwasbesttojognomorethanthreetimesaweekorfor2.5hoursintotal,showingthatmoderatejoggingispossiblymorebeneficialthanbeinginactiveorundertakingstrenuous(剧烈的)jogging.Ifyou’remoreofacouchpotatothanasprinter,thismightsoundlikegoodnews.Butforamateurathleteswhocan’thelpbutpushtheirbodiestothelimit,theadvicefromMartinTurner,asportsandexercisepsychologist,is,“It’sallaboutlettinggo,notbeingobsessed,learningnottocontroleverything,saying,“Youdon’tneedtobeperfect.”1．Whatcontributesmosttopeople’saddictiontoover-exerciseaccordingtoparagraph2?A．Theirurgeforsocialsupport. B．Theirpursuitofperfectionism.C．Theiraddictiontofitnessapps. D．Theirconcernoverhealthissues.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“takeitstoll”inparagraph3mean?A．Havingabadeffect. B．Goinghandinhand.C．Makinglittledifference. D．Playinganimportantrole.3．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Theriskoffitnessobsession. B．Theimportanceofmentalhealth.C．Thebenefitsofmoderatejogging. D．Thesymptomsofover-exercising.4．Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythistextappear?A．Science. B．Opinion. C．Culture. D．Lifestyle.Passage2Palacesareknownfortheirbeautyandsplendor,buttheyofferlittleprotectionagainstattacks.Itiseasytodefendafortress(要塞),butusuallyfortressesarenotdesignedwiththecomfortofakinginmind.Whenitcomestostructuresthatarebothbeautifulanddefensive,theEuropeancastleisabigsuccess.CastleswereoriginallybuiltinEnglandbytheNormansin1066.Theybuilttowersandwallstosecurethelandtheyhadtaken.ThesecastlesprovidedtheNormanswithaquietandsafeplace.Theyalsoservedasbasesofoperationforattacks.Inthiswaycastlesservedbothdefensiveandoffensiveroles.Besides,castlesservedasofficesforgovernors.Thosethatweresociallybeneaththegovernorwouldcometoreportaffairsandexpresstheirrespect.Theywouldaddressproblems,handlebusiness,feast,andenjoyfestivitiesincastles.Socastlesservedassocialcentersaswell.Thefirstcastlesweremadefromearthandwood,andtheywerelikelytosufferfromattacksbyfire.Thenwoodencastlesweregraduallyreplacedbystone,whichgreatlyincreasedthestrengthofthesetowersandwalls.However,attackerscouldthrowflamingobjectsintocastlesthroughthewindowsorburnthewoodendoors.Thisledtomovingthewindowsandentrancesoffthegroundflooranduptothefirstfloortomakethemmoredifficulttoaccess.DuringtheMiddleAges,attacksincreasedinregularity,socastledefenseswereupdated.Arrow-slitswereadded.Theyweresmallholesinthecastle,whichalloweddefenderstofirewithoutbeinghurt.Towerswerebuiltfromwhichdefenderscouldprovidefireonbothsides.Thetowerswereconnectedtothecastlebywoodenbridges,sothatifonetowerfell,therestofthecastlewasstilleasytodefend.Alotofringsofcastlewallswereconstructed,sothatevenifattackerswentpastonewall,theywouldbecaughtonakillinggroundbetweeninnerandouterwalls.Alloftheseincreasedthedefenseofcastles.Theendofcastlescanbeattributed(归因于)togunpowder.Duringthe15thcentury,artillery(炮),akindoflargeguns,becamepowerfulenoughtobreakthroughstonewalls.Thisgreatlymadetheroleofcastleslesseffective.Thoughcastlesnolongerservetheiroriginalpurposes,remainingcastlesreceivemillionsofvisitorseachyearwhowishtoexperiencethesituationsofancienttimes.5．Theauthorintroducesthetopicofthetextby.A．makingaguessB．makingacomparisonC．givinganexample D．providingdata6．Thereasonwhywoodencastleswerereplacedbystonecastleswasthat.A．stonecastlescostlessmoney B．stonecastlesofferedbetterdefenseC．woodencastleswereuncomfortable D．woodencastlestookalongtimetobuild7．Whichofthefollowingshowedanimprovementincastledefenses?A．Castlesweretotallyseparatedbystones.B．Arrow-slitsweremadeinlargequantities.C．Ringsofwallswerebuilttodefendthetowers.D．Windowsandentrancesweremovedtothehigherfloor.8．Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A．FancyLiving:LearningaboutCastlesB．Normans:BringingCastlestoEnglandC．AHistoryofCastles:TheRiseandFallofCastlesD．DefendingCastles:TechnologiesUsedtoDefendCastlesPassage3Nowresearchershavefoundthathumansproduceadifferentodor(气味)whenunderpressure—anddogscansniffitout.Whilepreviousstudieshavesuggesteddogsmightnoticehumanemotions,possiblythroughsmell,questionsremainedoverwhethertheycoulddetectstressandifthiscouldbedonethroughsmell.Wilson,headofoneresearchteam,pointedthefindingscouldproveusefulwhentrainingservicedogs,suchasthosethatsupportpeoplewithPTSD(创伤后应激障碍).“They’reoftentrainedtolookatsomeoneeithercrouchingdownonthefloor,cryingoutinfear,orstartingtodoself-injuriousbehaviors,”saidWilson.Thelateststudy,shesaid,offersanotherpotentialclue.Wilsonandcolleaguestrainedfourdogstoidentifythecontainerholdingaparticularbreathandsweatsample,evenwhenthecontainersincludedunusedgauze(纱布),samplesfromanotherperson,orsamplesfromthesamepersontakenatadifferenttimeofday.Aftertheteamisconfidentthatthedogsunderstoodtheapproach,theyturnedtocollectbreathandsweatsamplescollectedfrom36peopleaskedtocountbackwardsfrom9,000inunitsof17,andtheparticipantsreportedfeelingstressed.Later,thedogsweretaughttopickoutsamplestakenjustafterthetask.Theresearchersthentestedwhetherthedogscoulddothesamewithsamplestakenfromthesameparticipantjustbeforethetask,whentheyweremorerelaxed.Eachsetofsampleswasshowntoasingledogin20trials.Theresultsrevealthatthedogschosethe“stressed”samplein675outofthe720trials.Itwasprettyamazingtoseehowsmoothlythedogsactintellingpeoplethesetwosamplesdefinitelydifferent.9．WhydidWilsonandcolleaguesdosuchanexperiment?A．TotrainservicedogsforpeoplewithPTSD． B．Toconfirmdogscansmelloutstressedpeople.C．Toprovedogscouldrecognizehumanemotions. D．Tohelppeopleunderstandhowstressedtheyare.10．Theservicedogswillusuallyprovidehelpwhensomeone________.A．hurtshimself B．liesonthebedC．producesanodor D．screamsinexcitement11．Whichorderdoestheexperimentfollow?a.Totraindogstopickouttheparticularcontainer.b.Toshoweachsetofsamplestoasingledogin20trials.c.Tocollectsamplesfromparticipantswhentheyarestressedout.d.Toaskparticipantstocountbackwardsfrom9,000inunitsof17.A．a-d-c-b B．a-c-d-b C．c-a-d-b D．c-a-b-d12．What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsthefinding?A．Negative. B．PositiveC．Uncertain. D．Neutral.Passage4EngineersandscientistsattheUniversityofTexasatAustinhavedevelopedauniquesolutiontohelppeopleintheseareasgetcleandrinkingwater.Theydevelopedalow-costgelfilm(凝胶膜)thatcanpullwaterfromtheairineventhedriestclimate.Justonekilogramofgelcanabsorbuptosixlitersofwaterinadryclimate.Forthoselivinginaclimatewithrelativehumidity(潮湿),onekilogramofgelcancollectupto13litersofwateraday.Asthegelissoinexpensiveandeasytomake,itmayofferawayofprovidingdrinkingwatertocountrieswithwatershortages.Previously,researchershaveharvestedfreshwaterfromfoganddew,butthatonlyservesareaswithhighhumidity.Otherattemptsatpullingwaterfromdesertairconsumelotsofenergyanddonotproducemuch.Infact,thisgelisabigimprovementfrompreviouswaterharvestingtechnologies.Themaximumwaterharvestedhasbeen5.87litersinplaceswithrelativehumidity.Thisnewgeldoublesthisamount,usesnoenergyandissimpletooperateanditcanbemoldedintoashapeorsizethatbestsuitstheuser.“Thisnewworkisaboutpracticalsolutionsthatpeoplecanusetogetwaterinthehottest,driestplacesonEarth,”saidGuihuaYu,professorattheCockrellSchoolofEngineering.“Thiscouldallowmillionsofpeoplewithoutconsistentaccesstodrinkingwatertohavesimple,watergeneratingdevices(取水装置)athomethattheycaneasilyoperate.”“Thisisnotsomethingyouneedanadvanceddegreetouse,”thepaper’sleadauthor,Youhong“Nancy”Guosaid.“It’sstraightforwardenoughthatanyonecanmakeitathomeiftheyhavethematerials.”Scientistsareplanningonmakingathickergelthatwillincreasetheproduction,makingthistechnologyapracticablesolutiontodrought.13．Whatdoweknowaboutthegelfilmfromparagraph2?A．Itcanincreasethehumidityoftheair.B．Itcanharvestdrinkingwaterfromtheair.C．Ithasbeenwidelyappliedindesertareas.D．Itcostslotsofmoneyandenergytoproduce.14．WhatisGuihuaYu’sattitudetowardsthenewwater-harvestingmethod?A．Indifferent. B．Skeptical.C．Disapproving. D．Hopeful.15．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“straightforward”inlastparagraphmean?A．easy. B．straight. C．frank. D．cheap16．Whatwillscientistsplantodonext?A．Developathickergel.B．Producethegelonalargescale.C．Raisemoneyforfurtherresearch.D．Teachpeopletomakethegelathome.高一第一学期寒假作业-说明文阅读答案Passage1【答案】1．B

2．A

3．A

4．D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了过度沉迷健身给我们带来的影响，以及建议我们要适度健身，不必追求完美。1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Well,forsomepeople,fitnesshasbecomeanobsessionastheyaimforperfection.(嗯，对一些人来说，健身已经成为一种痴迷，因为他们追求完美。)”可知，有些人追求完美导致对健身十分痴迷，故选B项。2．词义猜测题。根据第三段“Toomuchexercisecanalsotakeitstollonsomeone’sphysicalhealthaswell.Symptomsofover-exercisingincludeinjuriessuchasabrokenlegandalowimmunesystem.(过多的锻炼也会对某人的身体健康造成损害。过度运动的症状包括腿部骨折和免疫系统低下。)”可知，后句是在分析过度健身带来的危害，由此可知“takeitstoll”是有坏影响的意思，故选A项。3．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Butisthereariskthatsomeofusmightgetobsessed（着迷的）andoverdoit?(但是是否有这个风险？——我们有可能会着迷，甚至过度健身。)”以及最后一段话““It’sallaboutlettinggo,notbeingobsessed,learningnottocontroleverything,saying,“Youdon’tneedtobeperfect.”(这是关于放手，不要沉迷，学会不要控制一切，说：“你不需要完美。”)”可知，本文讲述了过度沉迷健身给我们带来的影响，故选A项。4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Doyouliketokeepfit?(你喜欢健身吗？)”以及结合全文可知，本文是在讲述我们过度健身的影响，应该属于生活方式类，故选D项。Passage2【答案】5．B

6．B

7．D

8．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述城堡的历史和兴衰。5．推理判断题。根据第一段“Palacesareknownfortheirbeautyandsplendor,buttheyofferlittleprotectionagainstattacks.Itiseasytodefendafortress(要塞),butusuallyfortressesarenotdesignedwiththecomfortofakinginmind.Whenitcomestostructuresthatarebothbeautifulanddefensive,theEuropeancastleisabigsuccess.(宫殿以其美丽和辉煌而闻名，但它们几乎无法抵御攻击。保卫要塞很容易，但通常要塞的设计并没有考虑到国王的舒适。说到既美观又具有防御能力的建筑，欧洲城堡是一个巨大的成功)”可推知，作者先对比了宫殿和要塞，说明了两者各自的优缺点，再引出即既美观又具有防御能力的城堡，即文章的话题。故选B项。6．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Thenwoodencastlesweregraduallyreplacedbystone,whichgreatlyincreasedthestrengthofthesetowersandwalls.(后来，木制城堡逐渐被石头取代，这大大提高了这些塔和墙的强度)”可推知，木头城堡被石头城堡取代的原因是石头城堡提供了更好的防御。故选B项。7．细节理解题。根据第三段“However,attackerscouldthrowflamingobjectsintocastlesthroughthewindowsorburnthewoodendoors.Thisledtomovingthewindowsandentrancesoffthegroundflooranduptothefirstfloortomakethemmoredifficulttoaccess.(然而，攻击者可以通过窗户向城堡投掷燃烧的物体或烧毁木门。这导致将窗户和入口从一楼移到二楼，使它们更难以进入)”可知，窗户和入口被移到较高的楼层表明城堡防御的改善。故选D项。8．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第一段最后一句“Whenitcomestostructuresthatarebothbeautifulanddefensive,theEuropeancastleisabigsuccess.(当谈到既美观又防御性的建筑时，欧洲城堡是一个巨大的成功)”和最后一段中“Theendofcastlescanbeattributedtogunpowder(城堡的灭亡可以归因于火药)”可知，本文讲述的是城堡的兴衰，故“AHistoryofCastles:TheRiseandFallofCastles(城堡的历史：城堡的兴衰)”是最佳标题。故选C项。Passage3【答案】9．B

10．A

11．A

12．B【导语】本文是篇说明文。研究者们已经发现人类在压力下会一种不同的气味，而狗可以嗅出这种气味。为此，Wilson和他的同事们一起进行了实验，并最终证实了这一发现。9．推理判断题。根据第一段“Whilepreviousstudieshavesuggesteddogsmightnoticehumanemotions,possiblythroughsmell,questionsremainedoverwhethertheycoulddetectstressandifthiscouldbedonethroughsmell.”（虽然之前的研究表明，狗可能通过嗅觉察觉到人类的情绪，但它们是否能察觉到压力，以及是否能通过嗅觉察觉到压力，仍存在疑问。）及后面开始的实验可以推断，Wilson和同事们做实验是为了证明狗能够嗅出有压力的人。故选B。10．细节理解题。根据第二段“Wilson,headofoneresearchteam,pointedthefindingscouldproveusefulwhentrainingservicedogs,suchasthosethatsupportpeoplewithPTSD(创伤后应激障碍).”（Wilson是一个研究小组的负责人，他指出，这一发现在训练服务犬时很有用，比如那些支持PTSD患者的服务犬。）和“They’reoftentrainedtolookatsomeoneeithercrouchingdownonthefloor,cryingoutinfear,orstartingtodoself-injuriousbehaviors”（它们通常被训练成看着那些蹲在地板上、害怕地大喊大叫或开始做自残行为的人）可知，服务犬通常会在人们有伤害自己或是自残行为时提供帮助。故选A。11．细节理解题。根据第三段“Wilsonandcolleaguestrainedfourdogstoidentifythecontainerholdingaparticularbreathandsweatsample,”（Wilson和他的同事们训练了四只狗来识别装着特定呼吸和汗水样本的容器）可知，这是实验的第一步a；根据第三段“theyturnedtocollectbreathandsweatsamplescollectedfrom36peopleaskedtocountbackwardsfrom9,000inunitsof17,andtheparticipantsreportedfeelingstressed.”（他们收集了36人的呼吸和汗水样本，这些样本被要求以17为单位从9000开始倒数，参与者表示感到有压力。）可知，先是要求参与者以17为单位从9000开始倒数，即第二步d，再当他们感到有了压力时收集他们的呼吸和汗水样本，即第三步c；最后根据第四段“Eachsetofsampleswasshowntoasingledogin20trials.”（每组样本在20次试验中向一只狗展示。）可知，最后一步是在20次实验中向一只狗展示每组样本，即第四步b。所以实验顺序是a-d-c-b。故选A。12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Itwasprettyamazingtoseehowsmoothlythedogsactintellingpeoplethesetwosamplesdefinitelydifferent.”（看到狗狗们如此流畅地告诉人们这两个样本绝对不同是非常令人惊叹的。）及其中的“amazing”可知，作者认为实验的结果是肯定的、令人惊叹的。故选B。Passage4【答案】13．B

14．D

15．A

16．A【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校的工程师和科学家开发了一种独特的解决方案，帮助这些地区的人们获取清洁的饮用水。13．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Theydevelopedalow-costgelfilm(凝胶膜)thatcan