专四真题常考的语法进行总结

比较结构comparativeConstruction英语中比较结构最主要有三种as…as…结构more…than…结构themost…结构as…as…结构基本模式as+adj/adv原级as…否定形式notas/so+adj/adv原级as…也可用less…than…E.gJohnisasbrightasBob.否定JohnisnotasbrightasBob.JohnislessbrightthanBob.用法1.主语不同比较项目相同。Thisparcelisasheavyasthatone.2.主语相同比较项目不同。Thegirlwasasbrilliantasshewasbeautiful.这姑娘既漂亮又聪明。3.主语和比较项目都不同。Theswimmingpoolisn’ttwiceaswideasthatoneislong.倍数asadj/advas.另一种模式asmuch/manynas…否定形式notas/somuch/manynas…Hetookasmuchbutterasheneed.Hedidn’ttakeas/somuchbutterasheneeded.2Shehaswrittenasmanyessaysasherbrotherdoes.Shehasn’twrittenasmanyessaysasherbrotherdoes.变体形式asadj原级名词词组as…注意下列句子的语序A.GeorgeisasefficientaworkerasJack.名词的意义受到强调orGeorgeisaworkerwhoisasefficientasJack.形容词的意义受到强调B.Idon’twantasexpensiveacarasthis.2.more…than…结构用法：1.用于在两个人或物之间作同一方面的比较。Theconcertwasmoreenjoyablethanlecture.2.用于同一个人或物的本身作不同方面的比较。Thepresentcrisisismuchmoreapoliticalthananeconomiccrisis.当前的危机与其说是经济危机不如说是政治危机。此用法也可用于less…than…结构但得出相反的含义。Thepresentcrisisismuchlessapoliticalthananeconomiccrisis.当前的危机与其说是政治危机不如说是经济危机。3.theadj/adv最高级比较范围比较级形式表示最高级意义时比较对象的范围应用anyother单数名词theother复数名词theothersanyone/anythingelse上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语切不可遗漏否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。※补充说明1notso…asnotsomuch…asLondonisn’tsobigasTokyo.伦敦没有东京大。Itwasn’tsomuchhisappearanceIlikedashispersonality.与其说我喜欢他的外表不如说我喜欢他的为人。前一例相当于一般的比较结构后一例相当于less…than的含义。notsomuchas是一个专四常考结构。真题举例1.Itisnosomuchthelanguageasthebackgroundthatmakesthebookdifficulttounderstand.99.45/07.572.Thattrumpetplayerwascertainlyloud.ButIwasn’tbotheredbyhisloudnesssomuchasbyhislackoftalent.04.42notmore/-erthan与nomore/-erthanJohnisnotbetterthanTom.否定前者肯定后者JohnisnobetterthanTom.对前后者都否定真题举例Overpopulationposeaterriblethreattohumanrace.Yetitisprobablynotmoreathreatthanenvironmentaldestruction.07.62nomore…thannot…anymorethan两者一样都不Awhaleisnomoreafishthanahorseis.鲸不是鱼如同马不是鱼一样。Fatcannotchangeintomuscleanymorethanmusclechangesintofat.99.44脂肪不能变成肌肉就如同肌肉不能变成脂肪一样。themore…themore…与moreandmore/themore...themore…表示两个过程中同时递增是主从结构。moreandmore只表示一个过程的不断增长。如…thewildertherangeofourlifeandthemorevariousthecontactswehave“ofan”的比较级“ofan”相当于一个形容词表示具有后面那个名词的性质若该名词为可数名词名词之前要加不定冠词。它的比较级也要用more来修饰。如Heismoreofadoctor.他更像个医生。该结构也可以用于同级比较结构中。如Heisasofanathleteasshe.他和她一样具备运动员的素质。虚拟语气主从句谓语动词的时态掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:主句从句与现在事实相反,与过去事实相反,与将来事实相反1.WouldyouhavebeensurprisedifIhadarrivedyesterdaywithoutlettingyouknowbeforehand04年与过去事实相反2.Allofuswouldhaveenjoyedthepartymuchmoreiftherehadn’tbeenquitesuchacrowdpeoplethere.00年与过去事实相反3.Ifyourcarshouldneedanyattentionduringthefirst12monthstakeittoanauthorizeddealer.98年区分主从句表示的不同时间概念主从句谓语动词所指时间不同这叫做错综时间条件句动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。主句与现在事实相反从句与过去事实相反Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublicourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.主句与现在事实相反从句与过去事实相反HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelectionhewouldbeourchairmannow.识别事实和假设混合句Yourmathsinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.句子前半部分为假设情况,而“父母病了”是事实.IwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossiblebutIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.前半部分为假设后半部分是事实名词性从句的虚拟形式名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用should动词原形表示虚拟。下列动词做谓语时that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式desireadviserecommendcommanddirectorderaskdemandrequestrequireinsistmaintainmoveproposepreferurgevote。如Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式advisabledesirableinsistentpreferableurgentappropriatecompulsorycrucialessentialimperativeimportantnecessaryobligatorypossibleprobablepropervitaladvisedarrangedcommandeddemandeddesiredorderedproposedrecommendedrequestedrequiredsuggested真题举例1.ItisabsolutelyessentialthatWilliamcontinuehisstudyinspiteofsomelearningdifficulties.07.652.Itisimperativethatthegovernmentattractmoreinvestmentintotheshipbuildingindustry.06.593.Theopeningceremonyisgreatoccasion.Itisessentialforustobepreparedforthat.04.62下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时从句中动词用虚拟形式insistencepreferencerecommendationsuggestionproposalmotiondesirerequirementrequestordernecessityimportanceregulationruleresolutionunderstanding。如JohnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligiousaswellasworldlyframeofreference.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达而是暗含在其他结构中。连词butbutthatororelse副词otherwiseunfortunately等表示转折假设。如Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunatelyitwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappenedotherwisehewouldn’thavemadesuchastupidremark.介词短语暗含假设条件常用的有withoutbutforundermorefavorableconditions等。真题举例ButforyourtimelyadviceIwouldneverhaveknownhowtogoaboutthework.94年intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如IintendedtohavecalledonyoubutIwasbusyatthattime.情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如IshouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservationbutIdidn’t.常用虚拟形式的句型从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型wouldrather…wouldassoonas…though…suppose…hadrather…wouldsooner…asif…supposing…Ifonly…Itishightimethat…从句中动词只用过去式It’shightimewestoppedcuttingdowntherainforests.06.54Ifitwerenotfor…与现在事实相反Ifithadnotbeenfor…与过去事实相反相当于butfor。如Ifithadnotbeenforhishelpbutforhishelpwewouldnothavesucceeded.Ifonly…谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.真题举例Ifonlythepatienthadreceivedadifferenttreatmentinsteadofusingantibioticshemightstillbealivenow.07.54IfonlyIcouldplaytheguitaraswellasyou06年lest/forfearthat/incase从句谓语用should动词原形。如Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.whether…or…有时谓语用be的原形引导让步虚拟从句这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如ChurchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutionsbetheyChristianIslamicBuddhistJewishandsoon.Thebusinessofeachdaybeitsellinggoodsorshippingthemwentquitesmoothly.三时态语态需要掌握的要点1.表达将来时的形式在时间、条件、让步从句中一般现在时代替将来时但要注意区别从句的类型如I’lltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。宾语从句比较I’lltellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打电话时我告诉他。状语从句在makesure/makecertain/seetoit后的that从句中谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时如Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn’tknowtheanswertolasttime.include不能用willinclude或其他形式完成时是时态测试的重点注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语by/between/upto/till过去时间、since、bythetime/when表示过去发生情况的从句主句用过去完成时。如Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.（1919年已发生的情况）by将来时间、bythetime/when谓语动词是一般现在时的从句主句用将来完成时。如BythetimeyouarriveinLondonwewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.bynow、since过去时间、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew或具体数字years/days/months主句用现在完成时但在itis具体时间since/before这一句型中主句更多的时候不用完成时。如Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.在Itisthe序数词/形容词最高级that的定语从句中谓语动词常用现在完成时。如Itisn’tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.在nosooner…than…hardly/scarcely…when…句型中主句常用过去完成时。完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。真题举例1.JackhasbeenmissingfromhomefortwodaysnowandIambeginningtoworryabouthissafety.03.422.Forsometimenowworldleaderhavebeenpointingoutthenecessityforagreementonarmsreduction.02.43时态语态先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语缩小选择范围进而选出正确答案根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。真题举例1.Lindawastohavestartedtheexperimentamonthagobutshechangedhermindatthelastminute.07.55【将来完成时】2.JameshasjustarrivedbutIdidn�6�8tknowhewascominguntilyesterday.05年【过去进行时】3.Ihavebeenandalwayswillbeconsciousofmymoralobligationsasacitizen.05年注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如Itisbettertodieonone’sfeetthantoliveonone’sknees.Despitethetemporarydifficultiesthemanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。ratherthan/let…alone虽不是并列连词但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。真题举例：1.Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalstyle.2.Forthenewcountrytosurviveletaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperityneweconomicpolicieswillberequired.如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语而且介词相同一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如Attimesmorecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.非谓语动词一不定式不定式做主语引导逻辑主语的介词不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导absurdboldbravecourageouscarefulcarelesscleverwisefoolishsillystupidgoodnicekindthoughtfulconsiderategreedygeneroushonestmodestpoliterudecruelselfishlazywickedwrong。真题举例：Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.It’scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.不定式做主语补足语掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间并采用相应形式。如besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposedtodosth.真题举例：TheMinisterofFranceisbelievedtobethinkingofimposingnewtaxestoraiseextrarevenue.04年ProfessorJohnsonissaidtohavemadesomesignificantadvanceinhisresearchinthepastyear.99年不定式做宾语--接不定式做宾语的动词affordarrangeattemptclaimdesiredetermineexpectfailguaranteeendeavorintendpledgepretendresolverequestsweartendventure。如Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleepthenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.不定式做定语--被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或nextlastonlynotathevery等限定词时该名词用不定式做定语。In1938PearS.BuckbecamethefirstAmericanwomantoreceivetheNobelPrizeforLiterature.如果其动词要求不定式做宾语相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如tendencytodo→tendtododecisiontodo→decidetodoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。ambitiontodo“干……的雄心”→beambitioustodo“有雄心干……”curiositytodo“对……的好奇心”→becurioustodo“对……好奇”abilitytodo“做……的能力”→abletodo“有能力做……”AccordingtoDarwinrandomchangesthatenhanceaspecies’abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定