高考英语 三步搞定英语长难句 阅读理解满分必备全套

高考英语，三步搞定英语长难句，阅读理解满分必备01、什么是“三长两短一并列”我们先来看两句话：①我是李辉。(IamLiHui.)②我爱你。(Iloveyou.)这两句话中只有"主干成分"而没有"修饰成分"。像这样的句子，中文和英文的"语序"(单词排列顺序)基本是一致的，都是"主-系-表"或者"主-谓-宾"，理解起来非常容易。然而，加上修饰成分后，中文与英文句子之间的语序就会发生变化。来看两个例子：①我是中国的李辉。(IamLiHuifromChina.)②我全心全意地爱你。(Iloveyouwithallmyheart.)从例子中可以看出，修饰成分在中英文中出现的位置是不一样的。而当一个句子中有很多个修饰成分时，该句子就会变得很长，不易理解。例如：AfterchattingwithLauraonthismatterfortwohoursfrom2:00to4:00intheafternoon,Ireturnedtomyoffice.这个句子中含有大量的"介词短语"这种修饰成分。我们给这个句子中的全部介词短语加上括号，该句就会变成：(Afterchatting)(withLaura)(onthismatter)(fortwohours)(from2:00)(to4:00)(intheafternoon),Ireturned(tomyoffice).此时大家便可发现，这个句子虽然很长，但是真正的主干其实只有Ireturned两个单词而已。可见，介词短语正是让英语句子变得又长又难的原因之一！当然，以上几个句子还比较简单（少量介词短语对句意理解的影响不大），但是，当句子中出现更多类似介词短语的修饰成分时，可想而知，由于中英文语序的不同，英文句子会变得"面目全非"，令人难以理解。由此看来，英语中灵活多变的修饰成分正是造成英语句子又长又难的头号罪犯，只要搞定这些修饰部分，就能搞定英语长难句。幸运的是，尽管这些修饰成分数量很多、位置也不好把握，但是，它们的种类却是非常固定的。小编将这些修饰成分总结为"三长两短"。所谓"三长"，就是构成长难句的三种较长修饰成分(即介词短语、从句、非谓语动词短语)；所谓"两短"，指的是镶嵌于句子之中的、会稍稍提高句子复杂度的两种较短修饰成分(即形容词、副词)。而除了"三长两短"之外，另外一个使句子变得复杂的结构就是"平行并列结构"。"平行并列结构"是由一些并列关系的连词(and、or、aswellas等)将句子变长的重要手段。事实上，再长的句子都是由非常简单的主干成分（主干成分的基本语序和中文语序一致，此外还有若干与中文语序不一致的"特殊句型"，如therebe句型、Itisadj.forsb.todo句型、倒装句型、强调句型等等）再加上这"三长两短一并列"而组成的。02、含义，结构及标记方法如果把句子的主干比作树干，那么修饰成分就可以比作繁茂的枝叶。若能把这些枝叶都标记出来，主干自然就清晰了。标记时，只需按照句子顺序，一个挨一个做出标记即可。不过在此之前，我们要先学会每一种成分该从何处标起，又从何处结束。下面小编分别对"三长两短一并列"进行具体介绍，并给出的每一种成分的标记方法。03、“三长”1.介词短语【定义】从介词开始到名词结束、表达一个独立的完整的含义的结构。【起止标识】标记介词短语时，要从介词开始到介词之后的第一个名词终止。如：athome、intheschool、inthebeautifulpark、duringmyhappychildhood、overthelastfewyears、forthreeweeks【例句】

(Afterchatting)(withLaura)(onthismatter)(fortwohours)(from2:00to4:00)(intheafternoon),Ireturned(tomyoffice).2.从句【定义】从句是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which、if、although等关系词引导的非主句部分。【起止标识】标记从句时，一定从关系词开始，到以下四种终止。①到句尾终止，如：LiHuiisateacher(whoteachesEnglish).②到句中的逗号终止，如：(WhenIwasyoung),Ilistenedtotheradio.③到下一个修饰成分终止，如：IwillinviteYaoMing(whowasatopbasketballplayer)toBeijing.(toBeijing是介词短语，属于另一个修饰成分，故从句的标记在此处终止)④到下一个谓语动词终止，如YaoMing(whowasatopbasketballplayer)isstudyinginShanghai.3.非谓语动词短语【定义】非谓语动词是指动词在句子中"不是谓语"时的几种变化形式，主要包括动词不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)三类。非谓语动词不能独立作谓语，而是充当句子的其他成分。由非谓语动词开头的、表示一个独立、完整的含义的结构叫做非谓语动词短语。【起止标识】标记非谓语动词短语时，一定是从动词不定式(todo)、动名词(doing)或分词(现在分词doing或过去分词done)开头，到以下四种情况终止。①到句尾终止，如：LiHuiisateacher(teachingEnglish).②到句中的逗号终止，如：(ToimprovemyEnglish),IoftenlistentotheEnglishradio.③到下一个修饰成分终止，如：Jackwalkedintothehall,(waving)totheaudience.(totheaudience是介词短语，属于另一修饰成分。)④到下一个谓语动词终止，如：We,(singingahappysong),rodetoschool.04、两短1.形容词【定义】形容词是指用来修饰名词的单词，往往带有-ous、-y、-ful、-able等后缀。【常见位置】①一般置于名词之前，如abeautifulpark。②修饰不定代词(something、anything、nothing、somebody、anybody、nobody)时置于不定代词之后，如"一些有趣的事"应译为somethinginteresting。2.副词【定义】副词用来修饰形容词、动词等词，往往带有-ly等后缀。【常见位置】英语中，副词的用法比形容词灵活得多。①可置于整句之前，如：Unfortunately,hefailedtomakeit.②可置于整句之后，如：Theteachergreetshisstudentsindividually.③可置于"助动词、系动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前"，如：Theprincesslooksextremelybeautifultoday.Heimmediatelysawtheblackcat.(实义动词之前)Hehasundoubtedlyfalleninlovewiththeprincess.(助动词之后，实义动词之前)Hecanhardlyspeakanything.(情态动词之后，实义动词之前)④可置于形容词或副词之前，如：Thereisanextremelybeautifulgardeninourcampus.从上面的分析可以看出，虽然英文中形容词和副词的在句中的位置和中文略有不同，但一般情况下，它们较短且易于辨识，对句意理解影响不大，因此在给修饰成分做标记时，形容词和副词可不标记。05、平行并列结构1.定义并行并列结构是指由并列词将两个或两个以上含义相似、结构相同的并列项连接起来构成的结构。2.标记方法给平行并列结构做标记的要求是：给并列词加方框，给并列项加下划线。标记时要先找到并列词，然后再找并列项。在标注形如AandB的平行并列结构时，应先找B(即右并列项)后找A(即左并列项)。由于英语中的修饰成分往往置于中心词之后，所以A和B两个并列项后面可能各自带有很长的尾巴，形成"A…andB…"的形式，导致A离and相对较远，不易辨认，而B通常离and很近，容易识别。找到B之后，利用A和B结构相同、含义相似的原则，很容易将A确定出来。3.常见并列关系英语中可以并列的成分有很多，读句子时要注意识别到底是谁跟谁并列。①名词并列：Iliketheboxplacedonthedeskandtheflowersinyourhand.②形容词并列：Mr.Smithisakind,patientandknowledgeableEnglishteacher.③副词并列：Youaresupposedtoanswerthefollowingquestionsquicklyandaccurately.④谓语动词并列：WiththeInternet,peoplecannotonlyplaycomputergamesbutalsodoonlineshopping.⑤介词短语并列：Andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeopleandforthepeopleshallnotperishfromtheearth.⑥从句并列：

I'vefinishedreadingthebook(whichiswrittenbyMoYan)and(whichyoulentmelastmonth).⑦非谓语动词并列：Singingandlaughing,weheadedtothepark.⑧整句并列：Thechildrencangowithusortheycanstayathome.动词的时态和语态专练1.Jack(work)inthelabwhenthepowercutoccurred.2.I(read)halfoftheEnglishnovel,andI’lltrytofinishitattheweekend.3.Thestudentshavebeenworkinghardontheirlessonsandtheirefforts(reward)withsuccessintheend.4.Thebookhasbeentranslatedintothirtylanguagessinceit(come)onthemarketin1973.5.Thisisthefirsttimewe(see)afilminthecinematogetherasafamily.6.It was raining lightly when I(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.7.Moreefforts,asreported,(make)intheyearsaheadtoacceleratethesupply-sidestructuralreform.8.I________(drive)downtoLondonwhenIsuddenlyfoundthatIwasonthewrongroad.9.Susanhadquitherwell-paidjoband(work)asavolunteerintheneighborhoodwhenIvisitedherlastyear.10.Arescueworkerriskedhislifesavingtwotouristswho(trap)inthemountainsfortwodays.11.Since2011,thecountry(grow)morecornthanrice.12.Last year, every employee in our company 

 (offer)a physical examination free of charge.        13.Upon arriving home, Lily found that her husband 

 (prepare)a beautifulcandlelight dinner.     14.I(walk)towardthedoortogooutsidewhensuddenlyJimopeneditunexpectedly.15.ThePalaceMuseumhasputonmanyattractionssinceit________(rebuild)in2017.16.Rentusually________(go)upinthesummer,whencollegegraduatesaremovingoutoftheirdormitoriesandseekingfornewplacestomovein.17.Overthelastfewdecades,economicglobalization________(contribute)greatlytoglobalgrowth.18.WhenIcamebackfrommy10-dayholiday,Ifoundthefishtankwasbrokenandthefish________(die).19.—HowcanIapplyforanonlinecourse?—Justfilloutthisformandwe________(see)whatwecandoforyou.20.Shakespeare’splayHamlet________(make)intoatleasttendifferentfilmsoverthepastyears.21.Thepianist________(develop)aloveformusicwhenhewasalittleboy.22.Iknowlittleabouttheaccidentbecausenotmuch________(say)aboutituptonow.23.Thechurchtowerwhich________(restore)willbeopentotouristssoon.Theworkisalmostfinished.24.—Aretherepairsfinishedyet?—Yes,they________(complete)whenIcamebackhome.25.Ididn’tgetintouchwithDavidyesterday,sincehe________(chair)ameetingwhenIcalled.26.—Wereyousurprisedbytheendingofthefilm?—No,I_______(read)thebook,soIalreadyknewthestory.27.Thiscoastalarea(name)anationalwildlifereservelastyear.28.Iwalkedslowlythroughthemarket,wherepeople________(sell)allkindsoffruitsandvegetables.IstudiedthepricescarefullyandboughtwhatIneeded.29.Uptonow,theprogram________(save)thousandsofchildrenwhowouldotherwisehavedied.30.IttookmealongtimebeforeIwasabletofullyappreciatewhatthey________(do)forme.31.Leaving the less important things until tomorrow

 (be) oftenacceptable.32.Whenfatandsalt(remove)fromfood,thefoodtastesasifitismissingsomething.33.Progress(be)sofarverygoodandwearesurethattheworkwillbefinishedontime.34.Iftheirmarketingplanssucceed，they(increase)theirsalesby20percent.35.ThemomentIgothome,IfoundI(leave)myjacketontheplayground.36.Judyisgoingtomarrythesailorshe(meet)inRomelastyear.37.Teenagers(damage)theirhealthbecausetheyplaycomputergamestoomuch.38.Sofarthisyearwe(see)afallinhousepricesbybetween5and10percent.39.IknowalittlebitaboutItalyasmywifeandI(go)thereseveralyearsago.40.Cathydidn’tgotothecinemawithuslastnight,forshe(do)herhomework.41.Thedoctors______(refuse)tooperateonSambecausehisparentshadnotgivenpermission．42.Johnsayshe’s80yearsold,butnobody(believe)him．43.Ifoundthelecturehardtofollowbecauseit_______(start)whenIarrived.44.—Hi,let’sgoskating.—Sorry,I’mbusyrightnow.I_______(fill)inanapplicationformforanewjob.45.Whenyouarehome,giveacalltoletmeknowyou_________(arrive)safely.46.—DidyouhavedifficultyfindingAnn’shouse?—Notreally.She___________(give)uscleardirectionsandwewereabletofinditeasily.47.—Hi,I’mPeter.Areyounewhere?Ihaven’tseenyouaround.—Hello,Peter.I’mBob.Ijust___________(start)onMonday.48.Havingaglassofwaterfirstthinginthemorninghelpsr