法律专业侵权行为中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译TortsLeadinglegalwritersagreethatnoonehassatisfactorilydefinedatort.thisispartlybecausetortsaresocommon,sowidespreadandsovaried.Youarefarmorelikelytobethevictimofatortthanofacrime,andyouarealsofarmorelikelytocommitatortthanacrime.Atortisacivilwrongagainstanindividual.Acrime,ontheotherhand,isanoffenseagainstthepublicatlarge,orthestate.Anautomobiledriverwhocarelesslybumpsintoyourcarinaparkinglotandcrumplesthefenderhadcommittednocrime.Suppose,however,thatafterleavingtheparkinglotthesamedrivergoestoanearbybar,downssixwhiskeys,thencareensthroughacrowdedcitystreetatfiftymilesanhour.Nowhehascommittedatleastthesecrimes:drunkendriving,recklessdrivingandendangeringthelivesofothers.Butunlessheactuallydamagesanothercarorinjuressomeonehehasnotviolatedtherightsofnayindividual.Acrime,then,iswrongfulactagainstsociety.Whenacrimeiscommitted,itisthestate’sresponsibilitytoinvestigate,prosecuteandbeartheexpenseoflegalactingagainstthedefendant,inthecourthandlingcriminalmatters.Atort,ontheotherhand,isanactthatviolatesyourprivateorpersonalrights.Ifyoubelievesomeonehasviolatedyourpersonalrights——buthasnotactedagainsttheinterestsofthepublicasawhole——itisentirelyuptoyoutoseekreliefbysuinghiminthecivilcourts.Ifthepersonwhoyoubelievehaslegallyaggrievedyouisfoundliable——thatis,ifthejudgeorjuryfindsthathedidinfactinjureyouoryourproperty——hemayberequired(a)togiveyoureliefbypayingyou“damages”fortheinjuryorpropertylossyousuffered,(b)todiscontinuehiswrongfulactsor(c)torestoretoyouwhathetookfromyou.Inrarecaseshemaybeimprisoned.Allmonetarydamagesawardedtoyoubythecourtinyoursuitareofcourseyourstokeep.Bythesametoken,thecostofhiringalawyertohandleyourcaseisyourownpersonalexpireswhetheryouwinorlosethecase.Evenadefendantwhowinsmustbearhisownlegalcosts.Ifthetortisalsoacrime,twoseparatelegalactionsconfrontthewrongdoer:yoursandthestate’s.wewilldiscusslatertheeffectoftheseactionsoneachother.Buttheyareindependentofeachother.Atortisusuallycommittedwhensomeoneinjuresyouphysically,damagesormisusesyourproperty,attacksyourreputationwithoutjustificationortakesawayyourlibertyandfreedomofactionwithoutjustcause.Torecoverdamagesforatortyoumustproveeitherthattheactwascommittedwithdeliberateintent(aswhensomeonecirculatedalettercallingyouathief)orthatitwastheresultofnegligence(asinthecaseofthedriverintheparkinglotwhocarelesslyhityourcarwhenhehadadutytodrivecarefully).Inmostcasesyoumustprovethattheactinflictedactualdamageorinjuries.Amaliciousactthatdoesyounoharm,suchasathreattopunchyouinthenoseorashoveinacrowdedsubway,isnotasufficientcauseforlegalaction.Norareyoulikelytorecoverdamagesfromaneighborwhenthehealthy-lookingelmtreeinhisyardcrashesdownonyourroofinawindstorm.Thecrashwasnotsomethingheintended,norwasittheresultofhisnegligence.Apersonwhoisprovedtohavecommittedatorthaveresultedfromhisact.Amotoristwhosideswipesyourcar,causingyoutoserveandhitapedestrian,isresponsiblefordamagesbothtoyou(fortheinjuretoyourcar)andtothepedestrian(forhisdentalexpensesinreplacingthefalseteethknockedortwhenyourcarhithim).Amuggerwhoattacksyouonthestreet,leadingyou,indefendingyourself,toraiseyourumbrellasoquicklythatyouhitapasserby,isresponsiblebothtoyou(fortheshocktoyournervoussystem)andtothepasserby(forthecostofstitchinguphisscalp).Heisalsoguiltyofacrimeandcanbearrestedandprosecuted.Generallyspeaking,anyperson,youngorold,mentallycompetentornot,isresponsibleforhistorts:fortheconsequencesofhisactionstoothersinjuredbythoseactions.Thesamepersonwhointheeyesofthelawisnotmentallycompetenttocommitacrimemaynonethelessbeheldliableforcommittingatort.Almostallemployersareliableforthetortsoftheiremployeesiftheemployeecommittedtheharmfulactduringthecourseofhisemployment.Thelawusuallyholdsanemployerliableforwhathappenswhenhisemployeeiscarryingorthisinstructionsandworkingonhisbehalf.Butnotallemployers——especiallynotgovernmentalones.Thedoctrineofsovereignimmunity——thatthestatecannotbesuedexceptbyitsownconsent——severelylimitsyourrighttosuegovernmentsandgovernmentalbodesforthetortsoftheiremployees.Somepeoplemaynotbeheldliableintortactions.Amongthemarebusbandsandwives.Whoarenotconsideredresponsibleforeachother’storts,andparents,whoarenotusuallyliableforthetortsoftheirchildren.Manypeoplearenotawareofthis.Butifyourten-year-oldsoncarelesslyknocksabaseballthroughastorewindowyouarenotlegallyresponsibleforthecostofreplacingit——despitetheowner’sangryprotests.Thesituationchanges,however,ifaparentknowsthathischildhasdevelopedwhatlawyerscallaviciouspropensitytocommitactsthatinjureotherpeopleortheirproperty.Iftheneighborhoodbullyhasahabitofgoingaroundhittingsmallerchildrenandstoningdogsandcats,andifhisparentsknowabouthishabitualbadbehavior,thecourtmightfindthatitwastheirdutytorestrainandcontrolhim.Iftheyallowhimtocontinueinhisdestructiveways,theymightbefoundliablefordamagehecaused.Inaddition,somestateshavepassedlawsthatdomaketheparentsresponsibleforwillfuldamagecausedbytheirminorchild.Policeofficers,sheriffsandotherpeaceofficersactinginthecourseoftheirofficialdutiesarenotliableintortunlesstheyuseexcessiveforceorexceedtheirauthorityindischargingtheirduties.Thesamegeneralruleappliestomanykindsofpublicofficialsworkingunderactualorevenimpliedordersfromtheirsuperiors.Youcan’tsuetheovereagertaxcollectorwhochargesyouanexcessiverealestatelevy.Youmaypaythemoneyunderprotestandsuetheseniorofficialincharge,orthemunicipality,forarefundofyouroverpayment,butthecollectorissafe.译文:侵权行为主要的法学著作家都同意：谁也没有给侵权行为下过一个令人满意的定义。之所以如此，其部分愿意在于侵权行为司空见惯、比比皆是而又五花八门。人们可能成为侵权行为被害人的机会要比可能成为犯罪行被害人的机会多得多，而人们可能侵权的机会也要比可能犯罪的机会多得多。侵权是对某个人的民违法行为；而犯罪，则是对全社会或对国家的犯罪行为。一位不慎在停车场内碰了你的东西且撞歪了你车上保险杠的汽车司机已经侵犯了你的财产权，但是他没有犯什么罪。可是，假定这位司机在离开停车场后，走进了附近的一家酒吧间，灌下了六份威士忌酒，然后以每小时五十英里的车速在一条交通拥挤的市内马路上曲线驾驶；那么这下子他至少已经犯下了下列罪行；酗酒驾车、开猛车和危害他人生命安全。但是除非实际损坏了他人汽车或伤害了他人身体，他还没有侵犯任何人的权利。所以，犯罪是针对社会的违法行为。只要有人犯罪，国家就有责任侦查，在刑事法院追诉并负担对被告依法起诉的费用。在另一方面，侵权是侵犯他人的私人或人身权利的行为。如果你肯定某人虽已侵犯了你的个人权利却尚无侵犯社会作为一个整体的利益，那么是否要上民事法院去告他以谋求救助，这就全得由你自己来决定了。如果你肯定此人已经在法律上侵犯了你而且应对此负责——这就是说，法官或陪审官认为他确已经侵犯了你或你的财产——那么都可以要求他：（甲因使你受到了人身伤害或财产损而向你给付损害赔偿从而使你在法律上获得救助；（乙）停止其违法行为或（丙）恢复原状。一般他是不会坐牢的。在诉讼上由法院判给你的金钱赔偿，当然全归你所有。日期，不管你胜诉还是败诉，你聘请的律师办案的费用就由你自己支付了。甚至一个胜诉的被告也得担负他自己的法律费用。如果同一个行为既属侵权又是犯罪，那么违法行为就面临两种独立的起诉：以你为原告的诉讼和以国家为原告的诉讼。至于这两种诉讼之相互影响，我们以后再谈。但那是两件互相独立的诉讼。通常侵权行为发生于下列场合：有人伤害你的身体，损害或滥用你的财产，无缘无故地攻击你的名誉或无正当理由而剥夺你的行动自由。为了因他人的侵权行为而请求损害赔偿，你必须证明该行为或系出于故意（如向他人分发通函，说你是贼）或由过失（如在停车场内负有小心驾车之责的司机不慎碰撞了你的汽车）所致。在大多数情况下，你必须证明该行为确已造成现实的损害或伤害，一个无损于你的恶意行为，如有人威胁要揍你的鼻子或在拥挤的地铁里推你一下，那都不是依法起诉的充分理由。同样，如果邻居院子里有一棵看来是劲健有力的榆树在风暴中倒在你的屋顶上，你大半是不能向你邻居要求损害赔偿的，因为榆树之倒下既非处于他的故意，又非他的过失所造成的已被证明是侵权行为者，要对业经证明系因其行为所造成的损害承担责任。一个从你车边擦撞而过，使你曲线避让而撞了行人的另车司机既要对你（因为他碰坏了你的车）也要对行人（因为你的汽车碰掉了他那口假牙，他得花钱请牙科医生另配一副牙）负损害赔偿之责。街道上有一个行凶