综英语法Appositive clauses and Comparison课件

GrammarAppositiveclausesComparisonAppositive

Anappositiveisawordorgroupofwordsthatidentifiesorrenamesanotherunitinasentence.Itoffersconcisewaysofdescribingordefiningaperson,place,orthings.Anappositivemostoftenappearsdirectlyafterthenounphraseitidentifiesorrenames.

同位语（Appositive）也是一种后置修饰语，它对与之同位的名词词组提供补充说明，起修饰和描绘作用。1.A:LevTolstoywasagreatRussianwriter.B:Hewasbornin1828anddiedin1910.LevTolstoy,agreatRussianwriter,wasbornin1829anddiedin1910.

名词词组同位语通常是由名词词组表示，这种名词词组通常紧跟在与之同位的名词词组（或相当于名词词组的结构）之后。e.g.:Yourbrother,aproudandunbendingman,refusedallhelpthatwasofferedhim.WinstonChurchill,Britain’sprimeministerduringtheSecondWorldWar,diedin1965.4.A:Dr.NormanBethunewasaCanadiansurgeon.B:Hewasagreatinternationalfighter.C:HelaiddownhislifefortheChineserevolution.TheCanadiansurgeon

Dr.NormanBethune,agreatinternationalfighter,laiddownhislifefortheChineserevolution.7.A:Mikeisthebestmechanicinthegarage.B:Mikeworkedonmycar.Mike,thebestmechanicinthegarage,workedonmycar.8.A:Theamateurboat-builderwasconstructingasimplemodel.B:Themodelwasasmalloutboardcruiserofconventionaldesign.Theamateurboat-builder

wasconstructingasimplemodel,asmalloutboardcruiserofconventionaldesign.2.A:Iproposedthatweshouldimportmoreequipmentfromabroad.B:Theproposalistobediscussedatthemeeting.Myproposal

thatweshouldimportmoreequipmentfromabroadistobediscussedatthemeeting.(Here“that”cannotbeomitted.)同位语从句的先行词只能是名词，而且仅限于idea，plan，fact，theory，promise，hope，news，doubt，truth，information，suggestion，question，thought，belief，conclusion等少数名词。e.g.Thenewsthathewasmarriedisnottrue.在某些名词（如：demand，wish,suggestion,resolution等）后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。3.A:Thenewsisthatsheisinvitedtotheparty.B:Thenewsisveryencouraging.Thenews

thatsheisinvitedtothepartyisveryencouraging.5.A:Theyworkeddayandnightontheproject.B:Inspiteofthis,theyfailedtofindoutthemechanismofthedisease.Inspiteofthefact

thattheyworkeddayandnightontheproject,theyfailedtofindoutthemechanismofthedisease.6.A:Theannouncementgreatlydistressedthewaitingpassengers.B:Itwasannouncedthatallflightswerecancelledbecauseofbadweather.Theannouncement

thatallflightswerecancelledbecauseofbadweathergreatlydistressedthewaitingpassengers.Appositiveclauses（同位语从句）VSAttributiveclauses（定语从句）

1.从句性质不同同位语从句属于名词性从句,是用来进一步解释或补充说明前面的名词;而定语从句是用来说明先行词的性质或特征,起修饰或限制的作用,与先行词的关系是修饰与被修饰的关系,从句相当于形容词。e.g.Theplanthatyouwillgotherenextweekhastobechanged.你准备下周去那里的计划得改变.（Appositiveclauses）

Thenewsthathetoldmewasfalse.他告诉我的消息是假的。（Attributiveclauses）

2.关联词作用不同定语从句的关联词在从句中作主语、宾语、时间状语、地点状语和原因状语等,而同位语从句的关联词在从句中不担任成分。e.g.TheplanthatI‘llstaythereforaweekcan’tcometrue.我要在那儿呆一周的计划不能实现。（Appositiveclauses）Theplanthatheraisedwasreasonable.他提出的计划合理。（object）（Attributiveclauses）

3．同位语从句先行词不同定语从句的先行词是名词或代词；而同位语从句的先行词只能是名词，而且仅限于idea，plan，fact，theory，promise，hope，news，doubt，truth，information，suggestion，question，thought，belief，conclusion等少数名词。e.g.Thefact[thathehadnotsaidanything]surprisedeverybody。（Appositiveclauses）

Those[whoworkhard]willsucceed。（Attributiveclauses）（here“those”isapronoun）Tips：that既可引导同位语从句又可引导定语从句，其区别在于：1.同位语从句由连接词that引导，连接词that本身无意义，在同位语从句中不充当任何成分，不可省略，不可以用其他词替代；2.定语从句由关系代词that引导，关系代词that在从句中充当一定的成分，作宾语时可省略.名词作同位语Eg.MrWang,mychild’steacher,willbevisitingusonTuesday.（在这里'mychild'steacher'做同位语修饰‘MrWang')

短语作同位语Eg.I,theoldestgirlinthefamily,alwayshadtocarefortheotherchildren.

直接引语作同位语Eg.Butnowthequestioncomestotheirminds，“Didshedieyoungbecauseshewasaclone?”appositive英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词that，whether，连接代词what，who,whom,whose。连接副词how,when,where，why等。（注：if,which不能引导同位语从句。）Eg.Hemustanswerthequestionwhetherheagreeswithitornot.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。注：引导同位语从句的that不能省略句子作同位语Eg.ThegirlsweresurprisedatthefactthatoceanshipscansailuptheGreatlakes.1.OurwordtobaccocomesfromtheSpanishwordtobaco,awordwhichmeans“cigar”intheArawakIndianlanguage.

which引导的定语从句修饰先行词“aword”,“awordwhichmeans......language”是“theSpanishwordtobaco”的同位语。

Here,“aword”wasrepeatedforthesakeofclarityandemphasis.名词作同位语2.Columbus’screwwasastonishedtofindtheArawakspuffingonhugecigarsinHispaniola,anislandwhichisnowdividedbetweenHaitiandtheDominicanRepublic.7.ArchaeologistsfindthefirstpipesamongIndianartifactsatthelevelthattheyfindthefirstevidenceofmaizecultivation,afactwhichsuggeststhattheIndianslearnedtosmokeandtogrowcornatthesametime.8.ThistobaccowassostrongthattheAlgonkiansmixeditwithsumacleavesandtheinnerbarkofthedogwoodandcalleditkinnikinnik,awordmeaning“thatwhichismixed.”whichmeans6.FromhereitscultivationandusespreadintoNorthAmericaataboutthesametimeasthecultivationofmaize,astaplegraincrop.5.ThissecondandmuchmorewidelyusedkindoftobaccowasNicotianarustica,ahybridthatisnativeonlytothewesternslopesoftheAndes.“thatisnativeonly......oftheAndes”是定语从句，修饰“ahybrid”注：在定语从句中，that/which用来指物，充当主语时，不可省略；充当宾语时，可省略10.“Drinkingtobacco”becamepopularinElizabethanEnglandafter1565,theyear(when)theleafwasfirstimportedfromtheWestIndies.

注：在定语从句中，当先行词是时间时，关系代词可用when/that或省略。Eg.Idon’tknowtheexacttime(when/that)themeetingwilltakeplace.3.ThecigarsweremadefromNicotianatobacum,ahybridoftwowildplantsfirstgrowninPeruandBolivia.短语作同位语过去分词作定语，表示被动，用来修饰“ahybridoftwowildplants”4.ThistobaccofromHispaniolawasnotthekindsmokedbytheotherIndiansofNorthAmerica,habitualusersoftobacco,also.

9.MostIndiansfavouredpipes,someatetobaccoleaves,somedranktobacco,andstillotherspreferredcigarettes,shreddedtobaccowrappedincornhusks.

1.Itwasn’tsuchagooddinner_shehadpromisedus.

A.that

B.which

C.as

D.whatAnswer:CThe

distinctionbetween

“such…as”and“suchthat”

such…that后面的从句一般来说必须是完整的,引导结果状语从句。such…as中的as是一个定语从句的引导词，是关系代词，在后面句子中作宾语。sheis

such

agoodteacherthatweallrespecther.Sheissuchagoodteacherasweallrespect.2.Thebeautifulsceneryonthetopofthemountaindelighted_.AmyeyesBmyeyeCeyesofmineDeyeofmineAnswer：BTheusageof“eye”Here“eye”meansthepowerofseeing;Youuseeyewhenyouaretalkingaboutaperson‘sabilitytojudgethingsoraboutthewayinwhichtheyareconsideringordealingwiththings.眼光;眼力;鉴赏力Eg:Itdidnottakehispracticedeyelongtonoticethathewasnottheonlyonewhowashangingabout.眼力老道的他很快就注意到他不是唯一在闲逛的人。3.Thebusstationisthesamedistancefromthehotel_thetrainstation.AwhatBwhichClikeDasanswer：DTheusageof“thesameas”Here“thesameas”meansthingshavethesamenumber,color,size,quality,etc.Eg:AsactressJaneisnotinthesameclassasAlice.Chromatin

passed

the

Earth

at

about

the

same

distance

as

will

Halley’s

comet

shrewd[ʃru:d]:understandorjudgeasituationquicklyandtousethisunderstandingtotheirownadvantage4.Heis_toacceptthefirstoffer.AtooshrewdabusinessmanBtooshrewdbusinessmanCatooshrewdbusinessmanDbusinessmantooshrewd

Answer：ATheusageof“too…to”Inthestructuretoo+adj.+to,weusea/an+n.（countablenoun）aftertheadjective.Eg:He’stooexperiencedanartist

tomindwhatthecriticssay.5.ittakes_tobuildaroad.AalotofmachineBalotofmachineryCmuchmachinesDmuchmachineriesAnswer:BThedifferencebetween“machinery”and“machine”Machinery[məˈʃi:nəri]:refertomachinesingeneral,ormachinesthatareusedinafactoryoronafarm.(总称)机器，机械Attention：Machineryisacollectivenoun.(集合名词)Machine:Amachineisapieceofequipmentwhichuseselectricityoranengineinordertodoaparticularkindofwork机器;机械Eg:Themachineryinthefactoryconsistsofseveraldifferentkindsofmachines.工厂里的机械设备包括许多种不同的机器。6.Shecaught_andpersuadedhimtoacceptheropinion.Atheminister’searBtheministers’earCtheminister’searsDtheministers’earsAnswer:ATheusageof“catchone’sear”Catchone’sear:Ifsomethingcatchesyourear,attentionoryoureye,younoticeitorbecomeinterestedinit.“Catchone’sear”hasthesameusageas“catchone’sattention”and“catchone’sheed[hi:d]”7.Lindaisclever;shewas_AbrainBabrainCbrainsDmuchbrainAnswer:CTheusageof“brain”Brain

[breɪn]:

(N-COUNT)Ifsomeonehasbrainsoragoodbrain,theyhavetheabilitytolearnandunderstandthingsquickly,tosolveproblems,andtomakegooddecisions.智力；智慧；头脑

Eg:Theywerenottheonlyonestohavebrainsandambition.并不是只有他们聪明、有志向。Ihadagoodbrainandtheteacherslikedme.我很聪明，老师们都喜欢我。8.Theearthquakecaused_tothedistrict.AdamagesBdamageCadamageDthedamageAnswer:BTheusageof“damage”

●Damage:(VERB)Todamageanobjectmeanstobreakit,spoilitphysically,orstopitfromworkingproperly.损坏;破坏;毁坏Eg:Thesuncandamageyourskin.阳光能损伤皮肤。

●

Damage:(N-UNCOUNT)Damageisphysicalharmthatiscausedtoanobject.（对物的）损坏，破坏，损失Eg:Theblastcausedextensivedamagetothehouse.爆炸给这所房子造成了大面积的损坏。

ComparativeConstructionCompare:

Whenyoucomparethings,youconsiderthemanddiscoverthedifferencesorsimilaritiesbetweenthem.Whenwecomparethings,firstweneedtwoormoreobjects.

Thenweneedtofindouttheir

relationship.JohnisasbrightasBob.JohnbehavesaspolitelyasBobdoes.

Twoobjects:John’sbehaviorBob’sbehavior

Relationship:

John’sbehaviorisaspoliteasBob’sbehavior.Johnisthebrightestofthethreeboys.

Objects:Johnthethreeboys

Relationship:Johnisbrighterthanthethreeboys.Itismoretruetosaythat

hewashurtthanhewasfrightened.

(less/than)Relationship:Hewasmorehurtthanfrightened.Hewasless

frightened

than

hurt.Twoobjects:“hewashurt”“hewasfrightened”Theirroomisassmallasours.

(/biggerthan)Twoobjects:theirroomourroomRelationship:

Theirroomandourroomarethesamesize.Bothheirroomandourroomaresmall.

Theirroomisnobiggerthan

ourroom.=assmallas

Answer:Theirroomisnobiggerthanours.Theliving-roomisaslargeasthedining-room.=Theliving-roomisnosmallerthanthedining-room.GeorgeisasstrongasTom.=GeorgeisnoweakerthanTom.Thispencilisaslongasthatone.=Thispencilisnoshorterthanthatone.Georgedidthemostwork.

(more/than)

Twoobjects:Georgeanyoneelse

Relationship:

Georgedidmoreworkthan

anyoneelse.

DickbehavesmorecourteouslythanBob.(more/courteous/than)

Twoobjects:Dick’sbehaviorBob’sbehavior

Relationship:

Dick’sbehaviorismorecourteousthan

Bob’s.

5.Ipaidthreetimesasmuchforthefood

astheydid.

(more/than)Twoobjects:“Ipaidforthefood”“theypaidforthefood”Relationship:

Ipaidmoreforthefoodthantheydid.Ipaidthreetimesmoreforthefoodthantheydid.Answer:

Ipaidthreetimes

moreforthefoodthantheydid.6.Acollectionoffactscannotbecalledsciencejustasapileofbrickscannotbecalledahouse.(anymore/than)Twoobjects:“acollectionoffactscannotbecalledscience”“apileofbrickscannotbecalledahouse”Relationship:Acollectionoffactscannotbecalledscienceanymorethanapileofbrickscanbecalledahouse.

nomore...than...(=not...anymorethan)和……一样都不……(表示前后都否定)

1.Thehearti