英语阅读理解之拨开云雾见主旨讲义-高考英语二轮专题复习

英语阅读理解之拨开云雾见主旨主旨大意在高考试卷中一般出现一次占2分，通常是全卷中失分率较高的题目，是备考过程中师生们最头疼的部分。结合多年备考经验，笔者对主旨大意问题略作归纳，希望能够抛砖引玉，对大家有所启发，助力考生拿到这关键的两分。01题型介绍

一篇文章一般表达一个中心或主题。这个中心或主题通常用一个句子来概括，此句叫主题句。这类题主要考察读者把握全文内容或理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析归纳文章段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、写作特点的能力。一般情况下说明文和议论文都有主题句，而且多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。但有时不能直接在文章中直接找到主题句，需要考生在弄清段与段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。02主旨大意题解题方法与步骤略读法是理解全文大意快速而有效的方法，略读的关键是在能抓住文章要点的前提下，以个人最快的速度阅读，主要目的是尽快获得足够的信息以便准确地回答问题。利用略读法去做阅读时，要特别注意首尾两段，要学会寻找文章段落的主题句，这是高效省事地抓住段落要点的捷径，同时也是准确理解文章大意的有效途径。在阅读时建议遵循以下进程：第一步：先看问题，看是否有和主旨相关的题目，了解题目类别和提问方式。第二步：再看文章首尾和各段开头，找出主题句或通过浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨。第三步：以掌握主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气或意图等其它深层次问题。03主旨大意问题常见类型主题句在文首

这类文章写法上的特点是：文章的第一句起着点题的作用，概括了文章的主要内容或信息，下文接着对主题句所涉及的话题进行具体的阐述。

AJINTAN,JIANGSU:The20students—18boysand2girls—hadathousandreasonstobe

proudofthemselves.Theyhadjustclimbedtheirwaytothetoprung(阶梯)outof4million

studentstakingpartintheFifthNationalHuaLuogengGoldCupMathematicsContest(竞赛)on

Tuesdayevening.The20goldmedalwinnersareallprimaryandmiddleschoolstudentsundertheageof14.

"Manyoftheproblemsareofcollegelevelandthesepupilscanfigurethemout.Itisjust

unbelievable!"saidateacherfromGuangdongprovince.NamedafterChina'smostfamousmathematician,HuaLuogeng,theconteststartedin1986,

oneyearafterhisdeath.Inlessthan10years,ithasbeenrecognizedbytheStateEducation

mission

(国家教委)asthecountry'sbiggestandbestcontestofitskind.Q1:Thisnewsstoryismainlyabout______.A.whentheconteststarted

B.howthecontestgotitsnameC.the20pupilswhohavewongoldmedalsinthecontestD.the5thNationalHuaLuogengGoldCupMathematicsContest【分析】本题迷惑性较强。根据上面叙述，主题好像应该选C。但是：

这是一篇报道，文章的第一段只有两句话：“20个学生(2女18男)有充分的理由为自己感到自豪，因为他们夺得了第五届华罗庚杯数学竞赛的金奖，是4百万参赛学生中的佼佼者”，下文接着对竞赛的有关情况进行报道，因此，第一段实际上就是这篇报道的主题句。A、B、C分别只包含了报道的部分信息，显然不合题意;

D选项对全文主要信息进行概括归纳因此正确。标题类要特别注意对比选项关键词，打破思维定式。主题句在文中

这类文章写法上的特点是：开始部分是引题，接着是点题，最后是对主题进行叙述，主题句常常起着承上启下的作用。如：(1995.全国卷)Fatonhumanbeingsisdistributedindifferentways.Somefatpeoplehavealargestomachandno

waist

line—whichmakesthemlookround,ratherlike

apples.Othersarefatterbelowthewaist,which

makesthemappearpearshaped.Therearetwotypesoffat:externalfat(fatunder

theskin)andinternalfat(fatinsidethebodywall).Doctors,whohavebeenexaminingthe

relationshipbetweenhealthandfatness,havefoundthatthe'pears'havelessinternalfat,but

the'apples'havemoreinternalfatthanexternalfat.Thisseemstobewhatcausesthehealth

problems.Thebesttreatmentforfatnessistoreducetheinternalfat.Butunfortunatelyitseemsthat

dieting(节食)simplymakesanappleshapedpersonintoasmallerappleandapearshaped

personintoasmallerpear.Atthemomentthereisnoknownwayofreducingtheinternal

ratherthanexternalfat.Q2:Thetextismainlyabout______.A.fatnessandhealth

B.waystoloseweigh

C.people'sfigures

D.distributionoffat

【分析】该文的第一段交代了脂肪在体内的分布状况；第二段交代了脂肪的种类及不同种类的脂肪与健康之间的关系；第三段讲的是减肥应该减掉哪一类脂肪以及节食存在的问题。很明显，第二段，特别是第二段的第二句，起着承上启下的作用，是该文的主题句。B选项与文章的意思无关；可以排除；C、D选项分别只与文章的部分信息有关，也可以排除；A选项符合主题句的意思，应该是正确答案。主题句在文末

这种写法的特点是：在叙述完某件事情或某个话题之后，用一句话交代事情的结果或对前面的叙述进行归纳。In1901,H.G.Wells,anEnglishwriter,wroteabook

describingatriptothemoon.Whentheexplorers(探险者)landedonthemoon,theydiscoveredthat

themoonwasfullofundergroundcities.They

expressedtheirsurprisetothe"moonpeople"they

met.Inturn,the"moonpeople"expressedtheir

surprise."Why,"theyasked,"areyoutravelingto

outerspacewhenyoudon'tevenuseyourinnerspace?"H.G.Wellscouldonlyimaginetraveltothemoon.In1969,humanbeingsreallydidlandonthe

moon.Peopletodayknowthattherearenoundergroundcitiesonthemoon.However,the

questionthatthe"moonpeople"askedisstillaninterestingone.Agrowingnumberof

scientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit.Undergroundsystemsarealreadyinplace.Manycitieshaveundergroundcarparks.Insome

cities,suchasTokyo,SeoulandMontreal,therearelargeundergroundshoppingareas.The'Chunnel",atunnel(隧道)connectingEnglandandFrance,isnowplete.Butwhataboutundergroundcities?Japan'sTaiseiCorporationisdesigninganetworkof

undergroundsystem,called"AliceCities."Thedesignersimagineusingsurfacespaceforpublic

parksandusingundergroundspaceforflats,offices,shopping,andsoon.Asolardome(太阳能穹顶)wouldcoverthewholecity.Supportersofundergrounddevelopmentsaythatbuildingdownratherthanbuildingupisa

goodwaytousetheearth'sspace.Thesurface,theysay,canbeusedforfarms,parks,gardens

andwilderness.H.G.Wells'"moonpeople"wouldagree.Wouldyou?Q3:Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AliceCities—citiesofthefuture

B.SpacetravelwithH.G.WellsC.Enjoylivingunderground

D.Buildingdown,notup

【分析】文章以月球人的问题Whyareyoutravelingtoouterspacewhenyoudon'tevenuseyourinnerspace?引起话题，接着讲叙了人类目前对地下空间的利用现状，结尾以地下空间开发的支持者的话来点题buildingdownratherthanbuildingupisagoodwaytousetheearth’sspace。A选项只是本文话题的部分意思，不是主要话题；B选项与文章的意思无关；文章主要是讲地下空间的开发利用，而不是讲如何享受地下生活，因此C选项与文章的主题也无关；D选项符合文章的主要内容，与主题句的意思一致。主题句以首尾呼应的形式出现在文首和文末

这种写法的特点是：文章一开始就点题，接着举例，最后回归主题。如：(全国高考题)ShuPulonghashelpedatleast1000peoplebittenby

snakes."Itwasseeingpeoplewithsnakebitesthat

ledmetothiscareer,"hesaid.In1963,afterhisarmyservice,Shuentereda

medicalschoolandlaterbecameadoctorofChinese

medicine.Aspartofhisstudieshehadtoworkin

themountains.Thereheoftenheardofpeoplewho

hadtheirarmsandlegscutoffafterasnakebiteinordertosavetheirlives."IwasgreatlyupsetbythestoryofanoldfarmerImet.Itwasaveryhotafternoon.Theold

manwaspullinggrassinhisfieldswhenhefeltapaininhislefthand.Heatoncerealizedhe

hadbeenbittenbyapoisonoussnake.Innotimehewrappedaclothtightlyaroundhisarmto

stopthepoisonspreadingtohisheart.Rushinghomeheshouted'Bringmetheknife!'Minutes

laterthemanlosthisarmforever.""ThesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatIdecidedtodevotemyselftohelpingpeoplebitten

by

snakes,"

Shusaid.Q4:Thebestheadlineforthisnewspaperarticleis______.A.AstonishingMedicine

B.FarmerLosesArmsC.DangerousBites

D.SnakeDoctor

【分析】文章的第一段就两句话，第一句点题，第二句交代了ShuPulong成为蛇医的原因；第二、第三段举例说明ShuPulong如何了解到农民被蛇咬的情况；第四段回归主题，强调是由于第二、第三段中所交代的事例促使ShuPulong决心成为蛇医。题目的A选项与文章中的信息无关；B、C两个选项只涉及到文章所举的例子的某个方面；D选项能涵盖首尾两个自然段，即主题句的信息。文章中没有明显的主题句

有的文章没有明显的主题句，如果在阅读这类文章的时候碰到判断文章的主题、话题、中心思想之类的题目，我们的注意力主要放在两个方面：1.文章的主要内容；2.选项之间的区别。也就是说能涵盖文章的全部或主要内容的选项才是正确答案。如：(全国高考题)JamesClevelandOwenswasthesonofafarmerand

thegrandsonofblackslaves.Hisfamilymovedto

Clevelandwhenhewas9.There,aschoolteacher

askedtheyouthhisname."J.C.",hereplied.Shethoughthehadsaid"Jesse",andhehadanewname.Owensranhisfirstraceatage13.Afterhighschool,hewenttoOhioStateUniversity.Hehad

toworkparttimesoastopayforhiseducation.Asasecondyearstudent,intheBigTen

gamesin1935,hesetevenmorerecordsthanhewouldintheOlympicGamesayearlater.AweekbeforetheBigTenmeet,Owensaccidentallyfelldownaflightofstairs.Hisbackhurt

somuchthathecouldnotexerciseallweek,andhehadtobehelpedinandoutofthecarthat

drovehimtothemeet.Herefusedtolistentothesuggestionsthathegiveupandsaidhe

wouldtry,eventbyevent.Hedidtry,andtheresultsareintherecordbook.ThestagewassetforOwens'victoryattheOlympicGamesinBerlinthenextyear,andhis

successwouldetoberegardedasnotonlyathletic(体育的)butalsopolitical.Hitlerdidnot

congratulateanyoftheAfricanAmericanwinners."Itwasallrightwithme,"hesaidyearslater."Ididn'tgotoBerlintoshakehandswithhim,anyway."HavingreturnedfromBerlin.Hereceivednotelephonecallfromthepresidentofhisown

country,either.Infact,hewasnothonoredbytheUnitedStatesuntil1976,fouryearsbefore

hisdeath.Owens'Olympicvictoriesmadelittledifferencetohim.Heearnedhislivingbylookingaftera

schoolplayground,andacceptedmoneytoraceagainstcars,trucks,motorcycles,anddogs."Sure,itbothered(烦扰)me,"hesaidlater."Butatleastitwasanhonestliving.Ihadtoeat."Intime,however,hisgoldmedals(奖牌)changedhislife."Theyhavekeptmealiveoverthe

years,"heoncesaid."Timehasstoodstillforme.Thatgoldenmomentdieshard."Q5:Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.JesseOwens,aGreatAmericanAthlete

B.GoldenMoment—aLifetimeStruggleC.MakingaLivingasaSportsman

D.HowtoBeaSuccessfulAthlete?

【分析】这篇文章简明扼要地介绍了奥林匹克金牌得主，美国黑人运动员JamesClevelandOwens辉煌而又坎坷的人生，但文章侧重介绍的是他人生的坎坷，而不是他人生的辉煌。B选项侧重的是他人生的辉煌，而不是他人生的坎坷，不能涵盖文章的主要意思，因而不合题意；C、D选项与文章的内容无关，也不合题意；JamesClevelandOwens在获得奥林匹克金牌后虽然没有立即得到美国社会的重视，但获得金牌奠定了他作为一名伟大的运动员在美国田径运动史上的重要地位却是不争的事实，A选项既表达了文章的这一主要意思，也能涵盖他人生辉煌及坎坷的不同侧面，比较全面地反映了文章的主要内容，因而符合题意，是正确答案。04实例演练APITTSBURGH–Formostpeople,snakesseemunpleasantoreventhreatening.ButHowieChosetseesintheirdelicatemovementsawaytosavelives.The37yearoldCarnegieMellonUniversityprofessorhasspentyearsdevelopingsnakelikerobots，hehopeswilleventuallyslidethroughfallenbuildingsinsearchofvictimstrappedafternaturaldisastersorotheremergencies.DanKaraispresidentofRoboticsTrends,aNorth

boro,Mass.basedpanythatpublishesanonlineindustrymagazineandrunsroboticstradeshows.Hesaidthereareothersnakelikerobotsbeingdeveloped,mainlyatuniversities,butdidn’tknowofonethatcouldclimbpipes.TheCarnegieMellonmachinesaredesignedtocarrycamerasandelectronicsensorsandcanbecontrolledwithajoystick(操纵杆).Theymovesmoothlywiththehelpofsmallelectricmotors,orservos,monlyusedbyhobbyistsinmodelairplanes.Builtfromlightweightmaterials,therobotsareaboutthesizeofahumanarmorsmaller.Theycansensewhichwayisup,butareonlyasgoodastheirhumanoperators,Chosetadded.SamStover,asearchtermmanagerwiththeFederalEmergencyManagementAgencybasedinIndiana,saidsnaketyperobotswouldoffergreatermobilitythanequipmentcurrentlyavailable,suchascamerasattachedtoextendableroles.Itjustallowsustodosomethingwe

have

notbeenabletodobefore,Stoversaid,Weneededthemyesterday.Hesaidsnifferdogsarestillthebestsearchtoolforrescueworkers,butthattheycanonlybeusedeffectivelywhenworkershaveaccesstodamagedbuilding.Stover,amongtherescueworkerswhohandledtheaftermath(后果)ofHurricaneKatrina,saidsnakerobotswouldhavehelpedrescuerssearchfloodedhousesinthatdisaster.Chosetsaidtherobotsmaynotbereadyforuseforanotherfivetotenyears,dependingonfunding.Q6:

Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Snakelikerobotsusedinindustries.

B.Snakelikerobotsmadetoaidinrescues.C.Thedevelopmentofsnakelikerobots.

D.Theworkingprinciplesofsnakelikerobots.思路分析：B

该题是考查文章的主旨大意。文章的第一段只是引出这一话题，第二段才是本文的主题，第二段中提到Choest讲究snakelikerobots是因为hehopeswilleventuallyslidethroughfallenbuildingsinsearchofvictimstrappedafternaturaldisastersorotheremergencies，由此可知，Choset研究蛇形机器人的目的是为了在自然灾害或其他的紧急事故中起作用。B

Everyonesatit,evenmyneighbors.IthoughtImightbetheonlypersonleftintheworldwhohadn'tdoneaneBaydeal.So,Idecidedtotrymyhandatonlineauction(网上拍卖).

Buyingforbeginners:Signuponehay.co.uk.Mostitems(e.g.tables,puters,andbooks)readyforauctionwillewithapictureandashortdescription;othersmaybemarkedwithBuyItNowandhaveafixedprice.Youcanbuytheserightaway.

Iftheitemisbeingauctioned,youofferthehighestpriceyouarepreparedtopayandeBaybids(出价)foryou.Thebidwillbeincreasedlittlebylittleuntilitgoesbeyondyourhighestbid,thenyouareemailedandaskedifyouwouldliketobidagain.Auctionslastupto10daysandwhentheyfinishyougetanemailtellingyouwhetheryouhavewontheitem.

Howtopay:Sellersdecidehowtheywouldliketobepaidandyouneedtocheckthisbeforeplacingabidasyoumightnotwanttopostachequeorpostalorders.TheeasiestwayisthroughPayPal,anonlinepaymentsystemthattakesthemoneyawayfromyourcreditcard(信用).

Sellingmadesimple:Ifyouplan