《大学综合英语》课件-Unit 9

TheDamnedHumanRaceGroupMembers:

TheBriefIntroductionoftheBankgroundInformation

Thetextistakenfrom

LettersfromtheEarth.LettersfromtheEarthisaposthumouslypublishedworkofcelebratedAmericanauthorMarkTwain.ItcomprisesessayswrittenduringadifficulttimeinTwain'slifewhenhewasdeeplyindebtandhadrecentlylosthiswifeandoneofhisdaughters.Thecontentconcernsmoralityandreligionandstrikesasarcastic—Twain'sowntermthroughoutthebook—tone.TheStructureoftheTextPartⅠ（Para.1—3）Theauthorstatesthethesisandintroduceshisscientificexperiment.PartⅡ(Para.4—9)Theauthoranalyzesvarioustraitsanddispositionsofhumanbeingsincontrasttothe“higheranimals”.PartⅢ(Para.10—17）Arguringwithpeoplewhobelieveinman'ssuperiority.PartⅥ(Para.18)Theauthorarrivesataconclusion,humanbeingshavedescendedanddegenerated.TheDetailedInformationabouttheSecondPart(1)Manistheonlyanimalthatdealsintheatrocityofatrocities,War.(2)Manistheonlyanimalthatrobshishelplessfellowofhiscountry;(3)Manistheonlyslaveandtheonlyanimalwhoenslaves;(4)ManistheonlyPatriotwhoonlyworksfor“theuniversalbrotherhoodofman”withhismouth;(5)ManistheonlyReligousAnimalthatloveshisneighborashimselfandcutshisthroatifhisthelogyisnotstraight;(6)Manisnotareasoninganimalandintruth,manisincurablyfoolish.GenreoftheText

Thisisathought-provokingessaythroughwithscientificexperiments.Narrowmodernessayistodiscussandcriticizebuthasmainlymeantasaliterarystyle.Itisdapper,satirical,humorous,barbedwriting.Itcastigatestheugly,pointsoutproblems,explorestruth,andanalysesthelife.Thegoodessayislikethe“dagger”or“spears”.Mark

TwainBriefintroductionFamilybackgroundLifeexperienceRepresentativewriterofAmericanRealismFigureevaluationContentsBriefintroduction

Name:SamuelLanghorneClemensPenName:MarkTwainDateofbirth:November30,1835Dateofdeath:April21,1910Status:Americanauthor,humorist,oratorAchievement:TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)anditssequel,AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1885),thelatteroftencalled“theGreatAmericanNovel”FamilyBackgroundBirthplace:Florida,MissouriFamily:aVirginianfamilyHehadsevenbrothersandsistersHewasthesixthofhisfamilyHisfatherwasalocallawyerLifeexperienceIn1839:HisfamilymovedtoHannibal,MissouriIn1847:Hisfatherdiedofpneumonia(肺炎)In1848:becameaprinter’sapprenticeIn1851:workedastypesetterandcontributorIn1853:leftHannibalandworkedasaprinterIn1854:camefromSt.LouisonthepacketKeokukandlivedinMuscatineIn1857:wentbacktoMississippiandworkedasalicensedMississippiriver-boatpilotIn1859:receivedhissteamboatpilotlicenseIn1865:succeededasawritherforthefirsttimeIn1867:hadatriptotheMediterraneanIn1868:beingofferedhonorarymembershipIn1870:gotmarriedIn1876:wroteTheAdventureofTomSawyer《汤姆索利亚历险记》In1881:wroteThePrinceAndThePauper《王子与贫儿》In1883:wroteTheLifeOnTheMississippi《密西西比河上》In1884:wroteAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn《哈克贝利芬历险记》In1896:hisseconddaughterdiedIn1904:hiswifediedIn1910:diedonApril21,1910RepresentativeWriterofAmericanRealismTheme:thelowerstrataofsocietyWritingtechniques:1、theoriesoflocalism（地方主义）2、colloquialstyle（口语体）FigureEvaluation“ThegreatestAmericanhumoristofhisage”“ThefatherofAmericanliterature”DarwinandHisRevolutionTheoryTwoparts：1.AbriefintroductiontoDarwin2.ThetheoryofevolutionDarwin，1809-1882BritishnaturalistandevolutionarybiologistThefounderofDarwinismFatherofmodernbiology1809:CharlesRobertDarwinwasborninShrewsbury，Shropshire，England1825-1827:asanapprenticedoctorintheUniversityofEdinburghMedicalSchool1828-1831:Christ‘sCollege，Cambridge1831-1836:thevoyagelastedalmost5years1855:begantowritesomethingabouttheevolution1859:hepublishedhisbookOntheOriginofSpecies1882:diedandburiedinWestminsterAbbey,closetoNewton,hewasoneofonlyfivenineteen-centurynon-royalpersonagesfromtheUKtobehonoredbyastatefuneral(国葬）thevoyageroutethetheoryofevolutionDarwin'sTheoryofEvolution1.Briefintroduction2.Threefeaturesofevolution3.InfluenceDarwin'stheoryofevolutionisalsocalledDarwinism.Itisabouttheideathatallplantsandanimalsdevelopgraduallyfromsimplertomorecomplicatedformsbynaturalselection,whichistheprocessthatonlyplantsandanimalsthatarenaturallysuitableforlifeintheirenvironmentwillcontinuetolivewhileallotherswilldie.ThePremise——alllifeisrelatedandhasdescendedfromacommonancestorNaturalselection——actstopreserveandaccumulateminoradvantagesgeneticmutations（变异）Aslowgradualprocess——naturalselectionactsonlybytakingadvantageofslightsuccessivevariantions;Itcannevertakeagreatandsuddenleap,butmustadvancebyshortandsure,thoughslowsteps.Influence:theinfluenceofthisevolutionarytheoryuponscientificthoughtsandexperimentationcannotbeoverestimated.IntheyearsfollowingthepromulgationofDarwin'stheoryofevolution,manyacceptedandmanydenieditsvalidity.Foratime,evolutionsimetimesfalselyinterpretedasmeaninghumandescentfrommonkeysratherthandescentfromanancientandextinctancestor,becomesatargetfromattackbybothreligiousandeducatuonalauthorities.Nowadays,modernevolutionarytheorycontinuestodevelop.

Columbus—Oneofthegreatestnavigatorinlast15thcenturyColumbus

Columbuswasbornin1451inGenoaofItaly.Hewasoneofthegreatestnavigatorinlast15thcentury.ThefarthestcountrieshereachedwereIcelandandGuinea.Columbus1.Atthattime,manyEuropeancountriesbecamestrongerandstronger.TheirshipsreachedAfricaandAsia.Theygotgold,silver,silk,teaandotherthingsfromtheorient.ColumbuswantedtomakeanotherwaytoChinaandIndia.2.OnAugust2,1492,ColumbusleftSpainandbeganhisfirstvoyage.Hehadthreeships.Aftertwomonths’hardsailing,onOctober12,theygottoanislandintheBahamas.OnOctober29,theyreachedCuba.Butafewdayslater,oneofhisshipsleftthem.AndonDecember25,hisflagshipsunk.Fortunately,theshipthatleftthemrejoinedhisagain.TheywentbacktoLisbononMarch4,1943.3.Althoughtheydidn’tgettorichorientcountriesandsoughtbackwealth,theyfoundanewplacethatnobodyhadgoneto.ColumbusthoughtitwasIndiaandcalledtheislandstheWestIndias.Columbus’sdiscoveryhasbecomeanewbeginningforthedevelopmentandcolonizationofAmerica.ThispromotedthedevelopmentofEurope,butitledtothedestructionoftheNativeAmericanIndians.IndianMassacreInthehistoryoftheEuropeancolonizationofNorthAmerica,anatrocitytermed“Indianmassacre”wasaspecificincidentwhereinagroupofpeopledeliberatelykilledasignificantnumberofrelativelydefenselessorinnocentpeople.2.Peoplewereattacked,burned,andwomenwereraped.GaiusJuliusCaesar(100BC-44BC)AgeAchivements/Positions18Woninacivilwar20Gotacorolla(花冠）becausehisbravery）26Flamen(祭司）28MilitaryTribune(军事保民官）31Theofficeoffinance33Syndic、Thegrandjustice40ConsuloftheRepublicofRome56Dictatorperpetuns(终身独裁官）HisconquestofGaulextendedtheRomanworldallthewaytotheAtlanticOcean,andhewasalsoresponsibleforthefirstRomaninvasionofBritainin55BC.GallicWars(高卢之战）between58Bcand51BCaaggressivewaragainstGaul(高卢）toenlargethecontinentandaggrandizehimselfHistroopbecamestrongerandgotlotsofwealthThreeoverlordsformedanalliance(三头同盟）PompeiiCaesarAksuraCaesar’sCivilWarIn50BC,theSenate,ledbyPompeii,oederedCaesartodisbandhisarmyandreturnedtoRome.PompeiimanagedtoescapebeforeCaesarcouldcapturehim.In48BC,hefefeatedPompeii,atthebattleofPharsalus.AssessmentCaesarwasapoliticianandgeneralofthelateRomanRepublic,whogreatlyextendedtheRomanEmpirebeforeseizingpowerandmakinghimselfdictatorofRome,pavingthewayfortheimperialsystem.

HumanRaceHumanoriginallyevolvedfromdryopithecine(森林古猿）Fourdevelopmentstages:Archaicapeman早期猿人（190--160万年前）

Latestageape-man晚期猿人（150--24万年前)EarlyHomoSapiens早期智人(约20--5万年前）

Latehomosapiens晚期智人（5--1万年前)TheImportantFeaturesofthedifferencetstagesArchaicapeman：theyhadthebasiccharacteristicsofmankind,whichcouldwalkstraightlyandmakesimplegraveltoolsLatestageape-man:thesizeofbrainandbodieswererelativelylarge,theycouldmaketheoldstonetoolsandstartedtousethefireEarlyHomoSapiens：theygraduallyshiftedawayfromtheape'scharacter,butgotclosetomodernpeople.Latehomosapiens:theyweretall,andthesizeofbrainwaslarge.