互联网对舆论和政治的影响外文翻译文献

互联网对舆论和政治的影响外文翻译文献互联网对舆论和政治的影响外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 原文:Weblogs,traditionalsourcesonlineandpoliticalparticipation:anassessmentofhowtheinternetischangingthepoliticalenvironmentHOMEROGILDEZÚÑIGA，EULÀLIAPUIG-I-ABRIL，HERNANDOROJASAbstractResearchhasshownconsistentlythatnewsconsumptionbothonlineandofflineisrelatedpositivelytointerpersonaldiscussion,politicalinvolvementandpoliticalengagement.However,littleconsiderationhasbeengiventotherolethatnewsourcesofinformationmayexertondifferentformsofpoliticalengagement.BasedonsecondaryanalysisofdatacollectedbythePewInternet&AmericanLifeProject,thisarticlecontraststheinfluenceoftraditionalsourcesofinformationonlinewiththatofemergentsources(blogs)inpredictingfurtherpoliticaldiscussion,campaigningandparticipationinboththeonlineandtheofflinedomains.Theresultsshowthattheuseoftraditionalsourcesonlineisrelatedpositivelytodifferenttypesofpoliticalengagement,bothonlineandoffline.Mostinterestingly,thearticlefindsthatbloguseemergesasanequallyimportantpredictorofpoliticalengagementintheonlinedomain.Itsanalysesprovidesupportforthecontentionthatassertsthedemocraticpotentialoftheinternet.Keywords：blogs•internet•politicalparticipation•politicsINTRODUCTIONAdvancesincomputermediatedcommunication(CMC)continuetofeedaburgeoningdebatewithinthesocialsciencesandthehumanitiesovertheprocessoftechnologicalandsocialchange,andtheimplicationsthattechnologyusehasforsocialinteractionaswellasforcommunitylifeoverall.ThisdebatehasbeencharacterizedintermsofutopianversusdystopianviewsofCMC,andhasbeenparticularlyacutefortheinternetandsomeofitsapplications(seeforexampleGraberetal.,2004;KatzandRice,2002).Despiteinitialconcernswiththepossibilitythatcertaincommunicationtechnologieswouldactuallyincreasesocialisolation,asCastells(2001)pointsout,mostofthisdebatetookplaceintheearlystagesofinternetusebeforewidespreaddiffusionofthetechnology,andthereforemostclaimswerenotbasedonasubstantialbodyofempiricalevidence.Asempiricalevidenceaccumulates,theinternetisshowntohavetohadreinforcingeffectsoninformation-seekingandsociability.Recentfindingsconfirmthatcertainwebusescontributetocivicengagementandtrust(Shahetal.,2005),increasedvolunteerism(JenningsandZeitner,2003),enhancedpersonalinteractions(HamptonandWellman,2003),andincreasednewsconsumption(AlthausandTewksbury,2000).Moreinterestingly,itappearsthatthemuchheraldedinformationrevolutionandtheabundanceofinformationfacilitatedbyCMC(Bimber,2003;Rheingold,2002)isnotbasedsolelyonthemigrationoftraditionalnewssourcesonline.Italsooccursviatheemergenceofaninterconnectedopinionspaceofpersonaljournals,orweblogs(blogs),whichstartedinthemid-1990sbutreallygainedtractionaftertheturnofthecentury.By2004,thePewInternet&AmericanLifeProject(seeRainie,2005)estimatedthat8millionAmericanshadcreatedblogs,andthat32millionAmericansreadblogs(a58%increaseinlessthanayear).Bytheendof2008,Technorati(),ablogsearchengine,tracked133millionblogsworldwide,totaling900,000millionpostsdaily.Initialresearchonthistopichasprivilegedblogsasformsofself-expressionandself-presentation(Herringetal.,2004;TrammellandKeshelashvili,2005);however,blogsareportrayedincreasinglyascommunityforums(Nardietal.,2004),politicaloutlets(KerbelandBloom,2005;SweetserandKaid,2008;Trammelletal.,2006b)andasaninteractivespacewithinagivenpoliticalwebsite(Meraz,2007).Thisstudyseekstocontributetotheextantliteraturebyexaminingtheoverallpotentialofbloguseasanantecedentofpoliticalparticipation.Thisarticleproposesthatduetothecapabilityofnetworkedstructurestocomposeanewmorphologyofsociety,modifyingrelationships,economicproductionandpoliticalpower(seeCastells,2001),facilitatinghorizontalcommunicationwhereeveryonepotentiallycanparticipateinthepublicsphere(Castells,2007),blogsmayinfluencethedemocraticprocess.Thereby,blogsmayconstitutethemselvesasanalternativesourceofinformationandpoliticalactionorganization,resultinginincreasedpoliticalengagement.Despitethefactthatnotallblogusersvisitpoliticalblogs(27%during2008,accordingtoPewResearchCentreforthePeopleandthePress,2008),andthatonly3percentofblogpostsatanygiventimecanbeclassifiedaspolitical(seeBlogpulse:/index.html),thedenseinterconnectionofblogs,commonlyreferredtoastheblogosphere(Quick,2002),constitutesapublicspaceofdiscussionandsocialnetworkingwhichcanreshapeorexpandinformationavailability(Tremayne,2007)aswellasthemotivationtoengageinpolitics(Dahlgren,2005).Inlightofthis,itisthegoalofthisarticletoassesstheimpactofbloguseonbothonlineandofflinepoliticalparticipation.RelyingonnationalsurveydatacollectedbythePewInternet&AmericanLifeProjectin2004(),wemodelempiricallytheimpactofbloguseinexplainingonlinepoliticaldiscussionandonlinecampaigning,aswellasotherformsofparticipation,bothonlineandoffline.BLOGSAlthoughthereisnoagreed-upondefinitionofblogs(Thompson,2003),initialdefinitionshavereferredtothemasonlineinteractivejournalsthatfacilitateinformationexchangebetweenusers,or‘bloggers’.Usuallytopicsarearrangedinreversechronologicalorderandinformationisupdateddynamicallybythepersoninchargeoftheblog,orbyotherswhoparticipateinit(Bauschetal.,2002;Weil,2003).Thus,blogscanfunctionaspersonaldiaries,technicaldiscussion,sportscommentary,celebritygossiporpoliticaldiscussionsites,etc.(DreznerandFarrell,2004).Thecontentofbothblogpostingsandblogreaders’commentsisnotnecessarilyeditedbythirdparties,andusuallyreferstoopinions,experiences,factsandquestions(Coleman,2004).Despitethislackofformalediting,ithasbeenarguedthatitiseasierforbloggerstopostcorrectionsorcorrectpostingsthanforanyotheronlineortraditionalnewsoutlet(Bloom,2003),particularlyifonepersonisinchargeoftheblog.Anotherdistinctivefeatureofblogsisthefactthattheyincorporatelinkstootherblogs,webpages,forums,etc.,insuchawaythatblogsbecomeinterconnectedandinterdependent,withsomeofthembecomingcentralintermsofthosetowhichothersarethemostlinked(Bar-Ilan,2005;Coleman,2004;DreznerandFarrell,2004;JohnsonandKaye,2004;Singer,2005;Thompson,2003).Linksaresoimportanttothenotionofbloggingthatsomecallthistheirdefiningcharacteristic(BakerandStromer-Galley,2006;Thompson,2003).Yetthisisbynomeansasingularcharacteristicofblogs;forexample,webpagesandchatroomsalsohavehyperlinks.Inthisarticle,blogsareconsideredtobeinteractive,non-synchronouswebpageswhosehostuploadspostingsthatcenteraroundatopic.Thetopicneednotbenews,orwrittenfollowingthestandardsandpracticesoftraditionalmedia(balanceinviewpoints,fact-basedreporting,etc.).Althoughnotallblogsallowforcommentsonthepostings,blogreaderstypicallyareassumedtobeabletorespondbywritingcommentstobloggers’postingsaswellastootherreaders’comments(althoughthisassumptionisbecomingproblematic,withmoreblogsrequiringregistrationtopostcomments,ornotallowingthematall).Becausemostblogsareunedited,postsrangefromtrivialtoserious;infact,anythinggoes(KerbelandBloom,2005).Thisfeatureincreasesaccesstoblogsbygivingeveryonetheopportunitytoparticipateandexpresstheiropinionswithoutintellectualorpoliticalrestrictions.Moreover,ithasbecomeextremelyinexpensiveandeasytocreateandmaintainablog(Dearstyne,2005;DreznerandFarrell,2004;Jensen,2003),moresothanatypicalwebsite(DreznerandFarrell,2004;ReporterswithoutBorders,2005).Similarly,allthesecharacteristics(includingreducedformality,increasedfreedomandeaseofuse)havemadeblogsintobreakingnewssites,outpacingonlinenewsoutletsandbroadcastmedia(Bloom,2003;Thompson,2003).Studiesaboutblogshavebeencenteredprimarilyonexplainingwhattheyare(Bar-Ilan,2005;Coleman,2004;Dearstyne,2005);theirhistory(Bloom,2003;Jensen,2003);theirmainactivities(KerbelandBloom,2005);howaccessible,navigable,andhoweasytoposttheyare(Trammelletal.,2006b);howtoclassifythem(Dearstyne,2005);andthemotivationstousethem(Herringetal.,2006;Trammelletal.,2006a).Inthe2004presidentialelection,politicalcampaignsexperimentedwithblogsinordertoenergizetheirpoliticalbase;infact,theybecamecommontoolsforpoliticianstocommunicatewithcitizens(Lawson-BordersandKirk,2005),withanemphasisonyoungvoters(Trammell,2007).OneofthemostinterestingexamplesofthistrendwashowHowardDean’sBlogforAmericawasusedtocoordinatecampaignactivities(KerbelandBloom,2005).Initialstudiesofc