公共管理家庭教育中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)AComparativeStudyonFamilyEducationinAmericaandChinaAbstract:Inalifetime,familyisthefirstschool,inwhichparentsarethefirstteachersforthechildren.Childrenarethehopesofanation,andfamilyeducationistheelementaryeducationforchildren.Therearemanytypesoffamilyeducationintheworldandeachofthemshowsdistinctivefeaturesandiscloselyresponsivetoitsculture.AndAmericanfamilyeducationisthemostfamousoneamongthem.Therearegreatdifferencesintheconceptsofeducation,aimofeducation,methodsofeducationandcontentsofeducationbetweenAmericanfamilyeducationandChinesefamilyeducation.Thisthesiswillcompletethecomparativestudyfromthedifferences,thereasonsandtheresultsoffamilyeducationbetweenAmericaandChina.TheauthorhopestofindasatisfiedfamilyeducationmethodthroughcomparingthedifferencesbetweenAmericanfamilyeducationandChinesefamilyeducation.Atthesametime,theauthorhopesthisthesiscanprovidesomehelpfulsuggestionsforfamilyeducationinordertomakechildrengrowmorehealthilyandroundly.Keywords:familyeducationchildrendifferenceseducationforall-arounddevelopmentOutline：1.Introduction2.DifferencesbetweenChinesefamilyeducationandWesternfamilyeducation2.1Theconceptsoffamilyeducationaredifferent2.2Theaimsoffamilyeducationaredifferent2.3Themethodsoffamilyeducationaredifferent3.Thereasonsforthedifferencesmentionedabove3.1Differenthistoricalbackground3.2Differenteconomicform3.3Differentsocialconditions3.4Differenttraditionalculture4.ConclusionIntroduction:Familyeducation,schooleducationandsocialeducationarethethreebigandindispensablepropsofeducation.Theyareplayinganimportantpartinthewholeeducationalcause.Homeeducation,however,holdsamoreessentialpositioninthedevelopmentofapersonwhichiscloselyrelatedtotensofthousandsoffamilies’vitalbenefitsandurgentneed.Inthemodernsocietyincreasingattentionhasbeenpaidtofamilyeducation,makingitbecomeahotspotofsociety.Throughouttheages,scoresofintelligentmenhastakengreatdelightinthefieldofhomeeducation,andquitesubstantialprogresshasbeenachievedgenerationaftergeneration.Ingeneral,familyeducationmaintainsagoodmomentumofadvancement;andithasalreadybeenbroughtintothefocusofpeople.Butitiscannotbedeniedthatweakpointsstillexistinfamilyeducation.Nowadays,numerousproblemsemergefromfamilyeducation,especiallyinChina.ChineseandWesterntraditionalhomeeducationarebothgreatdealofdiversity.Thefamilyeducationisundertheinfluenceoftraditionalculture.Chinesesocietyattachesgreatimportancetofamilyeducation.China’srichculturaltraditionsofeducationincludeexcellentingredientsinhomeeducation.WhilewiththedevelopmentofeducationandtheintroductionofWesterneducationalthoughts,Chineseparentsshowalossofhelplessnessfacingthetraditionalandmodernthoughts。Becauseofthis,it’snecessaryforustocompareChineseandwesternhomeculturefromallaspects.DifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternfamilyeducation1.Theconceptsoffamilyeducationaredifferent.ThedifferenteducationconceptsbetweenAmericaandChinaleadchildrentoreceivedifferenteducation.InChina,manyparentsonlycareaboutwhetherthechildrenhaveapromisingfuture,agoodjob,agoodlifeornot.Basedontheseexpectations,themajorityofparentsfeelthattheirresponsibilityfortheirchildrenistocreateasgoodconditionsaspossibletheycansothatthechildrenwillnotworryaboutanythinginthefuture2.Chineseparentswouldliketoprovideeverythingwhattheycanfortheirchildrenintheprocessofchildren’sgrowth.Inshort,theywouldliketosacrificeanythingiftheirchildrencanlivebetterwiththeirhelp.Therefore,intheprocessofchildren’sgrowth,themostimportantthingtheparentsconcerningistodeveloptheirchildren’sintellect,exceptforcaringchildren’sdailylife.Inordertomaketheirchildrenhaveagoodperformanceinstudy,becomeoutstanding,orevenbecomeafamouspersoninthefuture,Theywouldnotletchildrendoanythingexceptstudying.Contrastively,Americanparentsgenerallybelievethatthegrowthofchildrenmustrelyontheirownstrengthandexperiences.Basedonthisconcept,mostAmericanparentsemphasizemoretotraintheirchildren’sabilityofindependenceoncetheyarebornbecausetheythinkthatchildrenshouldformaself-supportingwillandthecapacitytoliveindependentlysincetheirchildhood.Andthecapacitycomesfromthetrainingintheearlyage3.Inthefilm《GuaShaTreatment》4,thereisascenethatDatongorderedhissontoapologizetohisboss’ssonwhenhissawhissonwasfightingwithhisboss’sson.What’smore,heslappedhissoninthefacewhenhissonrefusedtoapologize,whichgavehisbossacquireashock.Hisbossbecameconfusedwhythefatherwouldshowtheregretbystrikinghisson.Thissceneandtheboss’sconfusionreflectthedifferentconceptsbetweenthetwocountries.TraditionalChinesefamilyeducationemphasizekindheartednessandbedience5,sowecansaythatChineseparentslikeDatonginthefilmalwayswanttomodeltheirchildren.Onthecontrary,Americachildrenhavemorerightsofautonomybecausetheirparentsemphasisonjusticeandfreedomintheprocessoffamilyeducation.2.TheaimoffamilyeducationisdifferentTheaimoffamilyeducationistofosterthechildrentogrowinsomedirectionbyfamilyeducation.Itistherestrictivefactorforthedirectionoffamilyeducation,decidingthegeneraleffectofit.Sotheaimoffamilyeducationisthecoreoffamilyeducationandthefundamentalreasonforthedifferencesbetweenthetwocountriesonfamilyeducation.Thereisanessentialdifferencebetweentwocountries’aimoffamilyeducation,withtoexpectthechildtobecomeanoutstandingpersonageandtohopethechildtobeancomprehensiveandindependentpersongivingexpressionstothedifference.TomostChineseparents,theaimisexpectingtheirchildtobea“dragon”,whichis“wangzichenglong”inChinese.ButAmericanparentstakehopingthechildtobeamanofabilitywhichis“wangzichengren”inChineseastheiraim.ForChineseparents,theiraimistodoanythingtosupporttheirchildrentogethighmarks.Whatformsapparentcontrasttoitis,Americaparentsgivetheirchildrenmoretrainingaboutimprovingabilities.Theytrytotraintheirchildrentohavetheabilityofadaptingtoenvironmentalvarietyandtheabilityoflivingindependently.3.ThemethodsaredifferentbetweenAmericaandChina.Thedifferencesofconceptsandaimcausethechildrentobetaughtbydifferentwaysandmethods.InChinesefamily,affectedbyChinesetraditionalculture,parentseducatechildrenby“control”and“seal”type.Therearethreetipsforit(1)Chineseparentsprepareallthingsfortheirchildrenindailylife.InChinesefamily,childrendon’thavetodoanyhousework.(2)Chineseparentsprotectthechildrentoexcessinsocialactivities.Manychildrenarepreventedfromexposuretotheouterworldbecausetheirparentsworryaboutchildren’sbeingaffectedbybadthings8.(3)Chineseparentshavearatherstrictattitudetowardchildren’sstudy.Parentsregardthegradesastheonlystandardforfuturesuccess.“TasksSea”strategyisoftenusedinstudy.Chinesechildrenaretiredofdoingmanyextraexercises.SoChinesechildrenspendmoretimeinstudyingthandoingotherthings.WhataboutAmericachildrenLet’stalkaboutthefamousfilm《ThePacifier》9.Inthefilm,itmaybeunconscious,butShaneWolfehadletthekidsmastermanyskillsbytrainingthemduringthetimewhenhecaredthem.SoAmericanparentsbringuptheirchildrenbythemethodof“lettinggo”but“notindulging”toexercisechildren’sabilitiesofindependentliving.4.ThedifferentcontentsoffamilyeducationbetweenAmericaandChina.Thedifferencesoffamilyeducationbetweenthetwocountriesarealsoreflectedinthecontentsoffamilyeducation.AlthoughthecontentsofChinesefamilyeducationcanalsodividedintomoraleducation,intellectualeducation,physicaleducationandartisticeducation,intellectualeducationhasbeenthemostimportantonesincetheygotoschool.However,thecontentsofAmericanfamilyeducationisabundant,whichpaymoreattentiontotheharmoniousdevelopmentoflanguage,emotion,knowledgeandsoon.Itistheso-called“educationforall-arounddevelopment10”.Ⅱ.Thereasonsforthedifferencesmentionedabove:1.DifferenthistoricalbackgroundChinawithalonghistoryhasasortofcohesiveandconservativesenseofworth,whichislackofspiritofadventureandinnovativeconsciousness.Thereisashortageofenvironmentinwhichpeoplecanacceptnewideas.Bycontrary,Americaisanationofimmigrantswithashorthistory,thereremainssolittletraditionalculture.Withtheinfluenceofmulticultureandsenseofworth,itiseasytoacceptnewthoughtsandculture.SoAmericachildrenarebetterattakingrisksandinnovating.2.DifferenteconomicformChinahasalonghistorywithalargepopulation.Therefore,therearesofewopportunitiestofindajobevenagoodjobwhichcandecideone’slifehappiness.Andgettinghighmarkshasbecomeanecessaryconditiontohaveagoodjobandfuture.TheconditionofeconomyinAmericaisbetterthanthatinChina,sotherearemoreemploymentopportunitiesinAmerica.Americanparentsthinkprofessionisnotdistinguishedwhetheritisnobleornideringaslongastheycansurviveinsociety.3.DifferentsocialconditionsSofar,socialsecuritysystemandold-agecarehavenotbeenperfectinChina.ManyChineseparentstaketheirchildrenastheirprivatepossessioninordertoreceivethechildren’sreturn,whichisreflectedinthemethodsofeducation.Forthisreason,theirchildren’shighscoreshavebecometheiroriginofpride.ButinAmerica,thereisaprosperdevelopmentofeconomyandsanesocialsecuritysystem,soAmericanparentsdon’tcountontheirchildren’ssupport.Theyseeeducatingchildtobeanindependent,conscientiousandkindheartedpersonastheirduties.4.DifferenttraditionalcultureInChina,peopleadvocatecollectivismwhichemphasizesthecollectiveinterestsmoreimportantthanpersonalinterests.Therefore,Chineseparentsusuallyreplacechildren’sinterestsbytheirownwillsandthoughts.Theydesignchildren’sfuturestandingintheadultangle.What’smore,inChinesefamily,parentscanraisetheirchildreninthelifetime.However,stressingpersonality,upholdingindividualdevelopmentandcaringaboutpersonalbenefitareallthecoresofAmericanculture.RationalisticAmericanparentsinsistthatchildrenafter18yearsoldshouldbeindependentandnotrelyontheirparents.Ⅲ.TheresultsoftwodifferentkindsoffamilyeducationTheresultsoffamilyeducationinthetwocountriesalsodisplayobviousdifferencesbecauseofthedifferencesofeducationconcepts,aim,methodsandcontents.Thesearemainlyreflectedinfiveaspects.1.AbilityofadaptingtothesocietyMostAmericanchildrencanadapttothesocietymoresmoothlythanmanyChinesechildren.Theycanfaceandovercomesetbacksmoreeasily.2.AbilityoflivingindependentlyComparedwithindependentAmericanchildren,Chinesechildrenhaveparticularlymuchrequirementsandstrongdependence,andtheyalwayswanttogetothers’care.3.InterpersonalrelationshipsAsaresultofparents’overprotection,Chinesechildrenhavefewabilitiesofpersonalinteraction.Americanchildrenareoppositeatthispoint.4.ResponsibilityofsupportingtheoldGenerallyspeaking,ManyAmericanchildrenlackthesenseofresponsibilitytosupporttheirparentsincomparisonwithChinesechildren.5.TherelationshipamongfamilymembersAsawhole,therelationshipamongChinesefamilymembersismoreharmonythanthatamongAmericanfamily.TherelationshipofChinesefamilyisveryclose,butinAmerica,familymemberslooklikeseparateindividuals.Ⅳ.DiscussionsandSuggestions14:Inthisthesis,itisonlyagenericcomparativestudyonfamilyeducationinAmericaandChina.Ofcourse,thereisalsodistinctivenessonit.Inaddition,comparedwithChinesefamilyeducation,Americanfamilyeducationalsohasitsobviousshortage.SotheaimofthisthesisisnottotallytorepudiateChinesefamilyeducationorwhollytoacceptAmericanfamilyeducation.Intheend,bythecomparativestudyonfamilyeducationinAmericaandChina,thewriterwantstocausereformideasofChinesefamilyeducationinordertoimproveChineseeducationlevel.Accordingtoourcountry’sspecialcircumstances,thenumberofone-childfamilyisbecominglarger,sofamilyeducationmustbeimprovedintheprojectofeducationalreformanddevelopmentandfamilyeducationmustbecombinedwithschooleducationandsocialeducation.Therefore,itisnecessarytochangetraditionalfamilyeducationideas.(1)Chineseparentsshouldeducatetheirchildreninsocialenvironment,inotherwords,theyshouldnotonlyteachtheirchildrentheknowledgeofsurvival,butalsotheresponsibilitiesforthesociety.(2)Chineseparentsmustcultivatetheirchildren’sconsciousnessofindependence,self-support,cooperationandthespiritofcaringforothers.(3)InChina,educationforall-arounddevelopmentshouldbevigorouslyadvocatedandimplementedeffectively.(4)MuchcanbelearnedfromeachotheronthewaysoffamilyeducationforAmericaandChina.Inaword,familyeducationisveryimportant.Withthedevelopmentofsociety,allaspectsoffamilyeducationneedstobeimproved.Epilogue:ThisisthefirsttimeformetowritethesisinEnglish,andIhaven’thadenoughknowledgeandexperience,sotheremustbesomeshortcomings.Iwillappreciateitthatmyteachercanbekindenoughtopointthemistakesandhelpmetocorrectthem.Inthemeantime,IwillstudyhardtoknowmoreaboutfamilyeducationinAmericaandChinaandmakegreaterprogressinthefuture.References:1.《OnculturedifferencesinChina-U.SFamilyEducation》GaoweiliangWangliyan（《TheAgeOfScience》2006.11）2.《Familyeducationpresentsituationofpreschoolchildren(revisededition)》.LishenglanTheEastChinanormaluniversitypress.3.《EnlightenmentonfamilyeducationinAmerican》（《ResearchandpracticeofEducation》2005.04）4.《GuaShaTreatment》Zhenxiaolongdirector5.《ComparisonbetweenChineseandAmericanfamilyeducationofdifferentculturaltraditions》Tangmei（《Theworldeducationinformation》2007.4）6.《OnthedifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericanfamilyeducation》Zengzhilan（《JournalofTaiyuanNormalUniversity》(SocialScienceEdition)2006.1）中美家庭教育对比研究摘要：家庭是人生的第一所学校，父母是第一任教师。儿童是一个民族的希望，而家庭教育对儿童来说是最初等的教育。家庭教育是人生中关键的环节，人人都很重视。世界上有许多种不同的家庭教育方式，而且每一种方式都呈现出与之文化相关的独具特色的特点。其中美国的教育最为著名。针对中美家庭教育，我们可以看到存在很大的差异，中美家庭教育在教育观念、教育目的、教育方法和教育内容上都存在着许多显著的差异，本文将从中美家庭教育的差异、差异产生的原因以及不同结果等三个方面开展对比研究。关键字：家庭教育孩子差异素质教育引言家庭教育、学校教育以及社会教育是教育中必不可少的三大组成部分。他们在整个教育事业中起到非常重要的作用。然而，家庭教育在一个人的发展中占据了更加重要的地位，这和成千上万个家庭的重大利益和紧迫需要密切先关。在现代社会，家庭教育已经引起了很大的重视，家庭教育业因此成为了社会的热点问题。长久以来，有智慧的人的分数在家庭教育领域占据了很大的比重，并且在一代又一代的发展中取得相当大实质性的进步。总的来说，家庭教育正保持着一种好的发展态势；并且已经顺利地进入人们的视野。但是不可否认的是家庭教育中仍然存在很多很多问题。现如今，家庭教育，尤其是中国的家庭教育已经出现了很多问题。中国和西方传统的家庭教育都存在很大的不同。两种家庭教育也正受到传统文化的影响。中国社会非常看重家庭教育，中国丰富的教育文化传统包括家庭教育中优秀的部分。然而随着教育的发展以及西方文化思想的引入。中国的父母在面对传统及现代教育思想时显得有些无助。正因为如此，就需要我们从各方面对中西方的家庭教育做一个比较。家庭教育是一个人成长过程中的关键环节，孩子所接触到的第一个环境是家庭，父母是他们的第一任老师，家庭是他们的第一所学校，所以家庭教育是孩子成长、发展的基础，是孩子走向社会的桥梁，无论实在中国还是在美国，这一点都是不容质疑的。但是，对于中美家庭的教育，确实存在很大的差异，那么应该如何对待这一差异呢？我们不能绝对的说谁好谁坏，而是要用客观的眼光加以评价。对此，我们应该想美国借鉴，取其之长，补己之短。一、中美家庭教育的差异（一）教育观念的差异中美教育观念的差异决定了两国孩子所受教育的不同。在中国，家长往往着眼于孩子的未来，他们更注重孩子是否能找个好工作，能否在顺境中度过一生。基于这种期望，大多数中国父母认为他们的主要职责是尽他们所能为孩子创造优越的条件让孩子过上更好的生活。在孩子的成长过程中，父母为孩子做各种事情。简言之，如果能让孩子生活得更好，他们愿意做出任何牺牲，因此，在孩子成长中，父母除了关心孩子的日常生活外只关注发展他们的智力。基于学习好才能有个好未来的立场，除了学习他们不允许孩子做任何事情。对比来说，美国家长一般认为孩子的成长必须依靠自身的力量和经历，因此他们从孩子出生起就注重培养和锻炼孩子，他们的着眼点在于培养孩子具有适应各种环境和独立生存的能力。在电影《刮痧》中有这样一个场景：一位中国父亲大同在看到自己儿子与他的外国老板的儿子打架的时，让他的儿子向老板的儿子道歉，遭到拒绝之后给儿子一个耳光。但这一幕却让他的老板感到特别吃惊，很迷惑为什么一个父亲要通过打自己的儿子来表示对别人的歉意？这就是中美两国在家庭教育上存在的一个明显差异。传统的中国家庭教育强调仁爱与服从，所以我们可以看出许多像大同一样的中国家长通常喜欢“塑造”孩子，希望孩子按自己的意愿去发展。正相反，美国孩子拥有更多的自主权，因为美国家长在家庭教育中更注重公正和自由。（二）教育目的的差异家庭教育的目的就是通过家庭教育培养孩子朝着某一方向成长。家庭教育的目的制约了家庭教育的方向，决定其总体效果，所以家庭教育目的是家庭教育的核心，是决定中美两国家庭教育差异的根本原因。中美家庭教育目的存在着本质的差别，中国父母“望子成龙”的期望和美国父母“望子成龙”的希望正好体现了这种差异。对于大多数中国家长来说，“望子成龙”是中国家庭教育中家长毕生的期望，而美国家长更希望自己的孩子成为一个有能力的人。因此，中国家长的目的就是尽全力支持孩子考高分，与之形成鲜明对比的是，美国家长对孩子进行更多的提高能力的培养。他们试图培养孩子适应各种社会环境和独立生活。（三）教育方式的差异不同的教育观念和目的导致了不同的教育方式。在中国，当代教育教育受传统的家庭观念影响，家长对孩子往往实行管束式和封闭式的教育。主要体现在一下三个方面：1.生活上的包办代替。在中国家庭生活中，孩子往往不用做家务。2.社交上的过度保护。不少家长怕孩子吃亏或学坏，于是限制孩子与外界的接触。3.学习上过于严厉。古往今来，应试教育一直深深桎梏着中国家长们的思想，导致家长们把孩子的学习成绩与能否考取高等学府视为孩子成才的唯一标准，所以孩子们经常用“题海战术”，不得不做家庭作业之外的一些练习。所以，中国孩子在学习上花费了更多的时间。美国孩子呢，让我们来探讨一下电影《超级奶爸》。在电影中，尽管可能是无意识的，但是在照顾孩子的过程中男主角培养孩子们学会了很多技巧。所以说，美国家长培养孩子是采用“放手而不放任”的方式进行性的。（四）教育内容的差异中美两国家庭教育之间的差异同样也体现在教育内容上。虽然中国家庭教育的内容可以分为道德教育、智力教育、体育教育和美感教育，但是在学校里最重要的还是智力教育。然而，美国家庭教育的内容很丰富，他们更加注重语言、情绪、知识等的和谐发展。这就是所谓的“全面发展教育”。二、中美家庭教育产生上述差异的原因分析1.不同的历史背景中国历史悠久，文化价值观多是比较内敛和保守的，缺少冒险精神和创造意识，在整体上也缺少一种接受新思想的环境。对于来说，美国是一个历史比较短的国家，旧有的思想文化保留得很少，在多元文化、思想价值观的影响下，能够较快地接受新的思想和文化，因此，他们更多的具有冒险和创新精神。不同是经济形式中国人口众多，就业机会少，就业压力大，找个能决定未来幸福的工作就更难，而考取高中就成为了拥有一份好工作和美好未来的必要条件。美国的经济条件比中国好，所以就业机会也比较多。在美国，家长认为职业不分高低贵贱，只要能在社会立足即可。不同的社会条件到目前为止，中国的社会保障和养老保险制度还不是很完善，许多中国家长为了接受孩子的回报把孩子当做自己的私有财产，在这些教育方式中有所体现。正因为这样，孩子的高分往往成为他们骄傲的资本。而在美国，经济繁荣，社会保障制度健全，所以美国家长不指望孩子的赡养，他们把培养孩子成为一个独立的、有社会责任感和同情心的人作为自己的职责。不同的传统文化在中国比较推崇强调集体利益高于个人利益的集体主义。因此，中国家长往往以自己的意志替代孩子的兴趣，站在成人的角度设计孩子的未来。而且，在中国家庭中，父母可以照顾孩子一辈子。然而，强调个人主义、崇尚个人发展