腐败治理廉政管理中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)CombatingCorruptionandManagingIntegrityinMalaysia:ACriticalOverviewofRecentStrategiesandInitiativesAbstractTheGovernmentofMalaysiahasmadecontinuouseffortsandputinplaceanelaboratesetofstrategiesandinstitutionsaimedatcombatingcorruptionandpromotingintegrityinthesociety.Thenation’santi-corruptiondrivehaslatelyreceivedamajorboost.TheBadawigovernmentthatcametopowerin2003following22yearsoftheMahathireradeclaredcontainingcorruptionasitsmainprioritywhichwasfollowedbyaseriesofconcretemeasures.However,thegovernmentalattemptsandstrategiesinMalaysiaappeartohavemetwithlittlesuccess,asevidencedbythecurrentdatathatsuggestsentrenchedcorruptioninthesociety.Evidenceshowsthatdespitegovernmentalcampaignsandinitiatives,corruptionhasremainedacute,widespreadand,infact,worsenedinrecentyears.Thispaperpresentsacriticaloverviewoftheanti-corruptionstrategiesbeingfollowedinMalaysiaandexplorestheproblemsandlimitationsofthecurrentapproachtofightingcorruptionandmanagingintegrityinthesociety.KeywordsCorruption.Publicintegrity.Governance.Politicization.PatronageandMoneypoliticsIntroductionAlthoughcorruptionisnotanewphenomenon,latelyithasbecomeamatterofgrowingconcernallovertheworld.Thisispartlybecauseofthechangingeconomicandpoliticalenvironmentaroundtheglobeandpartlybecauseofthegrowingconsensusinbothacademicandpolicycirclesofthenegativeimpactsofcorruptiononsocio-economicdevelopment.Nowthereisafargreaterappreciationthaninthepastthatcorruptionisnotonlymorallywrong,itexactsaheavytollonanation’sprosperity.Corruptionunderminesgoodgovernance,distortspublicpolicy,leadstomisallocationofresourcesandhurtseconomicgrowth(Bardhan1997;Rose-Ackerman1999).Consequentlygovernmentsandinternationalagencieshavedivertedmucheffortssearchingforeffectivemeasurestocontrolthismenace.Thishasproducedavarietyofstrategiesandinstitutionalinnovationsaroundtheworld.ApopularchoicehasbeentheestablishmentofastrongandcentralizedanticorruptionagencymodeledalongthelinesofthoseinSingaporeandHongKongwithclearmandatestoconfronttheproblemsofcorruption.Elsewhere,amultipleagencyframeworkhasbeenadoptedwhichinvolvescreatingand/orstrengtheningofanti-corruptioncapacitiesacrossseveralgovernmentalagencies(Meagher2005).Buttheresultsachievedarefarfromuniform:whilesomecountrieshaveachievedconsiderablesuccessincontainingcorruption,othershavefailedtomakesignificantheadwaysdespitehavingfollowedsimilaranti-corruptionreformsandstrategies.Attemptstodrawlessonsforpolicytransfershaveproveddifficult(Klitgaard1988;Quah2003)giventhedifferencesinthecontextsandahostofotherfactor.Thusthereisagenerallackofagreementonwhatapproachesworkandwhatexplainsthesuccessandfailureofanticorruptionstrategies.Notwithstandingthis,combatingcorruptionorpromotingintegrityhasbecomeamajorcomponentofgovernmentalreformsinmanycountries.Malaysiaisnoexceptiontothisrule.InappreciationofthesignificanceofgoodgovernanceforsustainedeconomicgrowthandprosperitygenerallytheMalaysiangovernmenthasreneweditscommitmenttofightingcorruption.WhiletheAntiCorruptionAgencywassetupin1967withclearmandates,itwasreformedandrevitalizedsubsequentlytomakeitmoreEffectiveincontainingcorruptionandallformsofmaladministrationinthesociety.Since2003fightingcorruptionhasbeenfirmlyontheagendaofthegovernment:varietyofnewinitiativesandstrategieshavebeendevisedandimplementedeversince.Takentogether,Malaysiahasanelaborateanti-corruptionframework.YetMalaysiapresentsaninterestingcase:thelevelofcorruptionhasremainedhighandtheplethoraofstrategiesandtherecentcampaignsappeartohavemadehardlyanydifferenceincontainingandCombatingcorruptioninthesociety.ThispaperpresentsacriticaloverviewofMalaysia’santi-corruptionstrategieshighlightingsomeoftheirdrawbacksandlimitations.Itbeginswithabriefreviewoftheliteratureoncorruptionandanti-corruption,whichisfollowedbyanoverviewofinstitutionalstrategiesandrecentinitiativesforcombatingcorruptionandmanagingintegrityinthesociety.“Explainingtheresults:limitationsoftheanti-corruptionstrategies”providesananalysisoftheinadequaciesandlimitationsofthecurrentapproachtofightingcorruptionandmanagingintegrity.Finally,theconcludingsectionofthepaperoutlineskeylessonsandpolicyimplicationsforbolsteringtheeffectivenessofanti-corruptiondrivesandstrategies.Developmentssince2003Since2003corruptionhasbecomeacentralissueinMalaysia’spoliticaldiscourse.Soonafterhistakeoverofpower,PrimeMinisterAbdullahAhmadBadawideclaredfightingcorruptionashisfirstpriority.Thiswasfollowedbyaseriesofinitiatives—believedtobeanintegralpartofgovernment’santi-corruptioncampaign.TheintroductionofNationalIntegrityPlanin2004representsamajoreffortmadebyhisgovernmenttowardspromotingacultureofintegrity.TheNIPprovidesacomprehensiveframeworkforpromotingethicsandintegrityinthesociety.GearedtowardsinstillingandnurturinganethicalcultureandintegrityatalllevelsoftheMalaysiansocietytheNIPisexpectedtofocusonindividuals,family,privatesector,publicadministration,socio-culturalagencies,NGOsandpoliticians(GOM2004).TheMalaysianInstituteofIntegrity(MII)wasestablishedinordertoprovideaframeworkthatwouldsupporttheeffectivecoordinationandimplementationofNIP.ChairedbytheChiefSecretarytothegovernmentandgovernedbyaBoardofDirectorstheMIIisresponsibleformonitoringandcoordinatingtheimplementationofNIP.TheMIIisalsoresponsiblefordevisingappropriateindicestomeasureperformanceinachievingNIPtargets,preparingannualreportsonMalaysianIntegritysystemandinorganizingconventionsofstakeholderstodebateintegrityissuesseekingnewandinnovativewaystomoveforward.Asafurthereffortaimedatstrengtheninganti-corruptiondrivestheBadawigovernmentlaterestablishedtheAntiCorruptionAcademy.In2004theAbdullahgovernmentintroducedanotherschemedesignedtocomplementtheongoingeffortsforenhancingpublicintegrityinMalaysia.KnownasIslamHadari(civilizationalIslam)itisacomprehensiveframeworkwhichseekstopromoteanintegratedandbalanceddevelopment,consistentwiththetenetsofIslam.Itisessentiallyastate-sanctionedprogramofsocialengineering;itemphasizes,amongothers,thedevelopmentofknowledgeableandpiouspeoplewhoarehonest,trustworthyandarepreparedtotakeonglobalchallenges.FaithandpietyinGod,avigorouspursuitandmasteryofknowledge,ajustandtrustworthygovernment,culturalandmoralintegrityareamongtheleadingprinciplesofIslamHadari(JKIM2005).Suchprinciplesareexpectedtoguidetheindividualsaswellasorganizationsthusprovidingaframeworkfortheformulationofpoliciesandstrategiestowardsgoodgovernanceandresponsibleadministration.ItisobviousthatMalaysiahasputinplacecomprehensiveanti-corruptionstrategiesinvolvinginstitutional,legalandnormativeaspects.Thesestrategiesalsocombinepreventiveaswellaspunitivedimensions.Takentogetherwithwatchdogbodies,educationalandsocialawarenessprogramsandadministrativeinnovations,Malaysiaprovidesanelaborateframeworkfordealingwithcorruptionandissuesofpublicintegrity.Theobviousquestionis:howeffectivearesuchdrivesandstrategies?InarecentsurveyconductedbyTransparencyInternationaltherespondentshavearguedthatlittleimprovementshavehadoccurredinthefightagainstcorruption.Nearlytwo-thirdsoftherespondentsfromthemembersofthepublicbelievedthattherehavebeennoimprovementsinthelevelsofintegrityandTransparencyinbothpublicandprivatesectors.Aseparatesurveyoncorporatemanagersrevealedthatsome47%paidorknewsomeonewhopaidbribesinthepast12months(InternationalHeraldTribune,5March,2007).Thepolicewasrankedasthemostcorruptdepartmentfollowedbyotherenforcementagenciessuchasroadsandtransportandcustomsdepartment.Themagnitudeofcorruptionintheenforcementagenciesisevidentfromtheconfessionofaformerpolicechiefwhorevealedthat40%oftheseniorpoliceofficerscouldbearrestedwithoutinvestigation—strictlyonthebasisontheirlifestyles(AliranMonthly,11,2007).Theroyalcommissiononpoliceformedearlierbythegovernmentalsomadesimilarobservationsaboutthemagnitudeofcorruptionwithintheagency.ConcludingobservationsThispaperrevealsthatalthoughthereisanelaborateinstitutionalframeworktodealwithcorruptionandthegovernment’santi-corruptioncampaignhasbeeninplacesince2003,theoverallsituationinMalaysiahasbeenfarfromsatisfactory.Inotherwords,theinstitutionalmeasuresandgovernmentalstrategieshavefailedtohavesignificantimpactsoncorruptioninthesociety.Varietyofmeasuresintroducedisclearlyvisible,buttheireffectivenessisfarlessevident.Thisismoresowiththerecentmeasuresandinnovationssomeofwhicharestillattheearlystageofimplementation.Whilegovernmentalinitiativesmadeduringpastdecadesaregenerallyviewedfavorably,thereisafeelingthattheyfellshortofwhatwasrequiredtomakeanti-corruptionbodieseffectiveandcredibleintheeyesoftheN.A.Siddiqueepeople.ThepapershowsthatinsteadofstrengtheningtheexistinginstitutionsandenhancingtheircapacitytoactaseffectivewatchdogagenciesthegovernmentofMalaysiahasoftentakenthepathofestablishingnewinstitutionsandstrategies.TheleadershipinMalaysiaappearstobeefficientinimportingnewmodelswithalltheirinstitutionalwrappingsandjargonsbutpoorineffectiveimplementationandtheirsubsequentconsolidation.Theexperiencewithnumerouspublicsectorreformsconfirmsthis.Throughoutthe1990sand2000sthepublicserviceinMalaysiahasadoptedarangeofmeasuresmanyofwhichhavealreadyfallenwaysidegiventhecurrentemphasisone-government.TheBadawigovernmentcametopowerwithaslogantostampoutcorruptioninthesocietyhashardlymadeanymajordeparturefromthepastinthisregard.Reformsandchangesitintroducedhaveremainednarrowlyfocused;nosignificantmovehasbeenmadetoeithertorectifythedefectsofthepoliticalsystemortoaddresstheweaknessesoftheexistinginstitutionsforenhancingtheireffectiveness.Hardlyanythingsubstantivehasbeendoneintermsofstrengtheningdemocraticinstitutions,auditandoversightfunctions,freedomofmedia,accesstoinformationandthelike.Suchfailurescoupledwithpoliticalcorruptionandslacksintheenforcementoflawsandregulationshaveunderminedthegovernment’santi-corruptiondrivestoalargeextent.ThepapershowsthatthecurrentleadershipiseitherunableorunwillingtotacklepoliticalcorruptionfortherulingUMNOitselfisenmeshedinsuchculture.Thusthepoliticalwilltofightcorruptionhasremainedlowandhalf-hearted.Thepaperarguesthatitisthisweaknesswhichlargelyexplainsotherdeficienciesincludingthehandicapsoftheexistinginstitutionsandthenon-enforcementorselectiveenforcementofexistinglawsandregulations.OnesilverlininghoweveristheestablishmentofMACC.Despitesomeobviouslimitations,theestablishmentoftheMACCcouldberegardedasastepintherightdirection—althoughitremainstobeseenifthereformedstructurecanmakeanymajordifference.Thisbringsustosomeimportantquestions:doinstitutionsmatter?WhatlessonscouldbedrawnfromtheMalaysianexperience?AkeyargumentofthepaperisthatthatcurrentinstitutionsandstrategiesinMalaysiahavefailedtohavedesiredimpacts.ThepaperalsoshowsthatthedeterioratingcorruptionsituationinMalaysiaisdue,amongothers,tothedefectsofthecountry’spoliticalsystems,culturesandinstitutions.Inawaythissuggeststhatoldpoliticalinstitutionsandcultureslastlongandthattheycontinuetoshapeandconstrainnewpoliticsandreforms.Thusinstitutionsareimportantandtheydomatter!However,asthepaperdemonstrates,theintroductionofnewinstitutionalmeasuresisnotenough;infact,thisisnotwhatMalaysianeedsurgently.Institutionsarenecessarybutnotsufficientconditionsforeffectiveanti-corruptiondrives.Forinstitutionsdonotworkinavacuum,theymustbesupportedwithfavourablepolicycontexttoenablethemtoplaytheirroles.Therefore,whatisimportantisacomprehensiveapproachwhereanti-corruptioneffortsfocusbeyondinstitutionaltools.Arobustgovernanceframeworkcanbolsterthecapacityandeffectivenessofinstitutionstoalargeextent.Anti-corruptiondrivesandinstitutionsareunlikelytomakemuchheadwayifbasicconditionsofgoodgovernanceareabsent.Thereisgreaterneednowthananytimebeforeforafreemedia,freedomofinformationactandwhistleblowerprotectionlaws.ItisalsoimportantthattheOfficialSecretsActisrepealedtoensuregreatertransparencyinCombatingCorruptionandManagingIntegrityinMalaysiapublicadministration.CertainlyMalaysiacannotbeatransparentsocietyifthetransparencyanddisclosureofinformationispunishableunderthelaw.Objectivesofcombatingcorruptionandmanagingintegritywillremainlargelyillusiveaslongasfactorslikemoneypolitics,patronagenetworksandfusionofrolescontinuetobethekeyfeaturesofMalaysia'spolitico-administrativeculture.Sincetheeffectivenessofanti-corruptiondrivesisfrustratedbyhighlevelcorruptionconcertedandrobusteffortsarerequiredfortacklingit.Mostimportantly,thereisaneedtochangethepublicperceptionabouttheseriousnessofthegovernmentinfightingcorruptionmakingita‘highriskandlowreturnactivity’.Withoutthis,newinstitutionsandlawsareunlikelytobearmuchfruits.马来西亚的反腐斗争和廉政管理：近期战略和举措一种批判性概述摘要为了打击腐败实行廉政管理，马来西亚政府已经作出了不断的努力，投入了一系列精心设计的的策略和机构。近年来，马来西亚政府反腐败运动也得到了很大的推进。巴达维政府在2003年掌权后宣布在随后的22年的马哈蒂尔时代，腐败依然是优先考虑的问题，接下来也会有一系列具体措施。但是，马来西亚政府的尝试和策略似乎少有成效，这已经被目前的数据证明，当前数据显示社会中的腐败仍根深蒂固。又有证据显示，尽管政府进行了反腐活动，也开展了相关举措，腐败仍然是严峻的、广泛存在的，并且事实上在最近几年出现恶化。本文对马来西亚政府采取的反腐策略进行了一个批判性的概述，同时探讨了当前政府打击腐败和实行廉政管理中存在的问题和局限。关键词腐败公共廉政治理政治化贿赂和金钱政治绪论尽管腐败并不是一个新现象，但最近它已成为一个世界各地日益关注的问题。这一部分是因为世界经济和政治环境的变化，另一部分是因为公众对贪污腐败给社会经济造成负面影响的共识在不断增加。现在，我们比过去更加深刻地了解到腐败不仅仅只是腐蚀道德文明，它对一个国家的繁荣也造成了严重的损害。腐败破坏善政及公共政策，导致资源分配不当，损害经济增长(Bardhan1997;Rose-Ackerman1999).因此各国政府和国际机构努力寻找有效的措施来控制这种威胁。这就产生了世界上各种各样的策略和制度创新。最受欢迎的模式是模仿新加坡和香港，建立强大和集中式的反腐机构，发布明确的指令直击腐败问题。在其他地方，一种多机构框架已被采用，这种框架涉及在在几个政府机构间创建和/或加强反腐能力(Meagher2005)。但各个政府机构在反腐上取得的效果各异：一些国家在遏制腐败上取得了极大的成功，而其他国家尽管实行了类似的反腐败改革和策略，但却没有重大突破。由于背景的差异和一系列其他的因素，想要借鉴其他国家的政策被证明是很困难的(Klitgaard1988;Quah2003)因而，对于哪些方法是可行的，哪些是可以解释反腐败策略的成功和失败，大家都缺乏一致的意见。尽管存在这种现象，打击腐败和促进诚信已成为许多国家政府改革的一个重要组成部分。马来西亚也不例外。在感激善政带来的经济持续增长和普遍繁荣的同时，马来西亚政府也已重申了其打击腐败的决心。尽管于1967成立的反腐败机构（ACA)有其明确的目标，但是为了使它在遏制当代社会的腐败和各种形式的行政失当上发挥更大作用，ACA后来也经历了不断地改变与革新。自2003以来，反腐败斗争一直都在政府的议程中：从此以后，各种举措和策略就层出不穷。总的来说，马来西亚有一个详细的反腐败框架。但是它也向我们展示了一个有趣的现象：马来西亚的腐败程度仍然很高，近期的策略和活动在反腐败斗争中几乎没有带来任何反响。这篇文章即是对马来西亚反腐败策略的缺点和局限性的批判性概述。本文首先是对腐败和反腐败文献做简要回顾，然后是对为进行反腐败和实行廉政管理战略而施行的机制和新近创举的概述。接着通过"解释结果：反腐败策略的局限性"这一部分，分析当前治理反腐败和廉政管理方法的不足和局限性。最后,文章在结语部分概述了加强反腐机制和策略有效性的重要经验和影响。马来西亚廉政建设机制、策略和影响2003年以来，腐败已成为马来西亚的政治中的一个中心话题。自总理阿卜杜拉·艾哈迈德巴达维上台后，他就宣布把打击腐败作为他首要任务。随后，他也进行一系列的举措这些举措被认为是政府反腐败运动的一个组成部分。2004年的《全国诚信计划》（NIP）的引入也表明了他领导的政府在促进诚信文化方面所作的重大努力。NIP为促进道德和社会诚信的提供了一个全面的框架。为向马来西亚社会的各个阶层的人们传递和培养道德文化，NIP将着重关注个人、家庭、私营部门、公共行政、社会文化机构、非政府组织和政治家这些个人，群体。为了提供一种框架以支持NIP的实施和有效协调其他措施，马来西亚诚信研究所得以成立。由政府的政务司司长领导，由董事会管理，马来西亚诚信研究所负责监测NIP的执行情况。诚信研究所也负责制定适当的指标来衡量国家诚信计划的完成情况、准备马来西亚诚信系统的年度报告、组织利益相关者参与讨论诚信问题以寻求新的解决方式，推进工作。为进一步加强反腐败机制，巴达维政府随后建立了反腐败学院。在2004年，阿卜杜拉政府推出了另一项计划，作为当前努力的补充，以加强马来西亚公共廉正建设。这项被称为文明伊斯兰教的计划，提供了一个全面的框架，旨在促进社会和谐均衡发展，它也符合伊斯兰教义。文明伊斯兰教计划本质上是一个经国家批准的社会工程；它首要强调对那些知识渊博的、虔诚的并准备迎接全球挑战的人的培养。信念，虔诚，渴求掌握知识，一个值得信赖的政府，文化以及诚信文明，这些都是伊斯兰教的主要教义。人们认为这些教义可以用来指导个人和组织行为，以此为制定政策法规和旨在建立一个良性的责任型政府的战略提供框架。很明显,马来西亚实施了全面反腐败策略，这些包括体制建设、法律和规范性文件的颁布。这些策略还结合了预防和惩治措施。