刹车制动系统中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译THEBRAKESDon'texpectmiraclesfromtuningonthebrakes-improvement,yes-butnomiracles.Therearetworeasonsforthis.First,theracingdiscbrakesystemhasbeendevelopedtoaveryhighstateindeedsothattherejustisn'talotleftinthelineofpracticalimprovementand,second,wejustdon'tspendverymuchtimeunderthebrakes.Ontheaverageroadracingcircuit,somethinglessthantenpercentofthetimerequiredtocompletealapisspentbraking.Therefore,afivepercentimprovementinbrakingperformance(notbrakeefficiency)wouldnetatheoreticalimprovementinlaptimeofonehalfofonepercentoraboutonehalfsecondina90secondlap.Inactuality,theimprovementwouldbesomewhatlessbecausehumanandpracticallimitationsalwayspreventusfromrealizingthefullpotentialbenefitfromanyperformanceimprovement.Thebigpayoffofawellsortedoutbrakingsystemcomes,notfromanyincreaseinbrakingpoweritself,butintheconfidence,consistencyandcontrolabilitythatitprovidestothedriver.Thisisparticularlytruewhenitcomestocornerentry-entryspeed,placement,precisionandrepeatabilityarealldirectlydependentuponbrakingperformanceandconsistency.Iwouldbeastonishedtolearnofamodernroadracingcarwhichwasdeliveredwithinadequatebrakes.BadlyarrangedorbadlysetupI'mwillingtobelieve,butinadequate-NO.Thisstatementisvalidonlysolongaswedonotchangetiresize,poweroutputand/orgrossweightalloutofproportiontotheoriginaldesign.ItisdefinitelynottrueinthoseclassesofproductionbasedtouringcarandG.T.Carracingwherethesanctioningbody,throughsheerignoranceand/orbloodymindednessprohibitschangestothebrakingsystem.BRAKINGPOWER:WHEREDOESITCOMEFROM?Ittakesanastonishingamountofenergytodecelerateamovingvehicle-infactittakesthesameamountofenergytodeceleratefromonespeedtoanotherasitwouldtoacceleratebetweenthetwospeeds-exceptthatwecandeceleratefasterbecausemostoftheinertialforcesareworkingforusratherthanagainstus.Theactualenergyrequiredtodecelerateourracerisgivenbytheequation:Energy(Ib/ft)=.0335x[(mphmax)2(mphmin)2]xgrossweight(lb).Fora1760Ibcarbrakingfrom150mphto60mphwearetalkingabout.0335x[(150)2_(60)2]x1760=I,I14,344Ib/ft.Nomatterwhatterminologyweuse,thisisahellofalotofenergyabsorbedinaveryshortperiodoftime.SomebodyonceconvertedthebrakingenergyputoutbyaGT40overthetwelvehoursofSebringandcametotheconclusionthatthesameamountofenergycouldsupplytheelectricalrequirementsofafairsizedcityforagoodlyperiodoftime.Sowheredoestheenergycomefrom-whatactuallystopsthecar?Somecomesfromtherollingresistanceofthetires-notmuch,butsome.Anotableamount,atleastathighroadspeeds,comesfromthevehicle'saerodynamicdrag.Alittlebitcomesfromthefrictiongeneratedbetweenthemovingpartsoftheentiremechanism.Mostofit,however,mustcomefromthevehicle'sbrakingsystemwhichconvertsthekineticenergyofvehicleinertiaintothermalenergywhichmustthenbedissipatedintotheairstream-becausewehaveyettofigureoutapracticalmethodtocollectit,storeit,anduseitforpropulsivethrust.Wereallyaren'tveryefficient.Thischapterisdevotedtoinvestigatingthebrakingsystemitself.Weshallconvenientlyignoretheotherfactorswhichslowthecarbecausewhatwereallywanttodowiththemisminimizethemtoincreasetheaccelerationofthevehicle.WHATWECANEXPECTFROMTHEBRAKESWhatexactlyarewelookingforinbrakingsystemperformance?Firstofallweneedabrakingsystemwhichiscapableofdevelopingenoughbrakingforcetoexceedthedecelerationcapacityofthetires-atanyspeedthatthevehiclecanreach-timeaftertime,forthedurationoftherace.Allracingcars,andmanymodifiedproductioncars,havesuchasystem-providedthatitisproperlyinstalled,adjustedandmaintained.Thebrakingeffortproducedmustbedirectlyandlinearlyproportionaltothepedalpressureexertedbythedriver.Further,thedrivereffortrequiredmustbereasonable,pedalpressuresmustbeneithersogreatthatGodzillaisrequiredtostopthecarnorsolightthatitwillbeeasytolockthetires.Thepedalpositionmustbecorrectlymatchedtothegeometryofthedriver'sfootandankle,mustremainataconstantheightandshouldbereallyfirmandhaveminimumtravel.Thesystemmustdeliveroptimumbalanceofbrakingforcebetweenthefrontandreartiressothatthedrivercanmaintainsteeringcontrolunderveryheavybrakingandyetuseallofthedecelerativecapacityofallfourtires.Lastly,thesystemmustoffercompletereliability.Ifthedriverisbrakingasdeepandashardasheshouldbe,anybrakesystemfailurewillinevitablyresultinthecarleavingthecircuit.Whathappensafterthatisuptothemanupstairs.Brakefailureinaracingcaratthelimithastobeexperiencedtobeunderstood.Thisiswhyeventhemostheroicdriversareliabletogivethebrakepedalareassuringtapbeforetheyarriveattheirbrakingmarker.Weneedavehiclesuspensionsystemcapableofdealingwiththeloadsandforcesgeneratedbyheavybrakingwithoutwheelhop,suspensionbottoming,compliance,adversecambereffects,pullordarting.Mostofallweneedadriversensitiveandskillfulenoughtobalancethecarontheedgeofthetractioncircleunderbrakingandunderthecombinationofbrakingandcornering.Ifwedonotprovidethedriverwithallofthesystemparameterslistedabove,hecannotprovideuswiththeskillanddaringnecessarytoridetheedgeofthetractioncircle.EVALUATIONANDDRIVERTECHNIQUEWe'llstartoutwithwhatisprobablythemostdifficultpartofthewholebrakingscene-evaluationofwhatyouhave.Measuringthebrakingperformanceofyourparticularprojectileagainstthatofthecompetitionisnoeasierthancomparinganyotheraspectofvehicleperformance-andforthesamereasons-toomanyvariablesandtoomuchegoinvolved.Thisiswhereinstrumentationisinvaluable.Thebiggestvariableis,ofcourse,thedriver.Theverylastthingthatareallygoodracingdriverlearnstodotrulywellistousethebrakes.Mostpeopletaketoolongtogetthemonhard,leavethemhardontoolongandbraketooheavilytoodeepintothecorner.AlmostinvariablythelaptimesgeneratedbytheKingofTheLateBrakersareslow.Hisadrenalinlevelisliabletobeabnormallyhighandhehasatendencytofallofftheroad.Thereareseveralreasonsforthesecharacteristics.Whenyouleaveyourbrakingtoolateyouareveryliabletoarriveatthepointontheracetrackwhereyoureallywanttostartyourturnonlytofindthatthecarwillnotturn.Itwillnotdosobecause,inyoureffortstosaveyourlife,youhavethebindersonsohardthatallofthefronttires'availabletractionisbeingusedindecelerationandthereisnonelefttoallowthegenerationofthesideforcenecessarytoturnthecar-or,shouldyousomehowsucceedininitiatingaturn,tokeepitinabalancedcorneringstate.Inaddition,thefronttiresareliabletobeverynearlyonfireanddangerouslyclosetothecompoundtemperaturelimit.Thirdly,ifyouarestillhardonthebrakeswhentheturnisinitiated,forwardloadtransferhasunbalancedthecar,thefrontsuspensiontravelisaboutusedup,thefronttiresaresteeplycamberedand,ifthethingturnsatall,thingsaregoingtohappenabitquickly.Ifyoupersistinbrakingtoolate,thespectatorswill"ooh"and"ahh"andbeimpressednoendandtheannouncerwillmentionyournamefrequently-notingthatyouarereallytryingoutthere.Youwillcomplainpitifullyaboutcornerentryundersteerfollowedbyanincrediblyrapidtransitiontopoweronoversteer.Theotherdriverswillpourbyyou-eitherwhileyouareexploringthegreyareasofthetrackinyourfranticscrabblefortractionoronthewayoutofthecornerwhentheyhavebothhigherexitspeedandabetterbite.Youwilldoalotofexploringasyourselfinducedundersteerforcesyouintounintentionallatecornerentries.Yourteammanagerwilleventuallycatchon,wanderoutonthecourseandobserveyourantics.Iftheensuingfrankdiscussionoftechniquedoesnotinspireyoutomendyourways,hewillseriouslyconsidereitheranotherdriver(ifyoudon'townthecar)oranotherjob(ifyoudo).Soanytimethatyouaregoinginnoticeablydeeperthanthecompetentopposition(assumingsimilarcars)butyourlaptimesarenotreflectingthedegreeofheroismthatyoufeeltheyshould-andthecarisenteringcornersbadly-haveagoodthinkaboutthewisdomofyourbrakingpoints.Slowinandfastoutwillbeatfastinandslowouteverytime.Ofcoursefastinandfastoutbeatseitheroftheabove-andthat'swhatwearetryingtoachieve-butyouwon'tcomeoutfastifyougoinwiththecarunbalancedandthefronttiresonfire.Thisisnottosaythatasuperlatebrakeapplicationfollowedbyadeliberateearlycornerentryandabitofslitheringaroundwhichusesupaportionofthetrackthatmightotherwisebeusefultosomeoneelseisnotavaliddesperationmaneuver.Itis,anditwillcontinuetobe-butitisn'tveryoftenfastanditisevenlessoftenrepeatedlyfast.THEBRAKEPEDALHavingdisposedofthesystemactuator,itistimetodiscusshardware.Wewillbeginwiththebrakepedalsinceitistheclosestparttothedriver.Thebrakepedalshouldbeverystrong-andsoshoulditsattachmenttothechassis.Thismaysoundverybasicandabitridiculous-andsoitshould.Anyfoolshouldbeabletofigureoutthatifthebrakepedal,oranyoftheassociatedbits,fractures,bendsortearsoutofitsmountings,bigtroubleisabouttohappen.Andyetithappens-notveryfrequently-butitdoeshappen.Ithasevenhappenedtoverygoodoperations.Don'tletithappentoyou.Takealonghardlookatthepedal/mastercylindersetupand,ifanythingevenlookslikebeingquestionable,redesignand/orreinforceasseemsnecessary.Rememberthatthetypicalbrakepedalhasamechanicaladvantageofatleast3:Ianditmaybeasmuchas8:I.Thepedalarmmustbeplentystoutanditmustbegenerouslygussetedattheintersectionofthebiasbearingtube.Ifthepedalbracketisachunkof20gaugealuminumpoprivetedtothefloor,itwon'tbegoodenough.Ifitdoesn'teventuallytearout,itwilldistortanditisdifficultenoughtomodulatebrakepressurewithoutthepedalwavingabout.Thepedalpivotsupportshouldbeatleast18gaugesteel,itshouldbeeitherboxedorflangedanditshouldtieintoacornerofmajorstructure.Youaregoingtoleanonthepedalveryfrequentlyandplentyhard.Ifthemastercylindersaremountedtoeithersheetmetalortoslightlystiffenedsheetmetal,youwillendupwithasoftorvaguepedal.Thisparticulardesignsinisnowherenearsorareasitshouldbe-especiallyinthosevehicleswhichdonotemployafrontbulkhead(amajorSinInItself).I'llbedamnedifIknowwhythisiseverallowed,butitiseasilydetectedandremedied.Alsolookatthemastercylinderpushrods.Itisverydesirablethattheyshouldnotbend.InnormallengthsthestockGirtingbitswilldojustfine.Troublestartsataboutsixinches.Wecanalsogetintotroublewithreallythinwalltubularextensionsandwithbuttwelds.PEDALGEOMETRYANDADJUSTMENTTakesometimeandadjusttheforeandaftpositionofthebrake(andclutch)pedaltosuitthedriver'sgeometryandpreference.Todothisrightmaynotbeassimpleasitsounds.TheeasiestmethodisthatpracticedbyLolas,whoscrewthefootpadintothepedalshaftwithalongboltwhichisweldedtothepad.Thisgiveslotsofadjustmentwithoutderangingthepedalgeometryandofferstheaddedadvantageofallowingyoutoinstallthepadatanangleshouldyourdriverprefer.Itisvitalthattheswingofthepedalbeproperlypositionedonitsarc.Ifthepedalisallowedtogoovercenterasitispushed,wewillhaveanunfortunatesituationwhere,theharderwepushonthepedal,thelessbrakingeffortweget-andconfusionisacertainresult.Oncethe(minimal)freeplayhasbeentakenup,wearenotgoingtopushthepedalveryfar,justhard,sothatitisarelativelysimplemattertoadjusttheactuatingrodlengthandthepositionofthepedalpivotsothatincreasedpressureresultsinincreased,oratleastlinearmechanicaladvantage.Doso.Allofthismayinvolvenewbrackets,actuatingrods,orevenanewpedal.Itreallyisimportant,sodoit.Wenolongerrowourwaydownthroughthegearstodeceleratethecar-pity,onemoreglorioussoundgoneaway.Thepresentracingdiscbrakesystemisplentypowerfulenoughtoexceedthetirecapacitywithouthelpfromenginefriction.Downshiftingwhilebrakingmerelyupsetsthebalanceofthecar,involvesunnecessaryfootmovementsandmakesitmoredifficulttopreciselymodulatebrakingeffort.However,westilldodownshift.Solongasracingdriversmustdownshift,thetraditionalheelandtoeexercisewiththebrakeandthethrottleisanecessity.Otherwise,wewillsnatchtherearwheelswhentheclutchengagesandinstantaneousoversteerwillbeachieved.Asthedownshiftalwaysoccurseitherduringcornerentryorimmediatelypriortoit,oversteer-eventransientoversteer-isnottobedesired.Whilstdownshifting,weare,bydefinition,brakingand,morethanlikely,brakinghard.Itwouldbebestifthedrivercouldstillmodulatethebrakeswhilejabbingattheaccelerator.Thecommondeficiencyinthisdepartmentisforthedrivertounintentionallydecreasebrakepedalpressurewhilestabbingthethrottle.Watchthebrakingareabeforeaslowcorneratanyrace-youcanactuallyseethenosesoftheslowcarscomeupduringdownshifts.Nextwatchtheacesandnotethedifference.Youwillalsonoticethatthenoseoftheace'scarcomesupbeforethecarislockedoverintothecorner.Atanyrate,ifthedriverisnotgoingtoupsetthepedalpressurewhiledownshifting,therelativepositionsofthebrakeandthrottlepedalsmustbeperfect-fortheindividualdriver.Therearetwoworkablemethodsof"heelandtoeing"-thatIknowof.Thefirstinvolvesrockingtherightfootsidewaysandcatchingthethrottlewiththesideofthefoot.Thisisprobablythemorepopularmethod,butitisdifficulttocontrolbrakepressurewhilerockingthefoot.Thesecondwayistosoarrangethingsthattheheeloftherightfootiscarriedfurtheroutboardthantheballandtojabthethrottlebyextendingtheheel.Itisverymuchacaseofpersonalpreferenceandanklegeometry.Ineithercase,thethrottlepedal,orsomepartthereofhadbetterbereadytofootwhenthetimecomes-wedonotwanttoeitherhuntforitorstretchforit.Contrariwise,itmustbeimpossibleforthedrivertoinadvertentlyhitthethrottlewhenhegoesforthebrakesortogethisfoottangledbetweenthepedals-don'tlaugh.Thenecessaryfiddlingaboutandmovingofthingscanbegreatlyfacilitatedbyabitofforethought.Thepedalsystemmostcompatiblewithhumangeometryandliedowncarsistopivotthebrake(andclutch)pedalsonthefloorandhangtheacceleratorfromtheceiling.Ithelpsalotifthethrottlesetupincorporatesaleftandrighthandthreadedconnectoratthepedalend.Itisunlikelythatyourfirsteffortsatgettingitrightwillbesuccessful-drivershavetroublemakinguptheirmindsandwhatfeelsrightsittingonthejackstandsmaynotbeworthadamnontheracetrack-especiallyifthedriverwaswearingstreetshoeswhenyousetitup.Youmaygettodoalotofthissortofthingforawhile(sometimesIregrettellingdriversthatthepedalscanbeadjusted)soyoumayaswellmakeiteasyonyourself.Thismaywellincludemakingalargeraccessholeinthetopofthetubforyourhands.Rememberthataftereachadjustmenttothethrottlepedalyougettoresetthefullthrottlestopandthat,ifyouchangemastercylindersizes,yougettodoitalloveragain.Playingwiththeshapeofthethrottlepedalanditsarchoftenpaysunexpecteddividends.Mostdriversinsistonsomesortofheellocatingplateorbracerunningtransverselyacrossthecockpitfloor.Ifthedriverdoesnotinsistonone,youshould-heneedsIt.Thelastpedalistheleftfootrest.Thereshouldbeone.Itprovidesaplaceforthedrivertobracehimselfanddoesawaywiththeworrisomepossibilitythathemightunintentionallyresthisleftfootontheclutchtothedetrimentoftheclutchplates.Itsheightshouldbethesameastheclutchpedalanditshouldbelocatedslightlybehindtheclutchsothattheleftfootcansimplybeslidsidewayswhenrequired.Itshouldbeaswideaspractical-makingsurethattheclutchcanbedepressedwithoutgettingthefoottrappedbetweenthetwo.Thereusuallyisn'talotofexcessroominthefootwellsotheclutchpedalmayhavetobemademorenarrowinordertocreateroomforthedeadpedal.Thefootrestshouldbewellattachedtothechassisbecauseitwilltakealotofpressure,anditisbadifitcomesundone.BIGFEETINSMALLCOCKPITSAllEnglishracingdriversmusthavesizesixfeet!Ifyourherofeaturessizetwelve,hisfancyfootworkintheaveragekitcarisgoingtosuffersomeimpairmentduetointerferencebetweenhistoesandthebodywork,thetub,theanti-rollbarorthesteeringrack.ThisisoneofthemajorreasonswhythecockpitextendssofarforwardonthepresentFormulaOneCars.Extensionsand/orblistersaresometimesanecessity.Occasionallyyouwillrunintofootinterferenceofamoreseriousnature-worstpossiblecasebeingthesteeringrack-theanti-rollbarisalessseriouscasebecauseitiseasiertomove.Asituationofthisnaturecallsformovingeithertheoffendingmemberorthedriver-ormaybefindingadriverwithsmallerfeet.Minorinterferencecanbecuredbyshoesurgery.Ifyoumovethedriveryouwillalsohavetomovethepedals.Ifyoumovetherack,youwillhavetore-dothegeometry.Itiseasiernottobuyacarwiththistypeofbuilt-inproblem.Findingoutaboutthissortofthingonyourfirsttestcanruinyourwholeday-sofindoutearly-particularlyifyourdriver,orhisfeet,areoversized.DISCBELLSORTOPHATSWehavenowarrivedatapointwherethepedalsfitthedriverandnothingisgoingtobendorfalloff-sowhatcanwedotohelptheactualretardingmechanism?PreparetoWincoveredtheplumbing,installationandmaintenanceendsofthingsandallofthishastobedone-stepbystep.Itdidnot,however,coverthenowpopularmethodofattachingthebrakediscstothetophatsorbellsbysixboltsinsingleshear.ItdidnotcoveritfortheexcellentreasonthatIhadnotdreamedthatanyonewoulddosuchathing.Wrongagain!IhadreckonedwithoutLolaandMarch.Notonlydotheseotherwisefinefirmscheerfullycommitthiscrimeagainstnature,buttheydonotallowsufficientboltholeedgedistanceorflangethicknesstostabilizetheboltsandtheyhavebeenknowntouselessthanoptimumgradesofaluminumforthebells.TheyalsousefullythreadedAllenbolts.Talkaboutlookingfortrouble!Chevronalsousethesamebasicsystem,buttheirflangethicknessissufficienttogetawaywithit.ThelayoutisalotlessbadandcriticalonFormulaAtlanticcarssimplybecausebothvehiclespeedandvehiclemassareconsiderablylessthan,sayCanAmCars,andsothebraketorqueisless.StillIhaveseentherearbellsshearonanAtlanticcar.Nothinggoodhaseverbeenreportedaboutthissortofthing.Ifyouhappentohavelotsofmoney,theobvioussolutionistogetridofthewholemessandinstalldogdrivediscsandbells.Thisisprobablynotpracticalasthedogdrivetophatsareveryexpensivetomake.Solet'sexplorethealternatives.Steponeistoscrapthestockbolts.Theyarenottheprimeoffenders,butgettingridofthemisbothcheapandeasy.YouwillhavetouseeitheratwelvepointoraninternalwrenchingNASbolt.Ifyoucannotobtainthem,usean"Unbrako"Allenboltwiththecorrectgriplengthandcutofftheunneededthread.IfyoucangettheNASbolts,youmayhavetoturndowntheheadstomakethemfit.Insomeinstallations,itisjustnotpossibletouseawasherunderthebolthead-evenaturneddownwasher.Inthiscase,theboltholemustbecountersunktocleartheradiusundertheheadoftheNASbolts.Donotusestainlessortitaniumboltsinthisapplication,anduseallmetallocknuts.Unfortunately,theprimeoffenderisthetophatitself.Itmayhaveseveralshortcomings.Normallythereisbothinsufficientflangethicknesstostabilizetheboltandinsufficientedgedistancetopreventtheboltfromtearingout.Thematerialmayalsobesoft,allowingtheboltheadtoworkintothealuminumwhichresultsinalooseassemblyandeventualselfdestruction.Thealloymayalsobeunstableundertheheatinvolvedwhichwillcausediscrunout.Ifyoucheckthestupidthingsasfrequentlyasyoushould,youwilldetectthesymptomsbeforeadisasteroccurs-unless,ofcourse,youarerunningonareallyseverecoursewhereyougetairborneunderthebrakes-likeLongBeachorElkhartLake.Inthiscasethedisastermayhappenbeforeyounoticethesymptomsandyourdriverwillgothroughtheexperienceofshearingthediscsoffthebells.Hewillnotenjoytheexperience,andyouwillnotenjoyrebuildingtheresultantwreck.Forabout50%ofthecostofastockdiscbell,anydecentmachineshopcanmakeunitsfromhighqualityforgedalloystock.Probablythebestalloytouseis2024-T4with7075T651and2017-T451beingacceptable.6061isnotagoodalloyforthisapplication.Ifspacepermits,increaseboththeedgedistanceandtheflangethickness.Saveyourselfsomemoneybydrillingtwelveboltholesinsteadoftherequiredsixandindexingthediscwhentheholesshowelongationorcracking.Inadditiontolastingalotlonger,thebellswillremainmoretrue-especiallyifyousetthemupinalatheandtakeatruingcutoffthemeverysooften.TiltonEngineeringmakesgoodtophatsandaverycleversteelplatetoconvertboltondiscstodogdrive.制动系统不要指望从调整刹车改进，奇迹，但没有奇迹。有两方面原因。第一，赛车盘式制动系统已经发展到很高的程度，事实上，只是不很多剩下的切实改善行中，第二，我们只是不花很多时间刹车。平均在赛道上，完成一圈所需的时间小于10%是花在制动上的。因此，提高了5%制动性能（不刹车效率）将净理论改进0.5%或半秒左右在90秒一圈。在现实中，改进会稍差因为人类和实际的限制从任何性能改进中始终阻止我们实现全部潜在效益。好的处理制动系统的巨大回报，本身并非来自任何增加制动功率，而是信心、一致性和它提供给车手的可操纵性。尤其是当它在入弯速度、位置、精度和可重复性是所有直接依赖于制动性能和一致性。我会被学习一个提供不足刹车的现代公路赛车而震惊。我会相信安排不好或者建立不好，但是很不充分。只要我们不改变轮胎大小这个陈述是有效的，输出功率和总重量对于原始设计都是不成比例的。它绝对不是基于生产房车及G.T.这些类中赛车在制裁的机构，通过纯粹的无知或血腥意识禁止制动系统的更改。制动功率：它来自哪里？它令人惊讶的减速移动车辆的事实需要同样的能量一样，两种速度之间加速减速从一个速度为另一种能源能源只是因为大部分的惯性的力量正在为我们工作而不是反对我们。我们赛车给予的实际上需要减速的能量公式为：能源(磅/英尺)=.0335x[(英里每小时max)2（英里/小时分钟）2]x总重量（磅）。一个1760磅的车刹车从150英里每小时到60英里每小时需要的能量大约为.0335x[(150)2-(60)2]x1760=1,114,344磅/英尺。无论我们用什么术语，很多能量在很短的一段时间内被吸收。有人一次转换GT40赛百灵的十二个小时内的制动能量，得出的结论是同样数量的能量可以供应中等城市的电气需求良好的一段时间。所以能量从哪里来？什么使车停了下来？有些来自滚动阻力的轮胎但是不多，一些而已。一个显著的份额，至少在高速公路上，来自该车辆空气阻力。有一点来自整个机制的运动部件之间的摩擦。大部分的，它必须来自车辆的制动系统，将车辆惯性的动能转换成热能，然后必须进气流，因为我们仍想出一种实用的方法来收集它，存储，并使用它为推进推力。我们须合宜地忽视慢车的其他因素，因为我们真正想要与他们做的是尽量减少增加车辆加速的其他因素。从刹车中可以期待什么？在制动系统性能上什么才是我们寻找的东西？首先，我们需要能发展到超过任何车辆可在比赛期间次又一次，达到的速度在轮胎的减速容量足够的制动力的制动系统。所有的赛车和很多的改良的生产汽车，有这种制度的规定，它正确安装、调整和维护。制动力的产生必须与车手踏板的压力直接与线性比例。此外，所需的车手的努力必须是合理的，踏板的压力，必须既不是如此之大，被要求把车停下来，也很轻，它会很容易锁定轮胎。踏板的位置必须正确匹配驾驶员的脚和踝关节的几何，必须保持在一个恒定的高度，应该很坚固，有最低行程。系统之间的前方和后方的轮胎必须提供最佳的刹车力的平衡，使司机能够保持转向控制下非常沉重的制动和尚未使用的所有的所有四个轮胎制动能力。最后，系统必须提供完整的可靠性。如果车手把刹车踩的很深，他应该是尽可能地制动，任何刹车系统出现故障，将不可避免地导致在离开行车线路。之后会发生什么。可以理解，要经历一个极限的赛车刹车故障。这就是为什么即使是最英勇的车手有责任给刹车踏板吃了一颗定心丸抽头才到达在他们的制动标记。我们需要的车辆悬架系统能够处理负载和重无轮跳制动产生的力量，悬挂触底，符合，不利的外倾角效应，拉或疾飞。最重要的是，我们需要足够的敏感和熟练平衡牵引圈的边缘上，制动下和制动转弯的组合下的车手。如果我们不提供与上面列出的所有系统参数的车手，他不能提供技巧和胆量要骑牵引力圈的边缘。评估和驾驶技巧我们先从什么可能是最困难的部分，你有什么现场评估整个制动。测量你反对的竞争，特别是弹丸的制动性能是比较车辆的任何其他方面的性能和同样的原因太多的变数，太多的自我介入。这是在仪表上是非常宝贵的。当然，最大的变数是车手。一个很好的车手，学会做真正的最后一件事是使用刹车。大多数人需要很长时间才能学会刹车，离开他们过长的很难和进入弯道刹车太重太深。他的肾上腺素水平可能是高得离谱，他有一种倾向，脱落的道路。这些特点有以下几个原因。当你离开你的刹车太晚，你是在赛道上来看非常容易到达的地方，你真的要开始轮到你才发现，这辆车将不转。它不会这么做，因为你有你的努力来挽救你的生命，对粘合剂这么辛苦，前轮牵引力的所有正在减速，并有必要没有留给允许侧向力的一代把车，你应该以某种方式成功发起转弯，保持在一个平衡的过弯状态。此外，前轮胎的责任是非常接近的火灾和危险接近的复合温度限制。第三，如果你仍然在回合开始时，刹车很难，远期负荷转移已不平衡的车，前悬架行程大约用完，前轮胎急剧弧形，如果打开所有的事情，事情要迅速发生了一点。如果你坚持在制动太晚，观众将“嗯”和“啊”，并留下深刻的印象没有结束，播音员会提到你的名字经常注意到，你真的想在那里。你会抱怨可怜的弯角进入一个令人难以置信的迅速转弯，在转向过度动力不足的。其他车手将倒你，而你正在探索赛道牵引出的转角方式的灰色区域，在你的疯狂的乱扒时，他们有较高的出口速度和更好的抓地。你会做了很多探索自我诱导的不足迫使你无意晚转角条目。最终会赶上你的车队经理，在赛道上漫步，观察你的滑稽动作。如果随后进行的坦诚讨论技术不激励你改正你的方式，他会认真考虑其他车手（如果你没有自己的车）或其他工作（如果你这样做）。因此，任何时候你都明显优于主管反对（假设类似辆），但你的圈速更深不能反映英雄主义的程度，你觉得他们应该和汽车进入弯道非常有很好的思考的智慧你的刹车点。慢进快出每次都击败快进慢出。当然在快进快出，这就是我们正在努力实现的，但你不会很快出来，如果你去同车的不平衡和前轮胎着火。这并不是说，超级晚制动故意早期转角条目和滑行约位使用赛道，否则可能对别人有用的部分是不是一个有效的绝望操纵。是的，而且它会继续，但它是不是很常快，它更是经常反复快。刹车踏板在处置系统的执行机构，它是硬件的时间来讨论。我们将开始与刹车踏现在我们已经到达一个点的踏板适合的司机，并没有弯曲或脱落，所以我们能做些什么，以帮助实际的减速机制？准备赢得涵盖东西两端管道，安装和维护，所有这一切都必须一步一步。然而，它没有包括附加制动盘顶帽子或由六个单剪螺栓钟声现在流行的方法。它不包括它的出色的原因，我做梦也没有想到会有人做这样的事情。又错了！我估计没有Lola和March。不仅这些，否则罚款的公司欣然犯有危害性质犯罪，但他们没有足够的螺栓孔边缘的距离或翼缘板厚度的稳定螺栓，他们已经知道使用的钟声小于铝的最佳成绩。他们还使用全螺纹艾伦螺栓。谈论找麻烦！Chevron也使用相同的基本制度，但他们的法兰的厚度足以逃脱它。布局是少了很多坏和大西洋方程式赛车的关键，仅仅是因为车速和整车质量大大低于，说我的车，所以制动力矩少。尽管如此，我已经看到大西洋车后部的切变钟声。没有什么好过据报有关这种事。如果你碰巧有很多钱，明显的解决办法是摆脱整个混乱和安装的驱动光盘和铃铛。这可能是不实际的，作为车手顶帽子是非常昂贵，使。因此，让我们探讨的替代品。第一步是取消存货螺栓。他们不是首要的违例者，但让他们摆脱是既便宜又容易。你将不得不使用一个十二点或内部拧的NAS螺栓。如果你不能获得他们，用正确的握拍长度“UNBRAKO内”艾伦螺栓和切断不必要的线程。如果你能得到的NAS螺栓，你可能有掉头向下的头，以使他们适应。在一些装置，它是不可能下的螺栓头，甚至使用一个垫圈推掉了垫片。在这种情况下，埋头螺栓孔必须清除NAS的螺栓头下的半径。在此应用程序不使用不锈钢或钛螺栓，使用全金属锁紧螺母。不幸的是，首要的违例者是顶帽子本身。这可能有几个缺点。通常有两个翼缘板厚度的不足，稳定螺栓和边缘的距离不足，防止螺栓撕裂。物质也可能是软的，允许在一个松散的组装和最终自我毁灭的结果将铝螺栓头的工作。合金也可能是不稳定的，根据所涉及的热量，这将导致盘跳动。如果你愚蠢的事情，你应该经常检查，你会侦测灾害发生，当然，除非你是一个非常严重的当然你空降下刹车般的长堤或Elkhart湖上运行前的症状。在这种情况下，灾害可能发生之前，你注意到的症状和你的车手将通过剪切关的钟声碟片的经验。他将不能享受的经验，您将不能享受由此产生的残骸重新建立。股票盘钟成本约50％，任何像样的机加工车间，可以使高品质的锻造铝合金存货单位。可能是最好的合金使用的是2024-T47075T651和2017-T451的可接受的。6061为此应用不是很好的合金。如果空间允许，增加边缘的距离和翼缘板厚度的。保存自己的一些钱，钻，而不是所需的6个和12个螺栓孔，孔显示索引盘伸长或开裂。除了持续长了不少，钟声将保持更真实，尤其是如果你每隔一段时间设置他们在一台车床，采取修整切对开。蒂尔顿工程，使良好的顶帽子和一个非常聪明的钢板转换驱动碟上的螺栓。所有的英国车手必须有大小六英尺！如果你的车手拥有大小12，他在花式步法平均套件车会遭受一些障碍，因为他的脚趾和车体，座椅，防倾杆或转向齿条之间的干扰。这是座舱延伸等原因目前一级方程式赛车靠前的主要原因之一。扩展和/或起水泡，有时是必要的。偶尔你会遇到更严重的自然最坏转向齿条的防倾杆是一个不太严重的情况下，脚的干扰，因为它是更容易移动。这种性质的情况下调用移动违规成员或车手，或者找到一个脚小的车手。轻微的干扰由鞋改变是可以治愈的。如果你移动车手，你也将有移动踏板。如果移动机架，你将不得不重新做几何。这是比较容易，不买问题，建立这种类型的赛车。这种事情在你的第一次测试发现可以毁掉你一整天，所以早发现，特别是如果你的车手，或者他的脚，超大。在地板上的刹车和离合器的踏板，并挂在天花板上的加速器。它帮助了很多，如果油门设置采用了左手和右手螺纹连接在踏板结束。这是不可能的，你得到它的第一次努力，将是成功的车手有问题，使他们的头脑和什么感觉就坐在插孔展台可能不值得不在乎在赛道上，特别是如果当你设置它车手穿着鞋街头。你可能会得到一段时间（有时我很遗憾告诉车手可以调整踏板）做了很多这样的事情，所以