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英国文学史
Partone:EarlyandMedievalEnglishLiterature
Chapter1TheMakingofEngland
1.TheearlyinhabitantsintheislandnowwecallEnglandwereBritons,atribeofGelts.
2.In55B.C.,BritainwasinvadedbyJuliusCaesar.
TheRomanoccupationlastedforabout400years.
ItwasalsoduringtheRomanrolethatChristianitywasintroducedtoBritain.
Andin410A.D.,alltheRomantroopswentbacktothecontinentandneverreturned.
3.TheEnglishConquest
AtthesametimeBritainwasinvadedbyswarmsofpirates(海盗).TheywerethreetribesfromNorthernEurope:theAngles,SaxonsandJutes.
Andbythe7thcenturythesesmallkingdomswerebinedintoaUnitedKingdomcalledEngland,or,thelandofAngles.
AndthethreedialectsspokenbythemnaturallygrewintoasinglelanguagecalledAnglo-Saxon,orOldEnglish.
4.TheSocialConditionoftheAnglo-Saxon
Therefore,theAnglo-Saxonperiodwitnessedatransitionfromtribalsocietytofeudalism.
5.Anglo-SaxonReligiousBeliefandItsInfluence
TheAnglo-SaxonswereChristianizedintheseventhcentury.
Chapter2Beowulf
1.Anglo-SaxonPoetry
Butthereisonelongpoemofover3,000lines.ItisBeowulf,thenationalepicoftheEnglishpeople.GrendelisamonsterdescribedinBeowulf.
3.AnalysisofItsContent
BeowulfisafolklengendbroughttoEnglandbyAnglo-Saxonsfromtheircontinentalhomes.Ithadbeenpassedfrommouthtomouthforhundredsofyearsbeforeitwaswrittendowninthetenthcentury.
4.FeaturesofBeowulf
Themoststrikingfeatureinitspoeticalformistheuseofalliteration,metaphorsandunderstatements.
Chapter3FeudalEngland
1)TheNormanConquest
2.TheNormanConquest
TheFrench-speakingNormansunderDukeWilliamcamein1066.AfterdefeatingtheEnglishatHastings,WilliamwascrownedasKingofEngland.
TheNormanConquestmarkstheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland.
3.TheInfluenceoftheNormanConquestontheEnglishLanguage
Bytheendofthefourteenthcentury,whenNormansandEnglishintermingled,Englishwasoncemorethedominantspeechinthecountry.
3)TheRomance
1.TheContentoftheRomance
ThemostprevailingkindofliteratureinfeudalEnglandwastheromance.
4.Malory’sLeMorteD’Arthur
TheadventuresoftheKnightsoftheRoundTableatArthur’scourt
Chapter5TheEnglishBallads
2.TheBallads
ThemostimportantdepartmentofEnglishfolkliteratureistheballad.Aballadisastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.
OfparamountimportancearetheballadsofRobinHood.
3.TheRobinHoodBallads
Chapter6Chaucer
1.Life
GeoffreyChaucer,thefounder/fatherofEnglishpoetry.
3.TroilusandCriseyde
TroilusandCriseydeisChaucer’slongestpletepoemandhisgreatestartisticachievement.
Butthepoetshowssomesympathyforher,hittingthatherfaultspringsfromweaknessratherthanbasenessofcharacter.
4.TheCanterburyTales
TheCanterburyTalesisChaucer’smasterpieceandoneofthemonumentalworksinEnglishliterature.
6.HisLanguage
Chaucer’slanguage,nowcalledMiddleEnglish,isvividandexact.
Chaucer’scontributiontoEnglishpoetrylieschieflyinthefactthatheintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes,especiallytherhymedcoupletof5accentsiniambicmeter(the“theheroiccouplet”)toEnglishpoetry,insteadoftheoldAnglo-Saxonalliterativeverse.
ThespokenEnglishofthetimeconsistedofseveraldialects,andChaucerdidmuchinmakingdialectofLondonthestandardforthemodernEnglishspeech.
PartTwo:TheEnglishRenaissance
Chapter1OldEnglandinTransition
1.TheNewMonarchy
ThecenturyandahalffollowingthedeathofChaucerwasfullofgreatchanges.
AndHenry7,takingadvantageofthissituation,foundedtheTudordynasty,acentralizedmonarchyofatotallynewtype,whichmettheneedsoftherisingbourgeoisieandsowonitssupport.
2.TheReformation
Protestantism
ThebloodyreligiouspersecutioncametoastopafterthechurchsettlementofQueenElizabeth.
3.TheEnglishBible
WilliamTyndall
ThenappearedtheAuthorizedVersion,whichwasmadein1611undertheauspicesofJamesIandsowassometimescalledtheKingJamesBible.
TheresultisamonumentofEnglishlanguageandEnglishliterature.
ThestandardmodernEnglishhasbeenfixedandconfirmed.
4.TheEnclosureMovement
5.ThemercialExpansion
Chapter2More
1.Life
ThomasMore
2.Utopia
UtopiaisMore’smasterpiece,writtenintheformofaconversationbetweenMoreandHythlody,areturnedvoyager.
Thename“Utopia”esfromtwoGreekwordsmeaning“noplace”.
3.Utopia,BookOne
BookOneofUtopiaisapictureofcontemporaryEnglandwithforcibleexposureofthepovertyamongthelaboringclasses.
4.Utopia,BookTwo
InBookTwowehaveasketchofanidealmonwealthinsomeunknownocean,wherepropertyisheldinmonandthereisnopoverty.
Chapter3TheFloweringofEnglishLiterature
3.EdmundSpenser
1)Life
ThePoet’sPoetoftheperiodwasEdmundSpenser.
In1579hewroteTheShepher’sCalendar,apastoralpoemintwelvebooks,oneforeachmonthoftheyear.
2)TheFaerieQueene(masterpiece)
Spenser’sgreatestwork,TheFaerieQueene(publishedin1589-1596),isalongpoemplannedin12books,ofwhichhefinishedonly6.
iambicfeetSpenserianStanza
4.FrancisBacon(father/founderofEnglishessay)
thefounderofEnglishEnglishmaterialistphilosophy
BaconisalsofamousforhisEssays.Whenitincluded58essays.
BaconisthefirstEnglishessayist.
Chapter4Drama
7.ThePlaywrights
Therewasagroupofso-called“universitywits”(Lyly,Peele,Marlowe,Greene,LodgeandNash).
Chapter5Marlowe
1.Life
Themostgiftedofthe“universitywits”wasChristopherMarlowe.
2.Work
Marlowe’sbestincludesthreeofhisplays,Tamburlaine,TheJewofMaltaandDoctorFaustus.
3.DoctorFaustus
Marlowe’smasterpieceisTheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus.
5.Marlowe’sLiteraryAchievement
MarlowewasthegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdrama.
ItisMarlowewhofirstmadeblankverse(rhymelessiambicpentameter)theprincipalinstrumentofEnglishdrama.
Chapter6Shakespeare
1.Life
WilliamShakespearewasbornonApril23,1564,inStratford-on-Avon.
Afterhisdeath,twoofhisabove-mentionedfellow-actors,HermingeandCondell,collectedandpublishedShakespeare’splaysin1623.Tothisedition,whichhasbeenknownastheFirstFolio.
4.TheGreatedies
AMidsummerNight’sDream,TheMerchantofVenice,AsYouLikeItandTwelfthNighthavebeencalledShakespeare’s“greatedies”.
6.TheGreatTragedies
Shakespearecreatedhisgreattragedies,Hamlet,Othello,KingLearandMacbeth.
7.Hamlet
thesonoftheRenaissance
9.ThePoems
1)VenusandAdonis
2)TheRapeofLucrece
3)Shakespeare’sSonnets
10.FeaturesofShakespeare’sDrama
ShakespeareandtheAuthorizedVersionoftheEnglishBiblearethetwogreatesttreasuriesoftheEnglishlanguage.
ShakespearehasbeenuniversallyacknowledgedtobethesummitoftheEnglishRenaissance.
PartThree:ThePeriodoftheEnglishBourgeoisRevolution
Chapter1TheEnglishRevolutionandtheRestoration
5.TheBourgeoisDictatorshipandtheRestoration
in1688GloriousRevolution
6.TheReligiousCloakoftheEnglishRevolution
PuritanismwasthereligiousdoctrineoftherevolutionarybourgeoisieduringtheEnglishRevolution.Itpreachedthrift,sobriety,hardworkandunceasinglabourinwhatevercallingonehappenedtobe,butwithnoextravagantenjoymentofthefruitsoflabour.
Chapter2Milton
1.LifeandWork
ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegainedandSamsonAgonistes.
2.ParadiseLost
1)ParadiseLost
ParadiseLostisMilton’smasterpiece.
blankverse.
Chapter3Bunyan
1.Life
ThePilgrim’sProgresswaspublishedin1678.
2.ThePilgrim’sProgress
1)ThePilgrim’sProgressisareligiousallegory.
Chapter4MetaphysicalPoetsandCavalierPoets
aschoolofpoetscalled“Metaphysical”bySamuelJohnson.
bymysticismincontentandfantasticalityinform
JohnDonne,thefounderoftheMetaphysicalschoolofpoetry.
Chapter6RestorationLiterature
2.JohnDryden
ThemostdistinguishedliteraryfigureoftheRestorationPeriodwasJohnDryden.
DrydenwastheforerunneroftheEnglishclassicalschoolofliteratureinthenextcentury.
PartFour:TheEighteenthCentury
Chapter1TheEnlightenmentandClassicisminEnglishLiterature
1.TheEnlightenmentand18thCenturyEngland
2)TheEnlightenmentinEurope
The18thcenturymarkedthebeginningofanintellectualmovementinEurope,knownastheEnlightenment,whichwas,onthewhole,anexpressionofstruggleofthebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.Theenlightenersfoughtagainstclassinequality,stagnation,prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.
3)TheEnglishEnlighterners
TherepresentativesoftheEnlightenmentinEnglishliteraturewereJosephAddisonandRichardSteele,theessayists,andAlexanderPope,thepoet.
Chapter2AddisonandSteele
1.SteeleandTheTatler
RichardSreele
In1709,hestartedapaper,TheTatler,toenlighten,aswellastoentertain,hisfellowcoffeehouse-goers.
Hisappealwasmadeto“coffeehouses,”thatistosay,tothemiddleclasses,forwhoseenlightenmenthestoodup.
“IssacBickerstaff”
2.AddisonandTheSpectator
Thegeneralpurposeis“toenlivenmoralitywithwit,andtotemperwitwithmorality.”
TheyusheredinthedawnofmodernEnglishnovel.
Chapter3Pope
1.Life
AlexanderPope,themostimportantEnglishpoetinthefirsthalfofthe18thcentury.
3.WorkmanshipandLimitation
PopewasanoutstandingenlightenerandthegreatestEnglishpoetoftheclassicalschoolinthefirsthalfofthe18thcentury.
PopeisthemostimportantrepresentativeoftheEnglishclassicalpoery.
Buthelackerthelyricalgift.
Chapter4Swift
3.BickerstaffAlmanac(1708)
SwiftwrotehisgreatestworkGulliver’sTravelsinIreland.
Chapter5DefoeandtheRiseoftheEnglishNovel
1.TheRiseoftheEnglishNovel
therealisticnovel:Defoe,Swift,RichardsonandFielding
Swift’sworld-famousnovelGulliver’sTravels
Defoe’sRobinsonCrusoe(theforerunneroftheEnglishrealisticnovel)
Richardson:Pamela,ClarissaandSirCharlesGrandison
FieldingwastherealfounderoftherealisticnovelinEngland.
Thenovelofthisperiod…spokethetruthaboutlifewithanunpromisingcourage.”Thenovelistsofthisperiodunderstoodthat“thejobofanovelistwastotellthetruthaboutlifeashesawit.”(Ibid.)ThisexplainstheachievementoftheEnglishnovelinthe18thcentury.
4.RobinsonCrusoe
1)TodayDefoeischieflyrememberedastheauthorofRobinsonCrusoe,hismasterpiece.
Chapter6Richardson
SamuelRichardson
Pamelawas,infact,thefirstEnglishpsycho-analyticalnovel.
AfterPamela,Richardsonwrotetwoothernovels:ClarissaHarloweandSirCharlesGrandison.
ClarissaisthebestofRichardson’snovel.
Chapter7Fielding(thefatherofEnglishnovel)
1.Life
HisfirstnovelJosephAndrewswaspublishedin1742.
HisJonathanWildappearedin1743.Itisapowerfulpoliticalsatire.
In1749,hefinishedhisgreatnovelTomJones.
Ameliawashislastnovel.ItisinferiortoTomJones,buthasmeritsofitsown.
3.JosephAndrews
4.TomJones
1)TheStory
Fielding’sgreatestworkisTheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling.
6.Summary
2)FieldingastheFounderoftheEnglishRealisticNovel
Asanovelist,Fieldingisverygreat.HeisthefounderoftheEnglishrealisticnovelandsetsupthetheoryofrealisminliterarycreation.
Hehasbeenrightlycalledthe“fatheroftheEnglishnovel.”
Chapter10Johnson
1.Life
SamuelJohnson,lexicographer,criticandpoet.
2.Johnson’sDictionary
In1755hisDictionarywaspublished.
HisDictionaryalsomarkedtheendofEnglishwriters’relianceonthepatronageofnoblemenforsupport.
Chapter13SentimentalismandPre-RomanticisminPoetry
1.Life
ThomasGray
2.Pre-Romanticism
Inthelatterhalfofthe18thcentury,anewliterarymovementaroseinEurope,calledtheRomanticRevival.
Pre-RomanticismwasusheredinbyPercy,MacphersonandChatterton,andrepresentedbyBlakeandBurns.
Chapter14Blake
1.Life
WilliamBlake
2.SongsofInnocenceandSongsofExperience
4.Blake’sPositioninEnglishLiterature
Forthesereasons,BlakeiscalledaPre-RomanticoraforerunneroftheRomanticpoetryofthe19thcentury.
Chapter15Burns
1.Life
HisPoemsChieflyintheScottishDialectwereprinted.(masterpiece)
TheScotsMusicalMuseumandSelectCollectionofOriginalScottishAirs
2.ThePoetryofBurns
1)BurnsisrememberedmainlyforhissongswrittenintheScottishdialectonavarietyofsubjects.
3.FeaturesofBurns’Poetry
BurnsisthenationalpoetofScotland.
PartFive:RomanticisminEngland
Chapter1TheRomanticPeriod
theIndustrialRevolutiontheFrenchRevolution
Amidthesesocialconflictsromanticismaroseasanewliterarytrend.ItprevailedinEnglandduringtheperiod1798-1832.
Theseweretheeldergenerationofromanticists,sometimescalledescapistromanticists,includingWordsworth,ColeridgeandSouthey,whohavealsobeencalledtheLakePoets.
ActiveromanticistsrepresentedbyByron,ShelleyandKeats.
Thegeneralfeatureoftheworksoftheromanticistsisadissatisfactionwiththebourgeoissociety,whichfindsexpressioninarevoltagainstoranescapefromtheprosaic,sordiddailylife,the“prisonoftheactual”undercapitalism.
Poetry,ofcourse,isthebestmediumtoexpressallthesesentiments.
TheonlygreatnovelistinthisperiodwasWalterScott.
Scottmarkedthetransitionfromromanticismtotheperiodofrealismwhichfollowedit.
Chapter2Wordsworth
Coleridge
In1798theyjointlypublishedtheLyricalBallads.
ThepublicationoftheLyricalBalladsmarkedthebreakwiththeconventionalpoeticaltraditionofthe18thcentury,i.e.,withclassicism,andthebeginningofRomanticrevivalinEngland.
ThePrefaceoftheLyricalBalladsservedasthemanifestooftheEnglishRomanticMovementinpoetry.
Wordsworth,ColeridgeandSoutheyhaveoftenbeenmentionedasthe“LakePoets”becausetheylivedintheLakeDistrictinthenorthwesternpartofEngland.
HisdeeplovefornaturerunsthroughsuchshortlyricsasLinesWritteninEarlySpring,TotheCuckoo,IWanderedLonelyasaCloud,MyHeartLeapsUp,IntimationsofImmortalityandLinesposedaFewMilesAboveTinternAbbey.Thelastiscalledhis“lyricalhymnofthankstonature”.
Wordsworth’spoetryisdistinguishedbythesimplicityandpurityofhislanguage.
Chapter3ColeridgeandSouthey
1.Coleridge
Coleridge’sbestpoems,TheRimeoftheAncientMariner.
Chapter4Byron
1.Life
ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage
HefinishedChildeHarold,wrotehismasterpieceDonJuan.
2.ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage
Thislongpoemcontainsfourcantos.ItiswrittenintheSoenserianstanza.
3.DonJuan
ByronremainsoneofthemostpopularEnglishpoetsbothathomeandabroad.
Chapter5Shelley
4.PromethusUnbound
Shelley’smasterpieceisPromethusUnbound,alyricaldramain4acts.
6.LyricsonNatureandLove
OdetotheWestWind
Chapter6Keats
2.LongPoems
Keatswrotefivelongpoems:Endymion,Isabella,TheEveofSt.Agnes,LamiaandHyperion.
5)TheunfinishedlongepicHyperionhasbeenregardedasKeat’sgreatestachievementinpoetry.
3.ShortPoems
1)Hisleadingprincipleis:“Beautyintruth,truthinbeauty.”
3)OdetoAutumn,OdeonMelancholy,OdeonaGrecianUrnandOdetoaNightingale
Chapter10Scott
2.HisHistoricalNovels
Scotthasbeenuniversallyregardedasthefounderandgreatmasterofthehistoricalnovel.
Accordingtothesubjet-matter,thegrouponthehistoryofScotland,thegrouponEnglishhistoryandthegrouponthehistoryofEuropeancountries.
Infact,Scott’sliterarycareermarksthetransitionfromromanticismtorealisminEnglishliteratureofthe19thcentury.
PartSix:EnglishCriticalRealism
Chapter2Dickens
CharlesDickenscriticalrealism
Dickens:PickwickPapers,AmericanNotes,MartinChuzzlewitandOliverTwist
4)DickenshasoftenbeenparedShakespeareforcreativeforceandrangeofinvention.“HeandShakespearearethetwouniquepopularclassicsthatEnglandhasgiventotheworld,andtheyarealikeinbeingrememberednotforonemasterpiecebutforcreativeworld.”
DavidCopperfield
Chapter3Thackeray
2.VanityFair:ANovelWithoutaHero
VanityFairisThackeray’smasterpiece.characters:AmeliaSedleyandRebecca(Becky)Sharp
ThackeraycanbeplacedonthesamelevelasDickens,asoneofthegreatestcriticalrealistsof19th-centuryEurope.
Chapter4SomeWomenNovelists
1.JaneAusten(1775-1817)
Sheherselfparedherworktoafineengravingmadeuponalittlepieceofivoryonlytwoinchessquare.
JaneAustenwrote6novels:NorthangerAbbey,SenseandSensibility,PrideandPrejudice,MansfieldPark,EmmaandPersuasion.
2.TheBronteSisters
Charlotte’smaidenattemptatprosewriting,thenovelProfessor,wasrejectedbythepublisher,buthernextnovelJaneEyre,appearingin1847,broughtherfameandplacedherintheranksoftheforemostEnglishrealisticwriters.Emily’snovelWutheringHeightsappearedin1847.
Anne:AgnesGrey
4.GeorgeEliot
MaryAnnEvans
threeremarkablenovels:AdamBede,TheMillontheFlossandSilasMarner
3)SilasMarner:CriticalrealismwasthemaincurrentofEnglishliteratureinthemiddleofthe19thcentury.
PartSeven:Prose-WritersandPoetsoftheMidandLate19thCentury
Chapter1Carlyle
theVictorianAge
Chapter3Tennyson
theVictorianAgeproseespeciallythenovel
1.Tennyson’sLifeandCareer
AlfredTennyson,themostimportantpoetoftheVictorianAge.
Inthesameyear(1850)hewasappointedpoetlaureateinsuccessiontoWordsworth.
Chapter7LiteraryTrendsattheEndoftheCentury
1.Naturalism
NaturalismisaliterarytrendprevailinginEurope,especiallyinFranceandGermany,inthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.
2.Neo-Romanticism
Stevensonwasarepresentativeofneo-romanticisminEnglishliterature.
TreasureIsland(masterpiece)
3.Aestheticism
AestheticismbegantoprevailinEuropeatthemiddleofthe19thcentury.Thetheoryof“artforart’ssake”wasfirstputforwardbytheFrenchpoetTheophileGautier.
ThetwomostimportantrepresentativesofaestheticistsinEnglishliteratureareWalterPaterandOscarWilde.
2)OscarWildedramatist
LadyWindermere’sFan,1893;AWomanofNoImportance,1894;AnIdealHusbandandTheImportanceofBeingEarnest,1895
TheImportanceofBeingEarnestishismasterpieceindrama.
PartEight:TwentiethCenturyEnglishLiterature
(Modernism)
Chapter2EnglishNovelofEarly20thCentury
3.HenryJames
Heisregardedastheforerunnerofthe“streamofconsciousness”literatureinthe20thcentury.
Chapter3Hardy
1.LifeandWork
Amonghisfamousnovels,TessoftheD’UrbervilliesandJudetheObscure.
2.TessoftheD’Urbervillies
characters:Tess,AlecD’UrbervilliesandAngelClare
Chapter6BernardShaw
Chapter8ModernisminPoetry
1.I
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