石油和天然气勘探中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)OILUNDERICEDETECTION:WHATISTHESTATE-OF-THE-ART?Abstract.SincetheexplorationforoilandgasintheCanadianandUSarcticcommencedintheearly1970s,aneedhasbeenidentifiedtodeveloptechnologytodetectoilunderice.Bothelectromagneticandacousticsensorshavebeentried,butapracticalfieldinstrumenthasnotbeenidentified.Mostproposedsystemsrequirethattheequipmentbeoperatedfromtheicesurfaceinordertogetadequatecouplingand,forsomesystems,thesnowmustberemovedfromtheice.Formanyicesituations,surfaceaccessisdifficultandposesaseveresafetyissue.TworecentspillsinAlbertaused“hightechnology”iceaugerstodetectthepresenceofoilundertheice.Somepotentialnewtechniquesarediscussedandthebasicprinciplesoftheiroperationdescribed.Keywords:arctic,oilspillresponse,oilinice,detection1.IntroductionThedetectionofoilundercontinuousicecoverhaspresentedoneofthemostdifficultchallengestotheoil-spilltechnologicalcommunityforthepasttwodecadesandthereisstillnooperationallyprovensystemavailable.Dickins(2000)underthesponsorshipoftheUSMineralsManagementServiceconductedanexcellentreviewofthestatusofoil-under-icedetectionandthispapercomplementsthisreviewwithamoredetailedanalysisofsomesystems.Dickinsidentifiedmanyfalsestartconcepts,whichwillnotbediscussedinthispaper.Inordertodeterminethedesignofasuitableoil-under-icedetector,thevarioussituationsunderwhichoilmaybefoundunderacontinuousicesheetneedtobeconsidered.Theoilmustcomefromasub-surfacereleasesinceanysurfacereleasewouldeitherbeontheicesurfaceorinaleadorotheropeningintheice.Potentialsourcesofsub-surfaceoilarealeakinapipeline,theleakagefromasubmergedtankorvesseloranaturalseep.Oilwhentrappedundericedoesnotspreadrapidlyorcoveralargeareaduetonaturalroughnessoftheice-waterinterface(Rosenegger,1975).Thesituationisanalogoustooilspilledonland,ratherthanthemoredynamicsituationofoilonwater.Unliketheoil-on-watersituation,theprobablelocationofthesourceoftheoilcanbewelldefinedspatially,sothesearchfortheoilisoverarelativelysmallconfinedarea.Dependingonthetimeofyear,theicemayjustbeforming,beinarapidgrowthphase,beessentiallystaticorinabreak-upsituation,sothattheoilmaybeonthesurfacesurroundedbyicefloes,attheice-waterinterfaceorinthesheet.Inthefirstandlastcase,traditionalremotesensingtechniquescanbeusedtodetecttheoil.Whentheoilisattheice-waterinterfaceorincorporatedintheicesheet,newoil-under-icedetectionsystemsarerequired.Thebasicmodeofdetectionmaybedifferentforthetwosituations.2.ExistingTechnologyThesignalassociatedwiththedetectionofoilundericemaybeduetodielectricoracousticimpedancedifferencebetweentheoilandtheice,orbyachangeinthesurfaceroughnessoftheoil-iceinterface.Theroughertheinterface,themoretheprobingsignalisscatteredandhencetheweakerthesignalreturnedtothereceiver.Thisisthebasis,forexample,ofthedetectionofoil-on-waterusingradar.Theinterfaceroughnesshasbeendirectlymeasuredusingamouldsystemdeployedbydivers(Goodmanetal.,1987)andfoundtoberoughatspatialscalesofmetersandroughnessvaluesofseveral.Theoilreleasedundericefillstheroughnessfeaturesandgeneratesasmoothinterthewater,whichcanbedetectedusingeitheracousticorelectromagneticsensors.2.1.MECHANICALSYSTEMSTheonlyprovenandwidelyusedtechnologyistodrillaholeintheiceusinganiceauger,achainsaworsimilarmechanicalsystem.Whilethisistimeconsumingandisasinglepointmeasurement,itworks.Inordertoincreasetheproductivityofsuchunits,theycanbemountedonasmallsnowvehicletoincreasetheircoverage,butconsiderationmustbegiventotheadditionalsafetyconcernsofusingsuchequipmentonicesheetsofunknownthickness.Usinghand-heldsystems,icethicknessesgreaterthanaboutameterandahalfaredifficult.Someexperiments(Dickinsetal.,2005)havebeenconductedonthedetectionofthevapourfromtheoilthatwouldpermeatethroughtheiceandbetrappedonthesurface.Whilethissystemworkedwellinthelaboratoryenvironment,itwouldbeverydifficulttoimplementinatypicalcoldweatherenvironment.Thissystemisverytimeconsumingtoinstallandthetimeforeachmeasurementtookseveralminutes.Thereissomeevidencefromfieldexperimentsthatverylittleevaporationoccursunderanicesheet,sothepresenceofvapoursinthelaboratoryexperimentmaywellbeanartefactoftheexperimentalsituation.Theelectromagneticbandextendsfromlong-wavelengthradiowavestoX-rays,andincludesthevisiblebandandradar.Variouspartsoftheelectromagneticspectrumhadbeentriedforthedetectionofoilunderice,includinglow-frequencysystemsatabout100kHz,variousformsofradarfrom100to1,000MHz,andthevisiblebandeitherdirectlyorbydetectingthefluorescenceoftheoil.Whilethereissomevariationofthedielectricconstantwithfrequency,thevaluesofTable1aretypical.Itiseasyforelectromagneticradiationtobetransmittedfromtheairtoeithertheiceortheoil.Thereflectionattheoil-iceinterfacewillbeweak,buteasilydetectedprovidedthesensorhasanadequatedynamicrange.Therewillbeastrongreflectionattheinterfacewiththewater.Aswithanysensingpackage,thespatialresolutiondependsonthewavelength(andpulselengthforpulsedsystems).Thereareanumberoflow-frequencyelectromagneticsystems,whichuseinductiontodetectsurfaceandsub-surfaceanomalies.Thesesystemstypicallyoperateatfrequenciesbelow100kHz(wavelengthsofgreaterthan3,000m).Attheselargewavelengthsthespatialresolutionispoorandwhilesuchsystemshavebeenprovenusefulforsea-icethicknessmeasurements,itisunlikelythatthisgroupofsensorswoulddetectoileitheriniceorattheice-waterinterface(Kovacsetal.,1995)Groundpenetratingradar(GPR)systemsareroutinelyusedtodeterminesub-surfacestructuresandoperateatfrequenciesbetween300and1,000MHz.Inordertoachievegoodspatialresolution,mostGPRsystemsuseahighbandwidthantenna(lowQ)andproduceashortchirpsignal(MoorcroftandTunaley,1985).MostofthecurrentlyavailableGPRsystemsaresurfacebasedandrequiregoodcouplingbetweentheunitantennaeandtheice.Sincesuchsystemsareroutinelycommerciallyavailable,theyareveryattractivetobeusedasanoil-under-icedetector.Therehavebeenanumberofexperiments,bothintestbasinsandinthefieldtotesttheabilityofthesesystemstouniquelydetectoil-under-ice.Themainproblemisbothsignalstrengthanddynamicrange,since,dependingonthevalueofthedielectricconstantoftheoil,thereflectedsignaldifferencebetweenoilandiceis0.5–7%asopposedtothenearly100%attheice-waterinterface.Thus,thereceivermustbesensitivetosmallvariationsinsignalstrengthtoseetheoil-iceinterface,whilenotbeingoverloadedbythereturnfromthewater.Oldersystemslackedthis.dynamicrangeandtheice-oilsignalwasmaskedbythewaterreturn.Theelectronicsusedbymorerecentdesignshaveabetterdynamicrange,andDickinsetal.(2005)haverecentlyusedsuchasystemtoevaluateanoil-under-icedetectioninatestbasinusingureaice,andsubsequently(Brandviketal.,2006)inanexperimentintheNorwegianArctic.Thetestbasinexperimentsusedextensivesignalanalysisinordertoidentifythepresenceofoilunderice,whichobscureswhatpropertiesoftheinterfaceareactuallybeingdetected.Theuseofureaice,whoseelectricalpropertiesaredifferentfromnaturalice,furthercomplicatestheinterpretation.Thefielddatafrom2006isstillbeinganalyzed.Formorethanadecade,radio-echoingsoundingsystemsoperatinginthesamefrequencybandastheGPShavebeenusedtomeasureglaciericethicknessfromanairborneplatform(Figure7).ThesesystemshaveamuchnarrowerbandwidthandbeamwidththanatypicalGPSsystem,butofferthepotentialtoremotelydetectoilunderice.SincethesesystemshaveamuchlowerspatialresolutionthantheGPS,alargerareaofoil-under-icewouldberequiredforareasonabletestoftheunits’capability.Nosuchfieldstudieshavebeenundertaken.石油冰下检测:什么是最先进的?摘要：在二十世纪七十年代早期，石油和天然气勘探在加拿大和美国的北极开始需要被确认开发技术来检测油冰下。电磁和声学传感器都已经试过了,但是一种实用的现场仪表未被认定。大多数提出设备系统要求从冰操作表面以得到足够的吻合。雪必须清除收成。对于许多冰的情况下,获得表面是困难的,并且引起严重的安全问题。最近的两科学家用“高科技”的冰augers在冰中检测出油的存在。以下对一些潜在的新技术进行了讨论,并给出了其运作的基本原则进行了阐述。关键词:北极地区、溢油应急、油冰雕,检测1．介绍检测油在持续冰盖呈现一个最困难的挑战oil-spill科技团体在过去的20年里,在没有操作系统提供证明的条件下。Dickins(2000)的倡议下美国矿物质管理服务进行了一次优秀的评论冰下石油检测的现状,本文对这次评估予以补充一些更详细的分析系统。鉴别出了许多概念,是不能进行了探讨。为了确定合适的冰下石油探测器,在各种情况下找到的油都可以在连续冰层得到验证。石油必须来自地下释放，因为任何表面释放可能会在冰面上的铅或其他地方的冰上。我的潜意识认为原油管道的泄漏,漏液容器或容器淹没或自然渗透。石油在被困的冰下不会传播的很快，还会覆盖大面积由于自然寒冷的温度冻住接口(Rosenegger,1975年)。这种情况是类似于石油泻在陆地上,而非水油的动态情况。不像水下石油的情况、可能的来源位置石油可以空间的定义时,测试的效果,所以寻找石油是在一个相对小的封闭区。根据一年开始的时候情况,冰也许仅仅是在快速发展阶段才能从根本上出现静态或解体情况,因此,表面上的油都可以被浮冰接口或冰水接受。在最初与最后的情况下,传统的远程传感技术可以用来检测石油。石油是在冰水接口或纳入冰层,是新冰下石油检测系统所需要的。模式的基本目标有两种情况不同。2．已有的技术相关的信号检测油冰下可能是由于声阻抗差异。绝缘体是油和冰,或改变的表面粗糙度原油冰接口。这个界面,愈粗糙的时候探测信号弱,因此分散信号回到了接收机。这是依据,举例来说,检测水中的石油时使用雷达。界面粗糙度测量是直接使用模具系统部署潜水员(古德曼、苏达权等,1987)并发现粗糙在空间尺度上的价值和表面粗糙度的几个问题。油释放冰下充满粗糙度特点和生成一个光滑的标准水,可以探测到使用的是声、电磁传感器。唯一能够证明的和广泛应用技术是钻出洞口使用一个冰钻、类似电锯或相似的机械系统。尽管这是耗时的,但是一个单点测试——它就成功了。以提高生产力这样的单位组成,他们可以安装在一个小的雪车辆来增加他们的覆盖面,但应当考虑额外的安全问题的时候可以使用这些装备的。在冰原未知的厚度。使用手动系统、冰厚度大于约一米半是困难的。一些实验(Dickins苏达权等,2005)进行了检测,从石油蒸汽渗透到冰或者被困在表面上。虽然这项制度是在试验环境工作下完成,那将是很难以实现在一个典型的寒冷的天气环境。该系统是非常耗时的，安装和时间在每个测定了几分钟。有些证据表明很少从矿场试验,蒸发发生于冰原,所以存在蒸汽在实验过程中很可能是一个艺术和实验