2023年高考英语阅读理解备考策略03 阅读理解之说明文主旨类

专题03阅读理解之说明文主旨类

一.(2022•浙江金华•一模)

Youmayhavenoticedsudden,brieftwitching(抽动)atsomepointwhileyourdogwas

sleepingandwonderediftheyweredreamingorevenexpressingsometypeofdiscomfort.

Theseinvoluntarymovementsonlyoccurduringdreamstatesandusuallydon'tlast

long.Soistwitchingjustanormalpartofdreaming,oraretheretimeswhenyoushould

worry?

Dogssleepanaverageof12-14hourseachday.Whiletheysleep,adog'sbrain

processesinformationandexperiencesfromthedaythroughdreams.Twitchingisoften

relatedtoactivedreamcyclesinthebrain.

AccordingtoresearchbypsychologistStanleyCoren,anaverage-sizedogwilldream

aboutevery20minutes,andthesedreamswilllastaboutaminute.Largerbreedshavefewer

dreamsthatlastlonger-aboutevery45minutesfor4minutes.Theoppositeistruefor

smallerbreeddogs;theywilldreamaboutevery10minutesforupto30seconds.

Dogsexperiencethesamedreamstagesashumans,includingnon-rapideyemovement

(NREM),short-wavesleep(SWS),andrapideyemovement(REM).DuringtheREMstate,

adog'seyesmovearoundbehindtheirclosedeyelids,andthelargebodymusclesare

turnedoffsothedreamisnotphysicallyactedout.Theamountoftwitchingdependsonhow

muchtheseoffswitchescrampmusclemovement.

Ifyourdogsleepsnexttoyou,theymayunintentionallydisturbyoursleepwiththeir

suddenbodymovements.However,itisoftenadvisednottoawakenadogthatistwitching

intheirsleepunlesstheyareclearlyindistress.

Abaddreamornightterrorcouldbethecauseoftheseinvoluntarymovements,and

theymaywakeupfrightened.Trytoavoidtouchingthemsotheydon'tbiteyouasaresult

ofbeingshockedandpanicked.Instead,gentlycal!yourdog'snameuntiltheyrespond.

Speakcalmlyandtellthemthattheyaresafeandsecureaftertheywakeup.Whilethey

appeartobeprettyactiveintheirsleep,dreamingdogsmaybeslowtoawaken.

1.Whichofthefollowinginfluenceshowoftendogsdream?

A.Theirsleepingtime.B.Theirbodysize.

C.Theirdailyexperiences.D.Theirhealthconditions

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“cramp“meaninparagraph4?

A.Stimulate.B.Analyze.C.Restrict.D.Monitor.

3.Whyisitadvisednottowakeupadogtwitchinginsleep?

A.Toavoidbeingbittenbythedog.

B.Toensurethedogadequatesleep.

C.Topreventthedoggettingshocked.

D.Toescapedisturbancefromthedog.

4.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.HowdoesDogs'BrainWork?

B.WhydoDogsDreamatNight?

C.WhydoDogsTwitchinTheirSleep?

D.HowdoesDogs'TwitchAffectTheirSleep?

二.（2022・陕西・铜川市耀州中学模拟预测）

Throughouthistoryscientistshaveriskedtheirhealthandtheirlivesintheirsearchfor

thetruth.

SirIssacNewton,theseventeenthcenturyscientistwasverysmart,butthatdidn'tstop

himfromdoingsomeprettystupidthings.InhislaboratoryinCambridge,heoftendidthe

strangestexperiments.Once,whiletestinghowlightpassesthroughlenses（晶状体），heput

alongneedleintohiseye,pushedittotheback,andthenmoveditaroundjusttoseewhat

wouldhappen.Luckily,therewasnolastingbadeffect.Onanotheroccasion,hestaredatthe

sun,foraslongashecouldbear,todiscoverwhateffectthiswouldhaveonhissight.To

escapesufferingpermanentdamage,hehadtospendsomedaysinadarkroombeforehis

eyesrecovered.

Inthe1750s,theSwedishchemistKarlScheele,wasthefirstpersontofindawayto

producephosphorus（磷）.He,infact,discoveredeightmorechemicalelements,including

Chlorine（氯），thoughhedidn'tgetanyplaceforthem.Hewasaverycleverscientist,buthe

hadastrangehabitoftastingalittleofeverysubstancehestudied.Thisriskypractice

finallycaughtupwithhim.In1786,hewasfounddeadinhislaboratory,surroundedbya

largenumberofdangerouschemicals,anyofwhichmighthavebeenresponsibleforhis

death.

EugeneShoemakerwasarespectedgeologist,hespentalargepartofhislifestudying

craters（陨石坑），andhowtheywereformed,andlatertheresearchintothecommentsofthe

planeJupiter.In1997,heandhiswifewereintheAustraliandesert.wheretheywentevery

yeartosearchforplaceswherecomets（彗星）mighthavehittheearth.Whiledrivinginthe

Tanamidesert,oneofthemostopenplacesintheworld,anothervehiclerushedintothem,

andShoemakerdiedonthespot.Someofhisashes（骨灰）weresenttothemoonbythe

LunarProspector,aspacecraft.andheistheonlypersonwhohasthishonor.

5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"permanent"inParagraph2mean?

A.Brief.B.Slight.C.Lasting.D.Ordinary.

6.WhatdidKarlScheelelikedoingwhenperformingexperiments?

A.Tastingchemicals.B.Stayingintheemptylabs.

C.Experimentingindarkness.D.Workingtogetherwithothers.

7.WhatspecialhonorwasShoemakergivenafterhisdeath?

A.HewasburiedintheTanamidesert.

B.Someofhisasheswereplacedonthemoon.

C.OnecometofJupiterwasnamedafterhim.

D.AspacecraftcarryinghimtravelledaroundJupiter.

8.Thetextismainlyaboutthreegreatscientists'

A.specialhonorsB.greatachievements

C.famousexperimentsD.sufferingintheirresearch

答案

—.（2022•浙江金华•一模）

1.B2.C3.A4.C

（导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了为什么狗在睡觉时会抽搐的现象，

以及如何处理这种情况避免被狗咬伤或惊吓到狗。

1.细节理解题。根据第四段“AccordingtoresearchbypsychologistStanleyCoren,an

average-sizedogwilldreamaboutevery20minutes,andthesedreamswilllastabouta

minute.Largerbreedshavefewerdreamsthatlastlonger-aboutevery45minutesfor4

minutes.Theoppositeistrueforsmallerbreeddogs;theywilldreamaboutevery10

minutesforupto30seconds.（根据心理学家斯坦利・科伦的研究，一只中等大小的狗

每20分钟会做梦一次，这些梦会持续大约一分钟。体型较大的品种的梦更少，持

续时间更长——大约每45分钟做一次，持续4分钟。小型犬的情况正好相反;他们

每10分钟做梦一次，持续30秒广可知，狗的体型会影响狗的做梦频率。故选B。

2.词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“DuringtheREMstate,adog'seyesmovearound

behindtheirclosedeyelids,andthelargebodymusclesareturnedoffsothedreamis

notphysicallyactedout.（在快速眼动状态下，狗的眼睛在紧闭的眼睑后移动，身体

的大块肌肉被关闭，所以梦不会在身体上发生）"以及“Theamountoftwitching

dependsonhowmuchtheseoffswitches”可知，抽搐的程度取决于这些开关对肌肉

运动的限制程度。故画线词意思是呻艮制”。故选C。

3.细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Trytoavoidtouchingthemsotheydon'tbiteyouas

aresultofbeingshockedandpanicked.（尽量避免碰至lj它们,这样它们就不会因为受

惊而咬你）''可知，建议不要吵醒睡梦中抽搐的狗是为了避免被狗咬伤。故选A。

4.主旨大意题。根据第一段“Youmayhavenoticedsudden,brieftwitching（抽动）at

somepointwhileyourdogwassleepingandwonderediftheyweredreamingoreven

expressingsometypeofdiscomfort.（你可能会注意到你的狗狗在睡觉时突然短暂的

抽搐，想知道它们是在做梦，还是在表达某种不适）”结合文章主要解释了为什么狗

在睡觉时会抽搐的现象，以及如何处理这种情况避免被狗咬伤或惊吓到狗。可知，

C选项“为什么狗在睡觉时会抽搐？”最符合文章标题。故选C。

二.（2022・陕西・铜川市耀州中学模拟预测）

5.C6.A7.B8.D

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是科学家们冒着生命危险去寻找真

理。详细介绍了三名伟大的科学家为了探究真理做出的危险实验，甚至奉献了自

己的生命。

5.词义猜测题。根据下文“hehadtospendsomedaysinadarkroombeforehiseyes

recovered.（他不得不在一个黑暗的房间里呆几天，直到他的眼睛恢复。）”由此可推

测是为避免永久性的伤害，故猜测permanent意为永久的,A