北京师范大学2007-2015年考博英语真题

北京师范大学2007年博士生入学考试英语试题

IListeningComprehension(15points)

SectionA

Directions:Therearefivestatementsinthissection.Eachstatementwillbespokenonly’once.

Whenyouhearastatement,readthefourchoicesgivenandchoosetheonewhichisclosestin

meaningtothestatementyouhaveheardbymarkingthecorrespondingletterA,B,C,orDonthe

ANSVERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

1.

A.Heisinadrugstore.

B.Heisatadepartmentstore.

C.Heisathome.

D.Heisathisdoctor’soffice.

2.

A.Imissedin3’trainbecauseyoustoppedme.

B.YoumademeforgetwhatIwassaving.

C.YoulookedsodeepinthoughtthatIdidn’twanttobotheryou.

D.Youtoldmenevertointerruptyou.

3.

A.Sallydrovebackandforthtoworktwicetoday.

B.Sallytooklongtimetodoherwork.

C.Sallytookherlunchwithhertowork.

D.Sallyusuallygetstoworkinmuchlesstime.

4.

A.Ifyouauditacourse,youdon’thavetotakethetests.

B.Youhavetotakeatestifyouwanttoaddanothercourse.

C.Ofcourseyouneedtobuysometextbooks.

D.Itisnotnecessarytoorderatextbook.

5.

A.Thespeaker’sis$250.

B.Thespeaker’sis$1000.

C.Thespeaker’sis$1100.

D.Thespeaker’sis$275.

SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearfiveshortconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,

aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionwillbe

spokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthe

fourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.Thenmarkthe

correspondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

6.

A.Cleanupherroom.

B.Getherreportback.

C.Notwaitforhimpastnoon.

D.Notworryaboutherraincoat.

7.

A.ItwasprobablyMr.Brown’sphonenumberthatthewomanwrotedown.

B.itwasjustanhouragothatthemanmetMr.Brown.

C.Thewomanforgottowritedownthephonenumber.

D.thewomanneededasheetofpapertoputdownthenumber.

8.

A.Someonewhoisinchargeofhunting.

B.Abossofacompany.

C.Sjob-seekingadvisor.

D.Someonewhoisinchargeoflookingfortalentsofcompany.

9.

A.Thewomanisnotcarefulatallthistime.

B.Nomatterhowcarefulonecanbe,itisnotenough.

C.Thewomanismostcarefulthistime.

D.Thewomanhasneverbeencareful.

10.

A.Ton:stayedinaroomonthesecondfloorforanhour.

B.NobodybutthewomannoticedthatTomwasabsent.

C.Tomwasabsentwhenthediscussionwasheld.

D.ThomstayedinRoom302foranhour.

SectionC

Direction:Inthissection,youwillhearaninterview.Lookatthefivestatementsforthisparton

yourtestpaperanddecideifyouthinkeachstatementistrueorfalsewhileyouarelisteningtothe

interview.Ifyouthinktheansweristrue,markA,ifyouthinktheanswerisfalse,markBonthe

ANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

11.XiangZhenhaslivedintheUnitedStatessinceshewastenyearsold.

12.InKorea,theAmericangesturefor“come”isused:ocalldogs.

13.Whentalkingtoanolderpersonorsomeonewithahighersocialposition.Koreans

traditionallylookattheperson’sfeet.

14.Betweenmalesandfemales,directeyecontactisasignofattraction.

15.AftermanyyearsintheUnitedStates,XianZhen’sbodylanguageisstillcompletelyKorean.

II.ReadingComprehension(30points)

Directions:Readthefollowingpassagescarefullyendtheselectthebestanswerformthefour

choicesmarkedA,B,C,andDbymarkingthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwitha

singlelinethroughthecenter.

PassageI

Sincethefirstbrainscannerwasconstructedseveralyearsago,computedtomographyor

computedmedicalimagery,hasbecomefairlywidelyused.Itsrapidacceptanceisduetothefact

thatithasovercomeseveralofthedrawbacksofconventionalX-raytechnology.

Tobeginwith,Conventionaltwo-dimensionalX-raypicturescannotshowallofthe

informationcontainedinathree-dimensionalobject.Thingsatdifferentdepthsaresuperimposed，

causingconfusiontotheviewer,computedtomographycangivethree-dimensionalinformation.

Thecomputerisabletoreconstructpicturesofthebody’sinteriorbymeasuringthevarying

intensitiesofX-raybeamspassingthroughsectionsofthebodyfromhundredsofdifferentangles.

Suchpicturesarebasedonseriesofthin“slices”.

Inaddition,conventionalX-raygenerallydifferentiatesonlybetweenboneandair,asinthe

chestandlungs.Theycannotdistinguishsofttissuesorvariationintissues.Theliverandpancreas

arenotdiscernibleatall,andcertainotherorgansmaxonlyberenderedvisiblethroughtheuseof

ratiopaquedye.Sincecomputedtomographyismuchmoresensitive,thesofttissuesofthe

kidneysorthelivercanbeseenandclearlydifferentiated.Thistechniquecanalsoaccurately

measuredifferentdegreesofX-rayabsorption,facilitatingthestudyofthenatureoftissue。

AthirdproblemwithconventionalX-raymethodsistheirinabilitytomeasurequantitatively

theseparatedensitiesoftheindividualsubstancesthroughwhichtheX-rayhaspassed.Onlythe

meanabsorptionofallthetissuesisrecorded.Thisisnotaproblemwithcomputedtomography.It

canaccuratelylocateatumorandsubsequentlymonitortheprogressofradiationtreatment,sothat

inadditiontoitsdiagnosticcapabilities,itcanplayasignificantroleintherapy.

16.ConventionalC-raysmainlyshowthedifferencebetween

A.boneandairB.liverandpancreas

C.muscleandotherbodytissuesD.heartandlungs

17.Whatkindofviewismadepossiblebycontiguouscrosssectionsofthebody?

A.Two-dimensional.B.Three-dimensional.

C.Animated.D.intensified.

18.ItcanbeinferredformthepassagethatcomparedtoconventionalX-raytechniques,computed

tomographyismore

A.compactB.rapid

C.economicalD.informative

19.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardthisnewtechnique?

A.Cautious.B.Tolerant.

C.EnthusiasticD.Critical

20.Accordingtothepassage,computedtomographycanbeusedforallofthefollowingEXCEPT

A.monitoringapatient’sdiseaseB.diagnosingdisorders

C.LocatingtumorsD.reconstructingdamagedtissues

Passage2

Becauseearlymanviewedillnessasdivinepunishmentandhealingaspurification,medicine

andreligionwereinextricably,linkedforcenturies.Thisnotionisapparentintheoriginofour

word“pharmacy,”whichcomesfromtheGreekpharmakon,meaning”purificationthrough

purging.”

By3500B.C.,theSumeriansintheTigris-Euphratesvalleyhaddevelopedvirtuallyallof

ourmodernmethodsofadministeringdrugs.Theyusedgarglesinhalations.pills,lotions,

ointments,andplasters.Thefirstdrugcatalog,orpharmacopoeia,waswrittenatthattimebyan

unknownSumerianphysician.Preservedincuneiformscriptonsingleclay’tabletarethenames

ofdozensofdozensofdrugstotreatailmentsthatstillafflictustoday.

TheEgyptiansaddedtotheancientmedicinechest.TheEbersPapyrusascrolldatingfrom

1900B.C.andnamedaftertheGermanEgyptologistGeorgeEbers.revealsthetrial-and-error

know-howacquiredbyearlyEgyptianphysicians.Torelieveindigestion,achewofpeppermint

leavesandcarbonates(knowntoday.Asantacids)wasprescribed.Andtonumbthepainoftooth

extraction,Egyptiandoctorstemporarilystupefiedapatientwithethylalcohol.

Thescrollalsoprovidesarareglimpseintothehierarchyofancientdrugpreparation.The“’

chiefofthepreparersofdrugs”wastheequivalentofaheadpharmacist,whosupervisedthe“’

collectorsofdrugs.”Fieldworkers,whogatheredessentialmineralsandherbs.The“preparers”

aides”(technicians)driedandpulverizedingredients,whichwereblendedaccordingtocertain

formulasby’the“’preparers.”

Andthe“conservatorofdrugs”oversawthestorehousewherelocalandimportedmineral,

herb,andanimal-organingredientswerekept.

BytheseventhcenturyB.C.theGreekshadadoptedasophisticatedmind-bodyviewof

medicine.They-believedthataphysicianmustpursuethediagnosisandtreatmentofthephysical

causesofdiseasewithinascientificframework,aswellascurethesupernaturalcomponents

involved.Thus,theearly,Greekphysicianemphasizedsomethingofaholisticapproachtohealth,

evenifthesuspected”mental”causesofdiseasewerenotrecognizedasstressanddepressionbut

interpretedascursesfromdispleaseddeities.

Themoderneraofpharmacologybeganinthesixteenthcentury,usheredinby’thefirst

majordiscoveriesinchemistry.Theunderstandingofhowchemicalsinteracttoproducecertain

effectswithinthebodywouldeventuallyremovemuchoftheguessworkandmagicfrom

medicine.

Drugshadbeenlaunchedonascientificcourse,butcenturies“wouldpassbefore

superstitionwasdisplacedby’scientificfact.Onemajorreasonwasthatphysicians.Unawareof

theexistenceofdisease-causingpathogens.Suchasbacteriaandviruses,continuedtodreamup

imaginarycausativeevils.And‘thoughnewchemicalcompoundsemerged.Theireffectivenessin

treatingdiseasewasstillbasedlargelyontrialanderror.

Manystandard,commondrugsinthemedicinechestdevelopedinthistrial-and-error

environment.Suchisthecomplexityofdiseaseandhumanbiochemistrythateventoday,despite

enormousstridesinmedicalscience,manyofthelatestsophisticateadditionstoourmedicine

chestshelveswereaccidentalfinds.

21.TheauthorcitestheliteraldefinitionoftheGreekwordpharmakoninthefirstparagraphin

orderto

A.showthatancientcivilizationhadanadvancedformofmedicalscience.

B.pointoutthatman’ofthebeliefsofthebeliefsofancientcivilizationsarestillheldtoday.

C.illustratethatearlymanthoughtrecoveryfromillnesswaslinkedtointernalcleansing.

D.emphasizethatearlymanthoughtrecoveryformillnesswaslinkedtointernalcleansing.

22.Accordingtothepassage.Theseventh-centuryGreeks’viewofmedicinedifferedfromthatof

theSumeriansinthattheGreeks

A.discoveredmoreadvancedchemicalapplicationsofdrugs

B.acknowledgedboththementalandphysicalrootsofillness

C.establishedarigidhierarchyforthepreparationofdrugs

D.attributeddiseasetopsychological,ratherthanphysical,causes

23.InParagraph5,theword“holistic”mostnearly’means

A.integratedB.religiousC.modernD.physiological

24.Thepassageindicatesthatadvancesinmedicalscienceduringthemoderneraof

pharmacologymayhavebeendelayedby

A.alackofunderstandingofhisoriginsofdisease.

B.ashortageofchemicaltreatmentsfordisease.

C.aninaccuracyinpharmaceuticalpreparation.

D.anoveremphasisonthepsychologicalcausesofdisease.

25.Inthefinalparagraph,theauthormakeswhichofthefollowingobservationaboutscientific

discovery?

A.Humanbiochemistryissuchacomplexsciencethatimportantdiscoveriesareuncommon.

B.Manycuresforcommondiseaseshaveyettobediscovered.

C.Trialanderroristhebestavenuetoscientificdiscovery.

D.Chanceeventshaveledtothediscoveryofmanymodemdrugs.

Passage3

Whenimaginativementurntheireyestowardsapaceandwonderwhetherlifeexistsinany’

partofit,theymaycheerthemselvesbyrememberingthatlifeneednotresemblecloselythelife

thatexistsonEarth.Marslooksliketileonlyplanetwherelifelikeourscouldexist,andeventhis

isdoubtful.Buttheremaybemilerkindsoflifebasedonotherkindsofchemistryandtheymay

multiplyonVenususorJupiter.Atleaswecannotproveatpresentthattheydonot.

Evenmoreinterestingisthepossibilitythatlifeontheirplanetsmaybeinamoreadvanced

stageofevolution.Present-daymanisinapeculiarandprobablytemporarystage.Hisindividual

unitsretainastrongsenseofpersonality.Theyare,infact,stillcapableunderfavorable

circumstancesofleadingindividuallives.Butman’ssocietiesarealreadysufficiently.”Developed

tohaveenormouslymorepowerandeffectivenessthanindividualshave.

Itisnotlikelythatthistransitionalsituationwitcontinueverylongortheevolutionarytime

scale.Fiftythousand,yearsfromnowman’ssocietiesmayhavebecomesoclose-knitthatthe

individualsretainnosenseofseparatepersonality.Thenlittledistinctionwillremainbetweenthe

organicpartsofthemultipleorganismandtheinorganicparts(machines)thathavebeen

constructedbyit.Amillionyearsfurtheronmanandhismachinesmay’havemergedascloselyas

themusclesofthehumanbodyandthenervecellsthatsettheminmotion.

Theexplorersofspaceshouldbepreparedforsomesuchsituation.Ifthey.Arriveona

foreignplanetthathasreachedandadvancedstage(andthisisby’nomeansimpossible),they’

mayfinditbeinginhabitedbyasinglelargeorganismcomposedofmanycloselycooperating

units.

Theunitsmaybe“secondary”,machinescreatedmillionsofyearsagobyapreviousform

oflifeandgiventhewillandability’tosurviveandreproduce.Theymaybebuiltentirelyof

metalsandotherdurablematerials,ifthisiscase,theymaybemuchmoretolerantoftheir

environmentmultiplyingunderconditionsthatwoulddestroyimmediatelyanyorganismmadeof

carboncompoundanddependentonthefamiliarcarboncycle.

Suchcreaturesmightberelicsofapastage,manymillionsofyearsage,whentheirplanet

wasfavorabletotheoriginoflifeortheymightbeimmigrantsfromafavoredplanet.

26.Whatdoestheword“cheer”(Para1,Line2)imply?

A.Imaginativemenaresureofsuccessinfindinglifeonotherplanets.

B.Imaginativemenaredelightedtofindlifeonotherplanets.

C.Imaginativemenarehappytofindadifferentkindoflifeexistingonotherplanets.

27.HumansonEartharecharacterizedby

A.theirexistenceasfreeandseparatebeings.

B.theircapabilityoflivingunderfavorableconditions

C.theirgreatpowerandeffectiveness

D.theirstrongdesireforlivinginaclose-knitsociety

28.Accordingtothispassage,somepeoplebelievethateventually

A.humansocietieswillbemuchmorecooperative

B.manwillliveinahighlyorganizedworld

C.machineswilltakecontroloverman

D.livingbeingsilldisappearfromEarth

29.Evenmostimaginativepeoplehavetoadmitthat

A.humansocietiesareasadvancedasthoseonsomeotherplanets

B.planetsotherthanEartharenotsuitableforlifelikeourstostay

C.itisdifficulttodistinguishbetweenorganicpartsandinorganicpartsofthehumanbody

D.organismsaremorecreativethanmachines

30.Itseemsthatthewriter

A.isinterestedintheimaginarylifeforms.

B.iseagertofindadifferentformoflife.

C.iscertainoftheexistenceofanewlifeform

D.iscriticaloftheimaginativepeople

Passage4

Educationisoneofthekey,wordsofourtime.Amanwithoutaneducation,manyofus

believe,isat:unfortunatevictimofunfortunatecircumstancesdeprivedofoneofthegreatest

twentieth-centuryopportunities.Convincedoftheimportanceofeducationmodernstates“invest”,

ininstitutionsoflearningtogetback“interest”intheformofalargegroupofenlightededyoung

menandwomenwhoarepotentialleaders.Education,withitscyclesofinstructionsocarefully

workedout,punctuatedbytext-books-thosepurchasablewellsofwisdom-whatwouldcivilization

belikewithoutitsbenefits?

Somuchiscertain:thatwewouldhavedoctorsandpreachers,lawyersanddefendants,

marriagesandbirth:butourspiritualoutlookwouldbedifferent.Wewouldlaylessstresson

“factsandfigures”andmoreonagoodmemory,onappliedpsychology,andonthecapacityofa

mantogetalongwithhisfellow-citizens.Ifoureducationalsystemwerefashionedafterits

booklesspastwewouldhavethemostdemocraticformof“college”imaginable.Amongthe

peoplewhomweliketocallsavagesallknowledgeinheritedbytraditionissharedbyall:itis

taughttoeverymemberofthetribesothatinthisrespecteverybodyisequally,equippedforlife.

Itistheidealconditionofthe“equalstart”whichonlyourmostprogressiveFormsofmodern

educationtrytoregain.Inprimitiveculturestheobligationtoseekandtoreceivethetraditional

instructionisbindingtoall.Thereareno“illiterates”-ifthetermcanbe,appliedtopeoples

withoutascriptwhileourowncompulsoryschoolattendancebecamelawinnecessaryin1642,in

Francein1806,andinEnglandin,1976,andisstillnon-existentinanumberof“civilized”

nations.Thisshowshowlonghowlongitwasbeforewedeemeditnecessarytomakesurethinall

onknowledgeaccumulatedbythe“happyfew”duringthepastcenturies.

Educationinthewildernessinnotamatterofmonetarymeans.Allareentitledtoanequal

start.Thereisnoneofthehurrywhich,inoursociety,oftenhampersthefulldevelopmentofa

growingpersonality.thereachildgrowsupundertheever-presentattentionofhisparents;

thereforethejunglesandthesavagesknowofno”juveniledelinquency”.Nonecessityofmaking

alivingawayfromhomeresultsinneglectofchildren,andnofatherisconfrontedwithhis

inabilityto“buy”aneducationforhischild.

31.Thebesttitleforthispassageif

A.TheSignificanceofEducation

B.EducationalInvestmentandItsReturns

C.Education:AComparisonofItsPastandItsPresent

D.EducationintheWilderness

32.Theword“interest”inparagraphonemeans

A.capitalprofitgotbackfromtheinvestment

B.thethingsyoungpeopleareinterestedin

C.thewell-educatedandsuccessfulyoungmenandwomen

D.thewell-educatedyoungpeoplewithleadershippotential

33.Theauthorseems

A.againsttheeducationintheveryearlyhistorictimes

B.positiveaboutourpresenteducationalinstruction

C.infavoroftheeducationalpracticeinprimitivecultures

D.quitehappytoseeanequalstartforeveryone

34.Thepassageimpliesthat

A.someFamiliesnowcanhardlyaffordtosendtheirchildrentoschool

B.everyonetodayhasanequalopportunityineducation

C.everycountryinvestsheavilyineducation

D.wearenotverycertainwhetherpreachersarenecessaryornot

35.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementistrue?

A.Onewithouteducationtodayhasnoopportunities

B.Wehavenotyetdecidedonoureducationmodels

C.Compulsoryschoolingislegalobligationinseveralcountriesnow

D.Ourspiritualoutlookisbetternowthanbefore

Passage5

Many,zoosintheUnitedStateshaveundergoneradicalchangesinthephilosophyand

design.Allpossiblecareistakentoreducethestressoflivingincaptivity.Cagesandgroundsare

landscapedtomakegorillafeelimmersedinvegetation,astheywouldbeinaCongojungle.

Zebrasgazeacrossvistasarrangedtoappear(tozoosvisitors,atleast)nearlyasbroadasan

Africanplain.

Yet,strollingpastanimalsinzooafterzoo.Ihavenoticedthesignsofhobbledenergythat

hasfoundnorelease-largecatspacinginarepetitivepattern,primatesrockingforhoursinone

cornerofacage.Thesetruncatedmovementsareknownascagestereotypes,andusuallythese

movementsbringaboutnoobviousphysicaloremotionaleffectsinthecaptiveanimal.Many

animalspecialistsbelievethey,aremoretroublingtothepeoplewhowatchthantotheanimals

themselves.Suchrestlessnessinanunpleasantreminderthat-despitethecarefulinteriordecoration

andcleveropticalillusions-zooanimalsareprisoners,beingkeptinelaboratecells.

Therationaleforbreedingendangeredanimalsinzoosisneverthelesscompelling.Oncea

speciesfallsbelowacertainnumber,itisbesetbyinbreedingandotherprocessesthatnudgeit

closerandclosertoextinction.Iftheanimalalsofacesthewhole-scaledestructionofitshabitat,

itsonehopeforsurvivalliesinbeingtransplantedtosomehavenofsafely,usuallyacage.In

servingsatrustsforrarefauna.Zooshavecommittedmillionsofdollarstocaringforanimals.

Manyzoomanagershavegivengreatconsiderationtothepsychologicalhealthoftheanimalsin

theircare.YethemoreIlearnedaboutanimalsbredinenclosures,themoreIwonderedhowtheir

sensibilitiesdifferedfromthoseofanimalraisedtoroamfree.

Inthewild,animalsexistinaworldofwhichwehavelittleunderstanding.Theymay

communicatewiththeirkindthrough“language”thatareindecipherablebyhumans.Afewstudies

suggestthatsomespeciesperceivelandscapesmuchdifferentlythanpeopledo:forexample,they

max:bekeenlyattunedtomovementonthefacesofmountainsoracrossthebroadspanofgrassy

plains.Also,theirsocialstructuresmaybecomplexandintegraltotheirwellbeing.Thescientists

believetheymayevendevelopculturaltraditionsthatarekeytothesurvivalofpopulations.

Butwhenananimalisconfined,itliveswithinavacuum.Ifitisaccustomedtocoveringlong

distancesinitssearchesforfood,itgrowslazyorbored.Itcanmakenodecisionsforitself,its

intelligenceandwildskillsatrophyfromlackofuse.becomes,inasense,oneofsociety’scharges,

completelydependentonhumansfornourishmentandcare.

Howmightananimalspeciesbechangedsubtly,imperceptiblybyspendingseveral

generationsinaper--?IposedthatquestiontothecuratorofbirdsattheSanDiegoWildAnimal

Park,whichisabreedingcenterfortheendangeredCaliforniacondor.“Ialwayshavetochuckle

whensomeoneasksmethat,”thecuratorreplied.

“Evolutionhasshapedthebehaviorofthecondorforhundredsofyears.IfyouthinkIcan

changeitinacoupleofgenerations,you’regivingmealotofcredit.”

RecentlythecondorwasreintroducedintotheCaliforniadesertonlyamomentafterits

captureinevolutionaryterms.Perhapsthecuratorwasright;perhapsthewildnatureofthebirds

wouldemergeunscathed,althoughIwasnotconvinced.Butwhatofspeciesthatwillspend

decadesorcenturiesinconfinementbeforetheyarereleased?

36.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A.highlighttheimprovementsintheconditionsofAmericanzoos

B.examinebehavioraltraitsofanimalslivinginzoos

C.raiseconcernsabouttheconfinementofwildanimalsinzoos

D.suggestalternativewaysofprotectingendangeredspecies

37.Theprimaryfunctionofthesecondparagraphistoshowthat

A.wildanimalsadapttotheircagesbymodifyingtheirmovements

B.confinedanimalsarenotbeingseriouslyharmed

C.zoosaredesignedwiththereactionsofspectatorsinmind

D.peopleareoverlysensitivetoseeinganimalsincaptivity

38.Inthefourthparagraph,theauthor’smostimportantpointisthatanimalsinthewild

A.perceivelandscapesdifferentlythandoanimalsincaptivity

B.havemodesofcommunicatingthatareverysimilartothoseofhumans

C.arelikelytolivelongerthananimalskeptinzoos

D.dependonthecareandsupportofothersoftheirspecies

39.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipbetweenthefourthparagraphandthe

fifthparagraph?

A.Thefourthparagraphpresentsquestionthatisansweredinthefirthparagraph.

B.Thefourthparagraphcontainsanassertionthatisevaluatedinthefifthparagraph.

C.Thefifthparagraphdescribesacontrasttothesituationpresentedinthe()paragraph.

D.Thefifthparagraphdiscussesthesecondpartoftheprocessdescribedinthefourthparagraph.

40.Inparagraph5“charges”mostnearlymeans

A.costsB.responsibilitiesC.demandsD.attacks

Passage6

Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkofheprintandbroadcastjournalistis

reflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooks,aswellas

severalchapters,mainlyin,butnotlimitedtojournalistandbroadcastinghandbooksandreporting

textsstressthe“howto”aspectsorjournalistictheinterview,ratherthanconceptualaspectsofthe

interview,itscontext,andimplications.Muchofthe“howto”materialisbasedonpersonal

experiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknow,injournalismasinotherfields,muchcanbe,

learnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidence

fromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped.

Thereis,ashasbeensuggested,agrowlingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismand

broadcasting,butverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterview

itself.Ontheotherhand,manygeneraltextsaswellasmummeriesresearcharticleson

interviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticles

present,thetheoreticalandempiricalaspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingofthe

interviewers.Unhappily,thisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentionto

thejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwith

thejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.First,itseemslikelythatmost

peopleinmodernWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliar,atleastinapositivemanner,with

journalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobably

somewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterview,suchasthatconductedbyphysiciansand

psychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingetting

informationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliar

situationisthejobinterview.

Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmedia,

particularlybytelevision.Andyet,wehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewby

virtueofourrolesasreaders,listenersandviewers.Evensotrueunders