新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4（思政智慧版）课件 Unit 6 Energy and food crises

Unit6Energyandfoodcrises读写教程4Ifyoudrainthepondtocatchallthefish,youwillcertainlygainalottoday,buttherewillbenofishforthenextyear.—MasterLü’sSpringandAutumnAnnals竭泽而渔，岂不获得，而明年无鱼。——《吕氏春秋》Preview新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Energyandfoodareoffundamentalimportancetoeconomicdevelopmentandpeople’slives.WedependonenergytopowermachinesandtheInternet,andwerelyonfoodtosurviveandmaintainhealth.However,therehavebeenconstantshortagesofenergyandfoodintheworld.Thefuturewell-beingofhumanitydependsuponreachingpracticalandcost-effectivesolutionstobothenergyandfoodissues.Tocontributetothismission,Chinahasbeenmakingevergreatereffortstoconserveenergy,improveenergyefficiency,anddeveloprenewableenergysources.Preview新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Meanwhile,itisconstantlypursuingadvancedfoodproductiontechnologiesandbuildingitscapacitytogrowandstorefood.Howshouldwecontinueourenergyjourneytorealizegreendevelopmentandachievecarbonneutralityby2060?Whatfurtherfoodprojectscanbeundertakentoensuretheabundanceofourfoodsupply?Asindividualcitizens,whatcanwedotopursuealifestylethatisgreen,low-carbon,circular,andsustainable?SectionAPre-readingactivitiesDetailedstudyofthetextReading

comprehensionLanguagefocusStructureanalysisandwriting新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程41

Questionnaire:Howenergy-consciousareyou?Withconstantwarningsaboutclimatechange,manypeoplearebecomingawarethattheyshouldhaveagreenlifestyle.Whataboutyou?Haveyouadoptedaneco-friendlylifestyle,orareyoujustpayinglipservicetotheidea?Completethefollowingquestionnaireandfindouthowenergy-consciousyouare.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionAPre-readingactivities新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionAPre-readingactivitiesAlwaysSometimesNever1Doyouswitchoffthelightswhenyou’rethelast

onetoleavearoom?2Doyouusenaturallightinsteadofelectriclightswheneverpossible?3Doyouuseorencourageotherstouseenergy-efficientlightbulbsinsteadofthetraditionalones?新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionAPre-readingactivitiesAlwaysSometimesNever4Doyoutrytousepublic

transportationorcar-pool

withotherswhengoingtoschoolorwork?5Doyouencourageyourparentsorotherstoavoid

drivingacarwhentheycanfindconvenientpublic

transportationtotheirdestinations?新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionAPre-readingactivitiesAlwaysSometimesNever6Doyoutrynottooverheatyourroominwinterandovercoolitinsummer?7Doyouusethewashingmachinetorunfullloads

oflaundryinsteadofonlysmallonesatatime?8Doyouusecoldwatertowashyourclothesas

oftenasyoucanandhangdrythem?新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionAPre-readingactivitiesAddupyourscore:•2pointsforeach“Always”answer;•1pointforeach“Sometimes”answer;•0pointforeach“Never”answer.Whatisyourtotalscore,andwhatdoesitindicate?Listentotheteacherandseehowenergy-consciousyouare.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionAPre-readingactivitiesInterpretationofstudents’energyconsciousnessscores:•Between0-4pointsYoumayhaveheardaboutenergyconservation,butyouarenotgivingitthepriorityitdeserves.Youmustchangeyourattitudenow.•Between5-9pointsYouarealreadydoingafewbasicthings,butthereissomuchmoreyoucoulddotodevelopabetterawarenessofenergyconservation.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionAPre-readingactivities•Between10-13pointsYoudisplayagoodawarenessofenergysaving,butthere’sstillroomforimprovement.•Between14-16pointsYoucanrightlycallyourselfan“EnergySavingChampion”–welldoneandkeepupthegoodwork!新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionAPre-readingactivities2

Workinpairsanddiscussthefollowingquestions.1Whyisitimportantforustoconserveenergyindailylife?Ithinkthereareseveralreasonswhyitisimportantforustoconserveenergyinourdailylife.First,ithelpsensuregridreliabilitybymeetingdemandwithadequatesupply.Second,itreducescarbonemissions,whichinturnwillbringbetterairqualityandahealthierenvironmentforus.Third,itlowersutilitybillsandsavesmoney.Givensomanybenefits,everyoneofusshouldfeelmotivatedtoconserveenergyinourdailylife.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionAPre-readingactivities2

Workinpairsanddiscussthefollowingquestions.2Besidestheenergy-savingtipslistedintheabovequestionnaire,whatelsedoyouthinkwecandotohelpconserveenergyinourdailylife?Therearemanyotherthingswecandotoconserveenergyinourdailylife,forexample:•Installasolarwaterheaterinourhome.•Driveanelectriccar.•Walkorrideabicyclewheneverwecan.•Useenergy-efficientappliances.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionAPre-readingactivities2

Workinpairsanddiscussthefollowingquestions.2Besidestheenergy-savingtipslistedintheabovequestionnaire,whatelsedoyouthinkwecandotohelpconserveenergyinourdailylife?•Keepdoorsandwindowsclosedwhenusingtheheatingorcoolingsystem.•Letinthesunshineinwintertokeepourhomewarm.Thecomingenergycrisis1Morethantwohundredyearsago,theworldexperiencedanenergyrevolutionthatlaunchedtheIndustrialAge.Eversincethen,withtherapidincreaseinpopulationdensity,theindustrializedworld’sthirstforenergyhasmorethantripled.Petroleumandnaturalgasareexploitedasversatileandhigh-qualityenergyproducts.Uraniumisalsotappedtofuelnuclearreactorsandprovideatomicenergy.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext2

Cheapenergyisthelifebloodofhumansociety.Butthereisadarksideto

thenearmonopolyofnon-renewablefossilfuelslikecoal,oil,andnaturalgas,alongwiththecontroversial

uranium,tosupplyourgrowingenergydemand.Theavailabilityofthesefuelsisphysicallylimited,andtheirusethreatensourhealthandenvironment.Multipleinternationaltreatieshavebeenproposedtolimittheuseof新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetextfossilfuelsforthisveryreason.Fearsofglobalwarmingaside,burningfossilfuelsreleaseschemicalsandparticulatesthatcancausebreathingproblems,canceraswellasbrainandnervedamage.Nuclearenergy,oncehailedas“toocheaptometer”,hasn’tbeenhighlyeconomicallysuccessfulwhenallcostsarefactoredin.Furthermore,publicopinionpollsshownuclearenergyistoocloselyassociatedwithdisasterslikethe新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetextChernobylreactormeltdownandtheFukushimaexplosion,andwiththedangerthatrebelinsurgentscoulddodamagewiththetoxicwaste.Inexpensiveandseeminglyabundantnon-renewableenergyfromdeadplantsandextinctanimalsfueledthe20th-centuryeconomy,butgeologists,climatologists,environmentalists,andmanyothersarewarningthatthehoneymoonmaysoonbeover.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext3Atsomeindefinitetimeinthenearfuture,thelastdropofoil,lumpofcoal,orwispofnaturalgaswillbecollectedfromtheearth.Theeventualdepletionoffossilfuelsthathithertoprovedsoreliablehasleftuswithnochoicebuttoprepareforanewageofenergysynthesis.Mostcertainly,humandemandforenergywillnotdecreaseorplateaubutsurgeastheworldpopulationgrowstoninebillionbefore2040.Itisnosurprisethatworldenergyconsumptionisprojectedtoshowalinearincreaseof50percentinthefuture.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext

4Howwillwemeettheskyrocketingenergydemandofthefuture?Untilweperfectthetechnologyofcoldfusion,we’llhavetofocusonthedevelopmentandincreasedproductionofenergyfromrenewableenergysources–sun,wind,water,andsoon.Whilerenewableenergysourcesarepromising,aninternationalconfederationofscientistsandengineersisworkingfeverishlytoovercomethevariousobstaclesassociatedwiththese“newenergy”technologies.Themajor新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetextchallengeistodevelopefficientandeconomicallyworkableversionsofthesetechnologies.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext

5Takesolarenergy,forexample.Itisagoodoptionbecausethereisanunlimitedsupplyofglitteringsunlight.Makingitworkonalargescale,however,ismucheasiersaidthandone.Itwouldbecost-prohibitivetotaketheintricate

gadgetsofsolarenergyfromthefringeof“green”societytothemainstreamformajorworldconsumption.Thesolarapparatusitselfisreadyformanynewbusinessandconsumerapplications,butitiswaytooexpensivetoreplacetheold新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetextcombustionmachineryofgearsandmotorswithnewelectronictechnologyofsemiconductorsandtransistorsonaglobalorevenanationalscale.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext6

Windpower,whichhasbeenusedeffectivelyinsomeplacesforgenerations,isalsorapidlygrowingintheenergymarket.Theprinciplebehinditisthatwindconverts

rotaryforceintoelectricitybyturningthebladesoftheturbineclockwiseorcounterclockwisearoundanaxis.Unfortunately,windpowerisveryunreliableanditsstrengthdependsonlocalweatherpatterns,temperature,timeofyear,andlocation.Inadditiontothisunreliability,windpowerequipmentisveryexpensive新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetextcomparedwithotherenergysourcesandwon’tbecomeaviablealternativeuntilwecanslashthecostssignificantly.Also,awindfarmrequiresenormouslandclearingtoproducesignificantamountsofenergy.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext

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Hydroelectricpowerisanothersourceofcleanandrenewableenergy.Itcanbeharnessedbycontrollingthenaturaloutflowofwaterwithdifferentmethods.Themostpopularisthroughdams,which,unfortunately,canhavenegativeenvironmentalimpactsifnotdesignedwithcarefulforethought.Mostofthehydroelectricdamsintheworldarehistoricallyrecent,butallreservoirsneedtobemaintainedonaregularbasis.Otherwise,theycaneventuallyfillup

withmud新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetextandhavetobeclearedupthroughveryexpensiveexcavationtobecomeusefulagain.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext

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Biomassenergyderivedfromplantandanimalmatterisstillanotherrenewablesourcebeingconsideredasastandbyreplacementforfossilfuels.Organicwasteintheformofdeadtrees,leaves,animalcorpsesandfoodprocessingwasteexistsinabundanceandcanbeusedtoproduceenergy.However,thereisnowaytoventilatethedirectburningofbiomassasfuelwithoutdiffusingcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintotheatmosphere.Thesegasescanposearisktothe新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetextozonelayer,increasingtheoverallexposureofhumanbeingstoharmfulUVraysfromthesun.Besides,ittakestimeandmoneytocollectbiomassandtransportitinitsrawformtoacentralpointforprocessingintofuel,andtheautomationofsuchaprocessistoodifficult.So,forthetimebeing,biomasshastoomanycostlydrawbackstobeaworkablealternativetofossilfuels.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext9

Althoughrenewableenergiesarenotyeteconomicallycompetitivewithfossilfuels,theirpricesbecomemoreattractivewhencomparedwiththehealthandenvironmentalcostsassociatedwithburningcoalandoil.PerhapsthebestsolutiontoourgrowingenergychallengescomesinabulletinfromtheUnionofConcernedScientists(UCS):

“Oursociety’sfuturesuccesscannothingeon

onesinglesolution.Theanswerinsteadmustcomefromafamilyofdiverseenergy新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetexttechnologiesthatshareaunifiedpurpose–theydonotdepleteournaturalresourcesordestroyourenvironment.”Despitethedifficulties,itisimportanttorememberthatanenergycrisisisapproachingatasupersonicspeedandwillsoonbeuponus.Inordertoinaugurateaneweraofenergy,wemustactquicklyandworktowardinternationalcollaborationtofindthemosteffectivesolutionstoourenergyproblem.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetextCulturalnotesSectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4DetailedstudyofthetextIndustrialAge:aperiodoftimeinhistorythatischaracterizedbyindustrialization.Itbeganaround1760inGreatBritain,andisgenerallybelievedtohavelastedforabouttwoandahalfcenturiestillthelate20thcentury,whentheInformationAgebegan.DuringtheIndustrialAge,newsourcesofenergysuchassteam,coal,andoilreplacedwoodandothersolidbiofuelsandbecamepopularlyusedforproductionandlife.SectionAMeaning:

Eversincethen,duetotherapidpopulationgrowth,thedemandoftheindustrializedcountriesforenergyhasincreasedtremendously.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext★

triple:v.increasebythreetimesasmuch,ormakesth.dothis（使）成为三倍，增加两倍Withinafewyears,Michaeltripledthesizeoftheseasidehouse.几年之内，迈克尔把海边那栋房子的面积扩大到了原来的三倍。a.involvingthreethingsofthesamekind有三个同类事物的；三重的ShelearnedwithsurprisethathertrainerwasatripleOlympicchampion.她惊讶地得知她的教练是三届奥运会冠军。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4DetailedstudyofthetextNoteSectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4DetailedstudyofthetextInthetext,hasmorethantripledisusednottorefertoitsliteralmeaning“hasbecomemorethanthreetimesasmuch”,buttosuggestthattheincreaseofenergyneedistremendous.SectionAMeaning:

Petroleumandnaturalgasaredevelopedandregardedasflexibleandhigh-qualityenergyproducts.Uraniumisalsousedtopowernuclearreactorsandgenerateatomicenergy.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext★

versatile:a.1)havingmanydifferentuses有多种用途的；多功能的；万用的Riceisanextremelyversatilegrainthatcanbeusedtocreatedishesinallshapesandsizes.大米是一种用途极其广泛的谷物,可用来制作各种形状和大小的美食。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext2)(ofaperson)havingmanydifferentskills多才多艺的Hewasknownasaversatileartistwhowasactivewithinthesphereofmusicasacomposer,pianist,andsinger.他被认为是一位多才多艺的艺术家，以作曲家、钢琴家和歌手的身份活跃于音乐领域。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext★

reactor:n.[C](also

nuclearreactor)alargemachinethatproducesnuclearenergy,esp.asameansofproducingelectricity核反应堆Althoughpowergenerationinallnuclearreactorsisbasedonnuclearfission,thereactordesignscanvary.所有核反应堆的发电都是基于核裂变，但反应堆的设计可以有所不同。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext★

atomic:a.1)relatingtotheenergyproducedbysplittingatomsortheweaponsthatusethisenergy原子能的；核能的；核武器的Thediscoveryofatomicenergyrevolutionizedtheworldandpavedthewayforadvancementsinmanyscientificfields.原子能的发现改变了世界，为众多科学领域的进步铺平了道路。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext2)relatingtotheatomsinasubstance原子的；与原子有关的Theinternalatomicstructuresofgraphiteanddiamond,showninFigures1and2,explainthepropertiesofthetwominerals.石墨和金刚石的内部原子结构，如图1和图2所示，说明了这两种矿物的特性。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Cheapenergyisvitallyimportanttohumansociety.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Butitisdangerousforustomeetourincreasingdemandforenergybyrelyingalmostcompletelyonnon-renewablefossilfuelssuchascoal,oil,andnaturalgas,togetherwithuranium,theuseofwhichhasgivenrisetoalotofdisagreement.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext★

thereisadarksideto(doing)sth.…:thereissth.dangerousorfrighteningaboutsth.ordoingsth（做）…具有危险的一面TheInternetisawindowtotheworld,butthereisadarksidetoitaswell.Bothadultsandchildrencangetaddictedtoitandthiscanruintheirlives.互联网是通往世界的窗口，但也有其危险的一面。大人和孩子都可能上网成瘾，这会毁掉他们的生活。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext★

monopoly:n.1)[C,U]completecontroloversth.byoneorganizationorperson（公司或个人的）垄断China’sinnovationhelpstostabilizetheglobalsupplychainandbreakthemonopolyofafewcountriesoverkeytechnologies.中国的创新有助于稳定全球供应链，打破少数国家对关键技术的垄断。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext2)[C]acompanythathascompletecontroloftheproductorserviceitprovidesbecauseitistheonlycompanythatprovidesit垄断公司Byofferinghigh-qualityservicesandprofessionaltechnicalsupport,thecarmanufactureristryingtowinsomemarketsharefromformermonopoliesthatcontroltheindustry.通过提供优质的服务和专业的技术支持，该汽车公司正试图从过去控制该行业的垄断企业那里争夺一些市场份额。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext★

renewable:a.1)(ofenergyresources)capableofbeingreplacednaturally（能源）可更新的，可再生的，可恢复的Chinaishighlycommittedtodevelopingrenewableenergytoaidinthefightagainstclimatechange.中国高度致力于发展可再生能源，以帮助应对气候变化。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext2)(ofanagreementorofficialdocument)beingabletocontinueforafurtherperiodoftimeafteritends（协议或官方文件）可延期的，可续期的Youmayberequiredtopayaserviceorearlyterminationfeeifyouchoosetocancelarenewablecontractbeforethedatespecifiedinthecontract.如果你选择在合同规定的日期之前取消可续期合同，你可能需要支付服务费或提前终止费。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext★

controversial:a.causingalotofdisagreement,becausemanypeoplehavestrongopinionsaboutthesubjectbeingdiscussed引起争论的；有争议的Thesaleofthestadiumtoprivateinvestorswasacontroversialdecisionthatreceivedagreatdealofmediaattention.将体育场出售给私人投资者是一个有争议的决定，受到了媒体的极大关注。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Manyofficialagreementshavebeenproposedbetweendifferentcountriestolimittheuseoffossilfuelsforexactlythisreason.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext★

treaty:n.[C]aformalwrittenagreementbetweentwoormorecountriesorgovernments（国家或政府间的）条约Lastmonththetwocountriessignedatreatytostrengthenbilateraltiesandcooperatewitheachotherinmattersofmutualinterest.上个月两国签署了一项条约，旨在加强双边关系，并在涉及共同利益的问题上相互合作。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:Apartfromtheworriesaboutglobalwarming,burningfossilfuelsproduceschemicalsubstancesandharmfulparticlesthatcancausebreathingproblems,cancer,aswellasdamagetoourbrainandnervesystem.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext★

particulates:n.[pl.]extremelysmallparticlesofasubstanceorsubstances,esp.thosethatcauseairpollution（尤指造成空气污染的）颗粒，微粒Someparticulatesintheairareproducednaturally,forexample,byvolcanoeruptionsandforestfires.空气中有些微粒是自然产生的，比如来自火山爆发和森林火灾。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext★

nerve:n.1)[C]agroupoflong,thinfibersthatcarryinformationorinstructionsbetweenthebrainandotherpartsofthebody神经Ifsomethingcutsandhurtsourhand,thenerveswillsendamessageofpaintoourbrain.如果有东西划伤了我们的手，神经就会把疼痛的信号传递到我们的大脑。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext2)(~s)[pl.]aworriedfeelingthatmakesyouafraidthatyouwillnotbeabletodosth.well精神紧张；焦虑不安；神经质Youshouldcalmyourtensenervesbydeepbreathing,notbycontinuouslytellingothershownervousyouare.你应该通过深呼吸来缓解你的紧张不安，而不是不停地告诉别人你有多紧张。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Nuclearenergy,whichwasoncebelievedtobeverycheap,hasn’tbeenasfinanciallysuccessfulasexpectedwhenallcostsaretakenintoaccount.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext★

factorsth.in:includeaparticularamountorfactorwhenyoucalculatesth.把…计入Whenyoumakeabudgetplan,don’tforgettofactorinthecostofmaintenanceandrepairsforthevehicle.当制定预算计划时，不要忘了算上车辆的保养和维修费用。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Inaddition,publicopinionsurveysshowthatnuclearenergyisregardedastoocloselyconnectedwithdisastersliketheChernobylreactormeltdownandtheFukushimaexplosion,andwiththedangerthatrioterscouldusetheharmfulwastefromnuclearplantstododamage.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext★

poll:n.[C]theprocessoffindingoutwhatpeoplethinkaboutsth.byaskingmanypeoplethesamequestion,ortherecordoftheresult民意调查；民意测验；民意调查的结果Thepollsuggeststhatdespitetheprevalenceofonlineinterviews,manyjobseekersstillpreferthetraditionalin-personones.民意调查显示，虽然现在线上面试很普遍，但很多求职者仍然更喜欢传统的面对面面试。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4DetailedstudyofthetextCulturalnotesSectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4DetailedstudyofthetextChernobylreactormeltdown:alsocalledtheChernobyldisaster.ItisacatastrophicnuclearaccidentthatoccurredonApril26,1986,attheChernobylNuclearPowerPlantintheSovietUnion.Sofar,ithasbeenwidelyconsideredastheworstnuclearpowerplantaccidentinhistory.★

meltdown:n.[C,U]1)averydangeroussituationinwhichthematerialinsideanuclearreactormeltsandburnsthroughitscontainer,allowingradioactivitytoescape（造成放射性物质逸出的）核反应堆堆芯熔毁Ifanuclearmeltdownoccurs,theradioactivewastethatisreleasedwillbehazardoustotheenvironment.如果发生核熔毁，释放的放射性废物将对环境造成危害。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext2)asituationinwhichpricesfallbyaverylargeamountoranindustryoreconomicsituationbecomesmuchweaker（价格的）暴跌；（行业或经济的）崩溃The2008WallStreetfinancialmeltdowncostAmericanshugelossesofwealthandjobs.2008年华尔街金融危机给美国人带来了巨大的财富损失和就业岗位的流失。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4DetailedstudyofthetextCulturalnotesSectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4DetailedstudyofthetextFukushimaexplosion:alsocalledtheFukushimaDaiichinucleardisaster.IthappenedinJapanafterthemagnitude9.0TohokuearthquakeandsubsequenttsunamisonMarch11,2011.Theexplosioncausedaseriesofequipmentfailures,nuclearmeltdowns,andreleasesofradioactivematerialsattheFukushimaDaiichiNuclearPowerPlant.★

insurgent:n.[C,usu.pl.](fml.)oneofagroupofpeoplefightingagainstthegovernmentoftheirowncountry,oragainstauthority起义者；暴动者；叛乱者Uponsuppressingthethreat,thesoldiersrushedtorescuetheresidentswhohadbeeninjuredbytheinsurgents.平息威胁之后，士兵们又赶去营救被暴乱分子打伤的居民。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:Cheapandseeminglyplentifulnon-renewableenergyfromdeadplantsandanimalsprovidedenergyfortheeconomicdevelopmentofthe20thcentury,butgeologists,climatologists,environmentalists,andmanyothersarewarningthattheperiodofsufficientsupplyofcheapenergymaysoonbeover.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4DetailedstudyofthetextNoteSectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4DetailedstudyofthetextThewordhoneymooninthesentenceisusedmetaphorically,referringtothetimewhenthereisasufficientsupplyofcheapenergy.★

extinct:a.(ofatypeofanimal,plant,language,etc.)notexistinganymore（动、植物或语言等）灭绝的，绝种的，消失的Manyspeciesarebecomingextinctandhumansareactivelyworkingtowardpreservingandrestoringnaturalhabitatstoensuretheirsurvival.许多物种濒临灭绝，人类正积极努力保护和重建自然栖息地，以确保它们的生存。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:Atanuncertaintimeinthenearfuture,thelastdropofoil,thelastpieceofcoal,orthelastbitofnaturalgaswillbecollectedfromtheearth.Meaningbeyondwords:Theworldwillcompletelyrunoutofoil,coal,andnaturalgasinthenearfuture.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext★

indefinite:a.1)notclearorexact不清楚的；模糊的；含糊的Thenumberisindefinite,fornooneknowsforsurehowmanytreesweredamaged.这个数字不确定，因为没有人确切知道有多少树木遭到了破坏。2)continuingintothefuturewithnofixedend无限期的；（时间）不确定的Thebookstorewillremainclosedforanindefiniteperiodoftimeuntiltheelectricalsysteminthebuildingisrepaired.该书店将无限期关闭，直到大楼的电力系统修好为止。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext★

lump:

n.[C]1)asmallpieceofsth.solid,withoutaparticularshape（不定形的）块Theirbreakfastusuallyconsistsofalumpofbutterandsomebread.他们的早餐常常包括一块黄油和一些面包。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext2)asmallhardswollenareathatsticksoutfromsb.’sskinorgrowsintheirbody,usu.becauseofanillness（皮肤上或体内的）肿块IgotthislumponmyforeheadbywalkingintoaglassdoorthatIhadnotseen.我走路时撞到了一扇没看到的玻璃门，额头上鼓起了这个包。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext★

wisp:n.[C]sth.thathasalong,thin,delicateshape,e.g.acloud,smoke,orhair（云、烟或头发等的）一缕，一小束Ayoungmanwithawispofbeardstoodhereforamomentandthenwalkedawaytothenorth.一个留着一缕小胡子的年轻男子在这站了一会儿，然后向北走去。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:Thefossilfuelsthatsofarhaveprovedsostablewillrunoutintheend,leavinguswithnochoicebuttoprepareforanewageinwhichwewillrelyondifferentenergysourcestomeetourenergyneeds.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext★

eventual:a.(onlybeforenoun)happeningattheendofalongperiodoftimeorafteralotofotherthingshavehappened最终的；最后的Withsomanytalentedparticipants,ithasbeendifficulttopickthefinalistsanddecidetheeventualwinnersofthecontest.有这么多才华横溢的参与者，很难挑选出决赛选手并决定比赛的最终获胜者。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext★

hitherto:ad.(fml.)untilthepresenttime到目前为止；迄今Theteamofscientistsdiscoveredfossilsofplantswhichwerehithertounknown.这个科学家小组发现了迄今为止还不为人知的植物化石。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Detailedstudyofthetext★

reliable:a.(ofsb.orsth.)abletobetrustedordependedon可信赖的；可靠的Thiswebsitecannotbeconsideredareliablesourceofinformationsinceitcanbeeditedbyanyone.这个网站不能被视为可靠的信息来源，因为任何人都可以对它进行编辑。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程4Det