2023-2024学年高一上学期期末复习专题之阅读理解方法讲解(1)讲义

高一期末阅读理解专题直接信息题一般来说，解答细节理解的直接信息题时首先要从问题中找到关键词句，然后以此为线索，运用略读和寻读的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节，找到后再对这部分内容进行仔细阅读，分析比较所给选项与文中细节的异同，将所设问题的信息与原文中相关信息加以归纳、概括和推理，最后在准确理解细节的前提下，确定最佳答案。Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy，butwecan'tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn'tevenexistifitweren'tforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease(润滑剂)forsocialmunication，saysBernardoCarducci，directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast.“Almosteverygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk，”heexplains.“Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers，notjustmunicatewiththem.”[典例]※WhatisimportantforsuccessfulsmalltalkaccordingtoCarducci?A．Showinggoodmanners.B．Relatingtootherpeople.C．Focusingonatopic.D．Makingbusinessdeals.[分析]本题属于直接信息题。根据题干中的关键词important，successful，smalltalk，迅速在文中找到“Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers，notjustmunicatewiththem.”这句话，通过分析这句话可知，Carducci认为成功的闲聊的关键在于学会与其他人沟通。因此答案为B项。方法技巧：解答细节理解的直接信息题时，由于其普遍较容易，不必通篇细读全文，一般是先通过题干信息来选择定位关键词。关键词主要是题干中的名词、动词和数词，即问题的核心信息，再进行信息定位，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与题干有关的关键词，找出相关的句子，得出正确答案。[练习]请快速确定下面这段文字的直接信息：IfirstmetPaulNewmanin1968，whenGeorgeRoyHill，thedirectorofButchCassidyandtheSundanceKid，henthestudiodidn'twantmeforthefilm—itwantedsomebodyaswellknownasPaul—hestoodupforme.Idon'tknowhowmanypeoplewouldhavedonethat；theywouldhavelistenedtotheiragentsorthestudiopowers.※Whywasthestudiounwillingtogivetheroletotheauthoratfirst?A．PaulNewmanwantedit.B．Thestudiopowersdidn'tlikehisagent.C．Hewasn'tfamousenough.D．Thedirectorremendedsomeoneelse.C[本题属于直接信息题。根据题干中的关键词studio，role，author，迅速在文中找到“Whenthestudio...hestoodupforme.”这句话，通过分析这句话可知，摄影棚起初不愿意给作者角色的原因是想找一个与Paul一样著名的人物。故可知作者当时不够出名。因此答案为C项。]间接信息题考查间接信息题时，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。常用方式是同义词替换或释义和归纳信息。因此在做细节理解题时，要根据所找信息，分析选项，对比其中所用词汇，避免误选答案。要抓住题目所涉及的重要信息去理解、提炼其中的关键信息，可尝试用自己的语言去归纳文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。1．同义替换同义替换是把文中语言(词汇和结构)改头换面，来表达相同的意思。2．归纳信息归纳信息是用精练的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题时经常使用的手段之一。Ofthemonberries，strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC，although，becauseoftheirseeds，raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白质)，ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein)．Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物质)．TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(樱桃)，theyaresodeliciouswhocares？However，theyarerichinvitaminC．※Whatdoestheauthorseemtolikeaboutcherries?A．Theycontainprotein.B．TheyarehighinvitaminA.C．Theyhaveapleasanttaste.D．Theyarerichinantioxidants.[分析]选C。本题属于间接信息题。根据倒数第二句可知，应该选C项，樱桃很美味。haveapleasanttaste与besodelicious表义相同，属于同义替换。方法技巧：同义替换是指命题人利用同义词或近义词对原文的关键信息进行解释。解题时，同学们应该根据题意，快速跳读全文，找到关键信息，然后在选项中寻找与原文信息最接近的同义词或近义词，这样就可确定正确答案。[练习]请快速确定下面这段文字的间接信息题：“Inthe1960swewereallalittlewildandcouldn'tgetawayfromhomefarenoughorfastenoughtoprovewecoulddoitonourown，”saysChristineCrosby，publisherofGrand，amagazineforgrandparents.“Wenowrealizehowimportantfamilyisandhowimportantitistobenearthem，especiallywhenyou'reraisingchildren.”※WhatdidCrosbysayaboutpeopleinthe1960s?A．Theywereunsureofraisingmorechildren.B．Theywereeagertoraisemorechildren.C．Theywantedtoliveawayfromtheirparents.D．Theyhadlittlerespectfortheirgrandparents.C[归纳分析本段“Inthe1960s...onourown.”可知，在20世纪60年代，人们都认为离家越远越好，以此来证明自己的独立。因此答案为C项。本题属于归纳信息细节题。]推理判断题细节推断题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，才可能作出准确的推断。一般题干主要包括六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(象征，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，conclude(作出结论)和assume(假定，设想)。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：1．Itcanbeinferred/concludedfromthetextthat________．2．Whatcanweinfer/learnfrom...?3．Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat________．4．Thepassage/story...indicates/suggests/impliesthat________．[典例]Languageshavebeeningandgoingforthousandsofyears，butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlessingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter­gatherers，small，tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10，000yearsago，whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople，theyspokeperhaps12，000languagesbetweenthem.※Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter­gatherertimes?A．Theydevelopedveryfast.B．Theywerelargeinnumber.C．Theyhadsimilarpatterns.D．Theywerecloselyconnected.[答案]B[分析]细节推理判断题。根据最后一句“Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10，000yearsago，whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople，theyspokeperhaps12，000languagesbetweenthem.”可知，一些语言专家认为，一万年前，当世界上只有500万到1000万人时，他们之间可能说12000种语言。由此可推断，狩猎采集时期的语言种类很多。故选B。解题技巧——关键词句细推敲第一步：定位细节——根据题干提供的信息，抓住某一段话的关键信息(关键词语)。第二步：揣摩细节——对原文中的信息进行分析，推理判断，利用逆向思维和正向推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。注意：1.切勿拿文章中的某一个细节内容作为推理的结论。2.切勿脱离原文而凭个人看法主观臆断。[练习]请快速确定下面这段文字的细节推理判断题的答案MyhiphadbeenhurtingmeforyearsbeforeIwenttothedoctor.Ofcourse，itwasfree.Shereferredmetoasurgeon，buttheearliestappointmentwasin10months.Thatiswhatbeingfreegetsyou.Tenmonthslater，aftersomefreeX­rays，thesurgeontoldmeIneededasurgery，whichwasaboutan18­monthwait，forsomeseniorcitizenshadbeenontheother18months!Idraggedmyselfoutofthesurgeon'soffice.※Whatcanweinferfromtheparagraph?A．Shefeltratherdisappointed.B．Shecouldn'twalkbecauseofthepain.C．Shewastooscaredtohavethesurgery.D．Shedidn'tbelievewhatthesurgeonsaid.A[细节推理判断题。根据第三句“Shereferredmetoasurgeon，buttheearliestappointmentwasin10months.”和最后两句“Another18months!Idraggedmyselfoutofthesurgeon'soffice.”可知，作者要免费做髋关节置换手术需要等待很长时间，作者慢吞吞地走出外科门诊。因此推断她感到非常失望。故选A。]推理判断题——根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容来着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性强。[典例]ManyofusloveJulybecauseit'sthemonthwhennature'sberriesandstonefruitsareinabundance.ThesecolourfulandsweetjewelsfromBritishColumbia'sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.Ofthemonberries，strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC，although，becauseoftheirseeds，raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白质)，ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein)．Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物质)．TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(樱桃)，theyaresodeliciouswhocares？However，theyarerichinvitaminC．Whenbinedwithberriesorslicesofotherfruits，frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick，coolingfruitshakesandlowfat“icecream”．Forthispurpose，selectripebananasforfreezingastheyaremuchsweeter.Removetheskinandplacetheminplasticbagsorcontainersandfreeze.Ifyoulike，asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.Frozenbananaswilllastseveralweeks，dependingontheirripenessandthetemperatureofthefreezer.Ifyouhaveajuicer，youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesofslicedfruit.Outesa“soft­serve”creamydessert，tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren'sparty；theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreameoutbelow.※Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A．Abiologytextbook. B．Ahealthmagazine.C．Aresearchpaper. D．Atravelbrochure.[分析]全文主要介绍了一些七月份成熟的果实以及这些果实的营养成分等，而这自然与健康饮食有关，介绍这类内容的文章应该是刊载在健康杂志上的。故选B项。解题技巧：推理判断题的解题技巧即要牢记以下原则：(1)忠实原文原则：严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理，千万不要掺杂自己的主观想法或经验。(2)深层推断原则：如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，那它就不是推论，也就不是正确答案。(3)全面分析原则：如果某个选项表达的内容虽在文中提到，但很片面或很不完整，那也不是正确答案。[练习]请快速解答有关下面这篇文章出处的推理判断题：WhenIwasachildgrowingupinOhio，thebutterflieswouldsometimespassthroughontheirwaytoMexico.Anditwasawesometoseefootballfieldsfullofthem—andIwantedtorevisitthatonalargerscale.IknewIhadtogotoseethemigration(迁徙)inMexico.ButIwasonabudget.Ididn'twanttorentacarinMexicoortakeabustoValledeBravo，thestartingpointformostbutterflyadventures，soIcalledtheguysatTheMuddyBoot，travelexpertsinMexicowhocanmakealmostanythinghappenatareasonablerate.Andso，onJanuary2，IfoundmyselfinTheMuddyBootvan(面包车)，beingdrivenfortwohoursfromMexicoCitytoValledeBravo，alovelytownonavolcaniclakewhichisacentralpointforthebutterflyjourneys.Ibookedatwo­nightstayattheHotelRodavento，analleco­friendlyhotelwithindividualwoodenhousesspreadingthroughouttheforestandaroundalake.Thefirstsanctuary(保护区)IvisitedwasPiedraHerrada，apopulardestination，asitisonly40minutesawayfromValledeBravo.Theclimbupistiring.Itisadvisabletohireahorse.Butthehorsecannottakeyoualltheway，andthereissomehikinginthinair，soyoumustbepatient，drinkalotofwater，andbeinreasonablygoodshape.Thewalkismorethanworthitthough.AsIstruggledtocatchmybreath，Ilookedupandlostmybreathagain.Atfirstglance，thetreeshadturnedintodifferentshapes，butoncloserinspection，everyinchofthemwascoveredwithbutterflies.Afewflewthroughtheair(Mostofthemwerenotwarmenough)．Asthesunrose，theybegantoealive.Soontheairwasfilledwithflyingbutterflies，transformingtheforestintosomethingmagicalandstraightoutofafairytale.※Whattypeofwritingisthetext?A．Anewsreport. B．Ascientificpaper.C．Atraveldiary. D．Amercialad.C[本文作者以第一人称叙述了自己观看蝴蝶迁徙的起因、过程和结果，是一篇旅行日志，所以此题属于文章体裁及出处推理判断题，答案选C。]词义猜测题词义猜测题考查同学们根据阅读材料提供的信息，结合学习中积累的常识和经验对生词的含义、熟词生义和短语、句子的含义加以猜测，以及对代词的指代对象准确定位。命题人要求猜测词义的词一般是实词及其词组。另外，代词复指也是词义猜测的常考题型。常见的命题方式有：Theword“...”refersto/probablymeans．Theunderlinedword“...”couldbestbereplacedby.Whatdoyouthinktheexpression“...”standsfor?Bysaying“...”wemean．“...”asusedinthepassagecanbestbedefinedas．Whichofthefollowingwordscantaketheplaceoftheword“...”？[例文]Soonafterwards，manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobeefarmers，andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies，trade，industrialisation，thedevelopmentofthenation­stateandthespreadofuniversalpulsoryeducation，especiallyglobalizationandbettermunicationsinthepastfewdecades，allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear，anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish，SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.※Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedintheparagraph?A．plex. B．Advanced.C．Powerful. D．Modern.C[所猜单词dominant后面出现了举例说明的语句“suchasEnglish，SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover，”由此可知，近几个世纪以来，随着社会的发展，很多语言已经消失，英语、西班牙语、汉语逐渐占主导地位。plex“复杂的”；advanced“高级的，先进的”；powerful“有影响力的”；modern“现代的”。故选C项。]解题技巧——根据定义、释义或同位语等进行猜测作者有时会在生词后给出修饰成分帮助我们判断其意思，如定义、解释、列举、同位语和定语从句等。表示定义的常用提示词有：be，mean，dealwith，beconsideredtobe，referto，becalled，beknownas，define，represent，signify，constitute等。用于解释的有asyouknow，toreferto，thatis(tosay)，namely，inotherwords，or等。用于举例说明的有like，suchas，forexample，forinstance等。构成同位关系的部分具有解释说明的作用，被修饰的词和同位语常用逗号隔开，破折号、冒号、分号、引号或括号也有类似作用。定语从句或状语从句同样提供信息帮助猜测词义。请快速确定下面这段文字的词义猜测题。ThenaroundEasterin2017，somethingmagicalhappened—anunusualten­daytideblanketedthebarren300­meterlongrockbeachwithhundredsoftonsofsoftgoldensand.Scientistssuspectthatthesandhadbeengatheringoffshoreformonthsandwastransportedtothebeachbythehighwindsandpowerfulwaves.※Whatdoestheunderlinedword“barren”intheparagraphprobablymean?A．Noisy. B．Soft.C．Bare. D．Golden.C[词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句中的“ten­daytideblanketedthebarren300­meterlongrockbeachwithhundredsoftonsofsoftgoldensand”可知，由于潮水的力量，300米长的岩石海滩被松软的金沙覆盖了。画线词修饰岩石海滩，结合文章内容可知，海滩消失之后，三十多年来岩石海滩表面什么都没有，所以画线词与bare同义，意为“空的，荒芜的”。故选C。]主旨大意之标题归纳题记叙文、说明文和议论文三种文体涉及的不同话题的阅读材料都会考查到标题归纳题。设问形式常有：(1)Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?(2)Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthepassage?(3)Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?(4)Themostsuitabletitleofthispassageis．一个好的标题应具备三大特点：概括——准确而又简短；针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。atisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneofStein'sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags.Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts(收银台)．Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia，includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds，plastic­bagmakersarehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.Amongthebagmakers'arguments：manycitieswithbansstillallowshopperstopurchasepaperbags，whichareeasilyrecycledbutrequiremoreenergytoproduceandtransport.Andwhileplasticbagsmaybeuglytolookat，theyrepresentasmallpercentageofallgarbageonthegroundtoday.Theindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasitsreplacement：reusableshoppingbags.Thestrongerareusablebagis，thelongeritslifeandthemore，longer­lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagmustbeusedatleast131timestobebetterfortheplanetthanplastic.Environmentalistsdon'tdispute(质疑)thesepoints.Theyhopepaperbagswillbebannedsomedaytooandwantshopperstousethesamereusablebagsforyears.※Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．Plastic，PaperorNeitherB．Industry，PollutionandEnvironmentC．RecycleorThrowAwayD．GarbageCollectionandWasteControlA[标题归纳题。本文主要叙述了三个方面的内容：塑料购物袋产生“白色垃圾”；塑料购物袋制造商想出了对策——用可重复使用的购物袋；环保专家希望塑料袋和纸袋都不用。故A项“塑料袋、纸袋或者两者都不用”可作为文章的最佳标题。答案选A。]解题技巧1.“高度概括”定标题(1)所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。为吸引读者的注意，标题往往比较醒目。(2)一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。2.文章标题三特点(1)形式一般为单词、短语或句子，短语居多；(2)短小精悍，精确性强；(3)涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意。例如：【例文】中试题，要求概括标题，本文讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。文章对这三个方面进行了对比，Plastic，PaperorNeither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，适合作为标题。请快速确定下面这段文字的标题。Inthefallof1988，IvisitedmanyBuddhisttemples，buta，therewasonetemplethatleftagreatimpressioninmyheart.ItiscalledtheTempleoftheGoldenBuddha.Afterwalkingarounditandtakingsomephotos，Iwalkedovertoaglasscase，nexttowhichwasatypewrittenpagedescribingthehistoryofthismagnificentpieceofart.Backin1957agroupofmonksfromamonastery(修道院)hadtorelocateaclayBuddhafromtheirtempletoanewlocation.Themonasterywastoberelocatedtomakeroomforthedevelopmentofahighway.Whenthecrane(吊车)begantoliftit，theweightofitwassolargethatitbegantocrack.What'smore，rainbegantofall.Theheadmonkdecidedtolowerthestatuebacktothegroundandcoveritwithalargeoilclothtoprotectitfromtherain.LaterthateveningtheheadmonkwenttocheckontheBuddha.Heshinedhisflash­lightundertheoilclothtoseeif