美英报刊阅读教程

NewspaperReading1.Whydowereadnewspaper?Whatcanwegetfromreadingnewspaper?Whodowereadfor?Whenshouldweread?Wherecanwegetnewspaperforreading?Howcanweefficientlyread?2.ObjectivesImproveyourreadingskills.(skimming,scanning)Knowledgeofcurrentaffairs(well-informed)AnintroductiontomajorAmericanandBritishnewspapersandmagazines.Abriefknowledgeoflanguagestylesinnewspapersandmagazines.Vocabularies(wordsandexpression,abbreviations)3.NewspaperArticleReportTitle:Name:Source:Date:Content/Overview(Whathappened)KeyPeople(whowasinvolved)Location(whereithappened)Timing(whenithappened)Background(whyandhowithappened)Opinion(whatyouthinkaboutthestory)NewVocabularyfromyourArticleWords/PhrasesMeaningExample1.2.4.Whatpartsdoesanewsstoryhave?

Allnewsstoriesanswersomebasicquestions:

who,what,when,where,whyandhow?Likeallstories,thebasicnewsstoryhasa

headline

andthreegeneralparts:abeginningcalledthe

“lead”,

amiddlecalledthe

“body”

and

anending.5.Whatpartsdoesanewsstoryhave?Anewsstoryiscomposedof

headline,lead,body,andbeforelead,thereare

dateline

and

byline.Headline:

Theheadlineisthelineontopofthestorythattellsthereaderwhatthestoryisabout.6.Whatpartsdoesanewsstoryhave?Lead:

thebeginningofthestory,thehookthattellsthereaderwhatthestoryisaboutAgoodlead

attractsthereadertocontinuereading.Ina

hard-newsstory,theleadusuallyiswritteninonesentence—thefirstsentenceofthestory—andgivesthemostimportantinformationabouttheevent.

7.5-WhinNewsLead

新闻导言之5-Wh为了节省读者的阅报时间，第一段中即将该则新闻內容之5-Wh讲清楚，说明白：Ｗho?Ｗhen?Ｗhat?Ｗhere?Ｗhy?isthenewsabout?didithappen?didithappen?happenedinthenews?didithappen?每则新闻的第一段即为“新闻导言”8.CategoriesofNewsNewsfallsintobasiccategories:

hardnewsandsoftnews.“Hardnews”

includesstoriesofatimelynatureabouteventsorconflictsthathavejusthappenedorareabouttohappen,suchascrimes,fires,meetings,protestrallies,speechesandtestimonyincourtcases.

Thesestorieshave

immediacy.9.Whatpartsdoesanewsstoryhave?The

dateline,

whichtellsreaderswhenandwherethestoryiswritten,isimportant.The

byline标题下署名之行,whichgivescredittothewriter,isalsoveryimportant.Headline;lead;dateline;andbyline10.CategoriesofNews“Softnews”

isdefinedasnewsthatentertainsorinforms,withanemphasison

humaninterest(人情味)andnovelty（新奇）andlessimmediacy

thanhardnews.Forexample,astoryaboutthe

effectivenessofdiets

wouldbeconsideredsoftnews.11.CategoriesofNews“Softnews”

canalsobestoriesthatfocusonpeople,placesorissuesthataffectreaders’lives.Thesetypesofstoriesarecalled

“featurestories.”

AstoryaboutthegrowingnumberofbabiessufferingfromAIDScouldbeconsideredasoft-newsstory.Itisn’tlessimportantthanhardnews,butitisn’tnewsthathappenedovernight.

12.Hard

NewsSoftNewsfeatures（特写）personalprofile

(人物特写)Anecdote(趣事；轶事)flash(快讯)urgent（急电）brief（简讯）breakingnews

（突发新闻）Iftheactionoreventoccurredthesamedayasorthedaybeforepublicationofthenewspaper,theeventiscalled“breakingnews.”13.Whatarethequalities

ofagoodnewsstory?Whatthingsarenewsworthy?Thesearesomeofthesetraditionalqualitiesofbothhard-andsoft-newsstories:Timeliness(时效性)Proximity（接近性）Unusualnature（新奇）Celebrities（名人名流）Humaninterest（人情味）Conflict（冲突）14.Timeliness

Aneventthathappened

thedayofordaybeforepublication

oraneventthatis

duetohappenintheimmediatefuture

isconsideredtimely.Someeventsthathappenedinthepastalsomaybeconsideredtimelyiftheyareprintedonananniversaryoftheevent,suchasone,fiveor10yearsaftertheincident.15.ProximityAneventmaybe

ofinteresttolocalreaders

becauseithappenedinorclosetothecommunity.Forexample:Wuhanesewillbequiteinterestedinwhenthesubwaytunnelsbegantobebuiltandwhenitwillbeaccomplished.16.UnusualNature:

theuniquenessofaneventThereisawell-knownsaying:“Itisnotnewswhenadogbitesaman,butabsolutelynewswhenyoufindamanbitesadog.”Itsoundsabsurd,butfullyillustratesoneofthewidelyacceptednewsvalues—the

unusual,bizarrenatureofarecentlyhappenedevent.17.CelebritiesPeoplewhoarewell-knownfortheiraccomplishments—

primarilyentertainers,athletesorpeoplewhohavegainedfameforachievements,goodor

bad—attractalotofattention.Thisstoryranon

thefrontpage

becauseofthecelebritystatusoftheentertainers….18.Humaninterest:

Peoplelikestoriesaboutpeoplewhohave

specialproblems,achievementsorexperiences.Thesestoriescanbe

profilesorunusualstories

aboutpeoplethatmakereaderscareabout

theirplight.Hereisanexampleofhumaninterest:

KidsHelpingKidsSurvivetheEffectsofKatrina.

19.Conflict&Impact:

Storiesinvolvingconflictspeoplehavewithgovernmentorotherpeopleareoftennewsworthy,especiallywhentheconflictreflectslocalproblems.20.AdditionalqualitiesSomeadditionalqualitiesofnewstoconsider:Helpfulness:Consumers,healthandotherhow-tostories.Entertainment:storiesthatamusereaders,makethemfeelgoodorhelpthemenjoytheirleisuretime.21.AdditionalqualitiesInspiration:

StoriesaboutpeoplewhoovercomedifficultiesSpecialinterest:

Somestoriesappealtopeople’sinterestsinsuchsubjectsasscience,businessorreligionortosuchspecialgroupsaswomen,minorities,disabledpeople,veterans,collegestudentsorothergroupswithparticularinterests.22.ThemainstreamnewsagencyAFP(AgenceFrancePresse) 法新社 法国AP(AssociatedPress) 美联社 美国CP(CanadaPress) 加拿大通讯社 加拿大KNS(KyodoNewsService) 共同社 日本23.ThemainstreamnewsagencyReuter(Reuter’sNewsAgency) 路透社 英国TASS(TelegraphAgencyoftheSovietUnion) 塔斯社 俄罗斯UPI(UnitedPressInternational) 合众国际社 美国XinhuaNewsAgency 新华社 中国24.Differentkindsofnewspapersperiodical期刊magazine杂志daily日报weekly周刊fortnightly半月刊monthly月刊

25.AmericanNewspapersandMagazines

Fivefamousnewspapers:TheNewYorkTimes(netpage)《纽约时报》foundedin1851TheWashingtonPost《华盛顿邮报》foundedin1877LosAngelesTimes《洛杉矶时报》foundedin1881USAToday

《今日美国报》foundedin1983TheWallStreetJournal《华尔街日报》foundedin188926.OtherNewspapersInternationalHeraldTribune《国际先驱论坛报》TheChristianScienceMonitor《基督教科学箴言报》NewYorkDailyNews《纽约每日新闻》ChicagoTribune《芝加哥论坛报》MiamiHerald《迈阿密先驱报》BostonGlobe《波士顿环球报》27.AmericanMagazinesTime《时代》周刊（美国三大新闻周刊之一）

Newsweek

《新闻周刊》（美国三大新闻周刊之一）

U.S.NewsandWorldReport《美国新闻与世界报道》（美国三大新闻周刊之一）

Reader’sDigest《读者文摘》（月刊）Fortune

《幸福》/《财富》（双周刊）28.EnglishNewspaperCategories

Broadsheetqualitypaper严肃大开张（TheTimes/TheGuardian)Tabloidpopularpaper通俗类小报(TheSun/DailyStar)29.BritishNewspapers1.TheTimes《泰晤士报》oneofthenewspaperswiththelongesthistoryItslastbroadsheeteditioncamein2004/10/30.inthenotice,theeditoringeneralavoidtheword“tabloid"fromMonday,November1,TheTimeswillbeacompactnewspaper.”(page)2.TheFinancialTimes《金融时报》〉ProvidethenewsaboutLondonstockexchange3.TheGuardian《卫报》4.TheDailyTelegraph《每日电讯报》5.TheSun《太阳报》30.BritishMagazinesTheSpectator《旁观者》（时事周刊）

TheNewStatesman《新政治家》（时事周刊）

TheEconomist《经济学家》（侧重经济的综合性周刊)31.RelatedWebsitesUSATodayTheWallStreetJournalTheNewYorkTimesLosAnglesTimesTheWashingtonPostNewsweekwww.timesonline.co.ukTheTimeswww.theguardian.pe.caTheGuardianReuters32.Differentkindsofnewspapersbimonthly双月刊quarterly季刊annual年刊year-book年鉴extraissue（报纸）号外specialissue特刊

33.Differentkindsofnewspapersdailypaper日报eveningpaper晚报morningpaper晨报Sundaynewspaper星期日报pictorialmagazine画报memorialvolume纪念刊34.WhatIt’sCalled

报纸专有名词说明报头

masthead报耳ear标题

headline图片

photo索引index引题kicker消息来源

dateline图片说明

caption新闻导言

lead35.masthead报头由报头可知报纸名称,发行日期,地点,编号,售价..等ear报耳各报用途不相同,可为发行标语,或重点新闻图片..等headline标题每则新闻均有,说出內容要点kicker引题在标题下方,为标题加注或补充说明dateline消息来源有些是由自家报社提供,有些则自通讯社购得(即外电报道)byline撰稿人社內记者或驻外特派員lead新闻导言每则新闻的第一段,说明事件的人,事,时,地,原因photo/caption图片/图片說明传达现场的真实感index索引位于首页,帮助读者迅速找出最想看的报道jumpline跳页首页报道经常分页排放,jumpline作用在指引报道续接的页数MainComponents

报纸专有名词说明36.Columnsofanewspaperthefrontpage头版,第一版bulldogedition晨版article记事headline标题bannerheadline头号大标题byline标题下署名之行dateline日期、发稿地之行37.Columnsofanewspaperbignews头条新闻hotnews最新新闻exclusivenews独家新闻scoop特讯feature特写,花絮criticism评论editorial社论38.Columnsofanewspaperreview,comment时评bookreview书评topicality时事问题citynews社会新闻column栏letters读者投书栏generalnewscolumn一般消息栏39.Columnsofanewspapercartoon,comics漫画cut插图weatherforecast天气预报serialstory新闻小说obituarynotice讣闻publicnotice公告advertisement广告40.Columnsofanewspaperclassifiedad分类广告flash-news大新闻extra号外thesportspage运动栏literarycriticism文艺评论Sundayfeatures周日特刊41.MainComponentsHeadlinesLeadBodyEnding42.HeadlineYoucanbeabetterreaderifyouknowwhattoexpectinanewspaper.Whenyoureadanewspaper,youusuallylookattheheadlinesfirst.Newspaperheadlineshavealanguageandvocabularyoftheirownanditisnecessarytolearnaboutit.Readthefollowingheadlines:43.SomeheadlinesWeninNewDehliforlandmarkvisitUS:NofasttrackforChinatojoinInt’l-lenderLegislatureaskedtointerpretBasicLawHailstones“asbigaseggs”kill18China’scollegestudentsgetokaytotieknotNewbridgetohelpspanthewealthgap44.FanKillsWife=Asportsfankilledhiswife.ActorFoundDead=Anactorhasbeen(wasfound)dead.MarriedWomentoGetCareAllowance=MarriedWomenaretogetcareallowance.WuYi:FurtherOpeningPledged=WuYIsaidthatfurtheropeningwaspledged.Charles,32,SeeksBride=Charles,aged32,isseekingforabride.45.Typesofheadlines1.straightheadline:summarizingEg:GirlsDieinBlazeClintonOffersBushAdvice

2.headlineaskingquestions:reportingfuturepossibilityorexpressingdoubtEg:OPECtoRaiseOilOutput?KoreaUnityinFiveYears?46.3.Headlinecontainingaquotation:statementnotprovenEg:“WeWon’tQuit”

Vietnam:USPlanningAnotherWar

4.DoubleHeadline:two-partheadlineforthesamestory,usuallymajoreventEg:ExpectedtoGotoUSCastrotoFreeThousandsofPrisoners47.Featuresofheadline1.Ellipses省略2.Simplifiedtense简化的时态3.Frequentuseofabbreviationandacronym缩略语4.Midgetwordsorsinglesyllablewords小词48.ellipses1.Inheadlines,asentenceonlycontainsnotionalwords(实义词),omittingthefunctionones,suchasthearticle,prep.auxiliary,pronoun,eventhemainclause.Eg:NosurvivorsingulfAirCrashBallots,NotBullets2.“and”isoftenreplacedbyacomma.Eg:WomanKillsHusband,Self49.3.“tobe”isreplacedbyacolonandaquotationisleadbyacolon.Eg:LiuXiang:YellowBulletKerry：FirmlyFrontRunner4.Nounsmodifynounwithoutanyconjunction.Eg:ShotgunDeathRiddleDramaZooEscapeDrama50.SimplifiedTense1.Presenttense:thingsthathappened:40DieinBlazethingshappening:SchoolsAskParentsforMoneyTowardBooksthingstohappen:EUPlanstoBoostEconomicRecovery2.Pastparticiple:

CaseProbedBrazilEliteForcedtoMakeLoans3.“todo”forfuturetenseBeijingtoFireTestRockettoSouthPacific51.

PressStyleCommonStylePresentsimpletensePast

tensePresentperfecttense

14DieinBlazeKillerescapesfromcourtroom.52.

DeathTollRisesto21inNorthChinaMineBlastBush:USEconomicStrongandGettingStrongNewZealandwarnsSovietonsealhunting

BushsaysInvasionofIraqwasnecessaryRumsfieldOrdersReviewofSexualAssaults

NineMinistriesIssueJointNoticeonBirdFluChinaOilImportExceeds100millionin200353.PressStyleCommonStyleInfinitiveFormFutureFormbate5-dayweekExamples:1.PoliciestoBoostFarmers’Income2.HusbandtoSueWife3.ChinaFootballTeamtoLeavefor2002WorldCup54.PressStyleCommonStyleTheprogressive(or“-ing”formPresentprogressiveActiveformExamples:Thamesapproachingdangerlevel.Nudewomanrailkilling

55.PastparticiplePassivevoicePressStyleCommonstyleExamples:CaseProbedColombianSenttoU.S.forDrugTrialPetrolBombFoundoutsideCapitol56.HeadlinesReflecting

Newspaperwritingfeatures57.1．在不发生歧义的情况下，冠词往往被省略。例如：Boy，7，killedbyEjectionFromCockpitofNavyJet（TheWashingtonPost）StandardEnglish：ABoy，7，killedbyEjectionFromtheCockpitofaNavyJetChinesePopulationIsPutat1．3Billion（InternationalHeraldTribune）StandardEnglish：TheChinesePopulationIsPutat1．3Billion58.2．系动词经常被省略。例如：JoblessnessStillaProblem（ChinaDaily）StandardEnglish：JoblessnessIsStillaProblemForecastofMexicanquakeaccurate，butignored（ScienceNews）StandardEnglish：TheForecastofMexicanquakeisaccurate，butitisignored59.3．连词、代词、引导词也会省略。例如：Kings，sheiksrapUSSR，US（ChinaDaily）StandardEnglish：KingsandsheiksrapUSSRandUSAnneandbabyarewell（SouthChinaMorningPost）StandardEnglish：AnneandherbabyarewellFarfewerpitclosuresandjoblosseslikelythanrumored（TheTimes）StandardEnglish：Therearefarfewerpitclosuresandjoblosseslikelythanhavebeenrumored60.4．现在分词表示事件正在进行。例如：Spinningoutoforbit（Time）StandardEnglish：（TheSpacecraft）IsSpinningoutoforbitIndiaMendingFences（ChinaDaily）StandardEnglish：IndiaIsMendingHerFences61.5．过去分词表示被动语态。例如：EconomiststoldChina’sprogrammeunchanged（ChinaDaily）StandardEnglish：EconomistsaretoldChina’sprogrammeisunchangedJapan：SkilledHandsNeeded（InternationalHeraldTribune）StandardEnglish：Japan：SkilledHandsAreNeeded62.6．动词不定式通常表述未来行为。例如：FloridaFreezeToIncreaseAreaProducePrices（TheWashingtonPost）StandardEnglish：FloridaFreezeWillIncreaseAreaProducePricesPopetovisitJapaninFebruary（TheNewYorkTimes）StandardEnglish：PopewillvisitJapaninFebruary63.UseofAbbreviations&AcronymsShortnamesandinitialsarefrequentlyusedinheadlines.1.EU’sFuture(EuropeanUnion欧盟）2.SplinteredPLOStrugglestoStayAlive(PalestineLiberationOrganization巴勒斯坦解放组织)3.NATO::Who,What,Why?(NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization北大西洋公约组织）4.OPECtoraiseProduction(OrganizationofthePetroleumExportingCountries石油输出国组织）5.IMF:DoTheyHelporHurtThirdWorld(InternationalMonetaryFund国际货币基金组织)64.abbreviations1.Nohopefor118crewofRussiansubsub=submarine2.Universityentryhardforwould-bevetsvet=veteran3.Putthescibackinsci-fisci=sciencefi=fiction65.AbbreviationfortheNamesofImportantInternationalOrganizationsADB=AsianDevelopmentBank亚洲开发银行APEC=Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation亚太经合组织（亚洲和太平洋经济合作组织）ASEAN=AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations东南亚国家联盟AL/ArabLeague=LeagueofArabStates阿拉伯国家联盟AU=AfricanUnion非洲联盟CHR=CommissiononHumanRights（联合国）人权委员会CIS=CommonwealthofIndependentStates独立国家联合体TheCommonwealth=CommonwealthofNations英联邦66.G-7＝GroupofSeven（西方）七国集团SNES=Seven-NationEconomicSummit（西方）七国经济最高级会议IAEA=InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency国际原子能机构ICJ=InternationalCourtofJustice（联合国）国际法院海牙国际法庭IMF=InternationalMonetaryFund（联合国）国际货币基金组织IOC=InternationalOlympicCommittee国际奥林匹克委员会67.NATO=NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization北大西洋公约组织OPEC=OrganizationofthePetroleumExportingCountries石油输出国组织SC(UN)=SecurityCouncilofUnitedNations（联合国）安全理事会UNESCO=UnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,andCulturalOrganization联合国教育、科学及文化组织（教科文组织）WHO=WorldHealthOrganization世界卫生组织WTO=WorldTradeOrganization世界贸易组织68.compareCarBlastKills2Iraqis（TheNewYorkTimes)CarBombSouthofBaghdadKillsTwo(TheWashingtonPost)ThreeBeheadedBodiesFoundinIraq(AP美联社)ThreeDecapitatedCorpsesFoundinBaghdad(Reuters)69.1.

UStoldnottoexploitTibetissue2.Forbes:HaierTopsChina’sBrand-NameList3.VisitorsFlockingtoMao’sbirthplace4.RussianPresidentialCandidateMissing5.USTeaminIraqtoAssessPowerTransition6.KerryVictoriousbyWideMarginin2MoreStates7.GeorgeW.Bush’sDaysNumbered:JohnKerry8.BirdFluDetectedinU.S.asVirusWaneinAsia70.Candidateinthewind

HowawaveringHillaryRodhamClintonfinallydecidedtodeclare

Well,it’sabouttime.Yesterday,HillaryClintonturnedthelongest-runningunofficialcampaigninpoliticalsoap-operahistoryintosomethingreal.Sheisnowanactual,for-the-record,read-my-lipscandidatefortheU.S.SenatefromNewYork.Notes:for-the-recordv.s.offtherecordreadmylips71.ToSaveornottosaveUncleSamsendsthewrongmessage.WhyisthepersonalsavingsrateintheU.Ssolow?Conventionalwisdomsaysit’sbecausemanypeopleearnjustenoughtogetby.72.DoastheMaorisdoUnitedNationsSecretary-GeneralKofiAnnandoesthe“hongi”,atraditionalMaorigreetingwithMaoriAffairsMinisterDoverSamuelswhilemeetingthecabinetinWellingtonyesterday.AnnanisonanofficialvisittoNewZealand.Notes:doastheMaorisdoWheninRome,doastheRomansdoHongitouchingnose73.ZhangChunqiao,amemberofChina'snotorious“GangofFour”ledbythewifeoflateChairmanMaoZedong,diedofcancerlastmonth,theXinhuanewsagencyreported.Hewas88.

ZhanghadbeenonmedicalparolesinceJanuary1998andhaddiedonApril21,Xinhuasaidwithoutgivingfurtherdetailsofanysurvivors.

74.MemberofGangofFourZhangChunqiaodies

75.VisitingChairmanofPeopleFirstPartyJamesCYSoongreiteratedhispersistentstanceinBeijingWednesdaythathispartyisresolutelyopposedtoforcesfor"Taiwanindependence,"whichisadeadalleyforpeaceandstabilityacrosstheTaiwanStraits.SoongmadetheremarkwhenaddressingthefacultyofBeijing-basedTsinghuaUniversitytelevisedlive.76.'Taiwanindependence'adeadalley:Soong

77.Astorekeeperstrippedthreeboys,aged6-9,oftheirclothesaftershecaughtthemstealingcandiesinShenzhen,onSaturday.Thethreeboys,twowithouttheirshirtsandonewithouthispants,thenranthethreeblockstotheirhomeintears.78.Candy-stealingboysstrippedofclothes

79.Dawei,aSiberiantigerfromDalian,LiaoningProvince,iswaitinganxiouslyathisnewlybuilttwo-room

suitein

Shanghaitomeethisnewmate.Inacoupleofdays,thetwo-year-oldwillbeofficiallyintroducedtohis

localgirlfriend,atwo-year-oldfemaletigerwhogrewupattheShanghaiWildAnimalPark.80.Tigereagertomeethisnewmate

81.HAMILTON-An81-year-oldHamiltonwomanwhofatallystabbedherhusbandtoendhissufferingfromadvancedAlzheimer’sdiseasewillnothavetoservetimeinjaildespitepleadingguiltytomanslaughter.AnOntariojudge,citingJeanBrush’sageandlife-longcontributionstothecommunity,saidshehasalreadysufferedmorethananypunishmentthecourtcouldimpose,andreleasingherwouldendangernoone.Hedescribedthemercykilling,afterasuicidepactfailed,as“adesperateattempttoendherandherhusband’slifewithsomeshredofdignityandwithoutbecomingaburdenonsociety.82.a．Awomankillsherhusband.b.An81-year-oldHamiltonwomanpleadedguilty.c.Awomanfreedaftermercykilling.

83.ALBANY,NewYork-After18yearsofbeingvetoedbyDemocraticgovernors,adeathpenaltylawsignedbyGeorgePataki,thestate’sRepublicangovernor,tookeffectFriday.NewYorkisthe38thstatetoenactadeathpenaltysince1976,whentheU.S.SupremeCourtallowedstatestoresumecapitalpunishment.84.NewYorkDeathPenaltyinEffect85.TheNewspaperLeadThefirstparagraphofanewsstoryiscalledthelead.Italmostalwaysgivesyouthestory'smaintopicandmostimportantfacts.Whenyoureadanewspaperleadsentence,trytofindthesubjectandmainverbandnotehowtherestofthesentenceaddsinformationtothesubjectandmainverb.86.AnwarSadatAssassinatedatCairoMilitaryReviewCAIRO,October7-EgyptianPresidentAnwarSadat,amodern-daypharaohwhoattemptedtoleadtheArabworldtowardapermanentMideastpeacewithIsreal,wasassassinatedyesterdaybyabandofsoldierswhoattackedamilitaryparadereviewingstandwithautomaticriflesandhandgrenades.Notethatagreatdealofinformationisincludedinasinglesentence.Thewriterhasorganizedthesentencearoundthesubject(EgyptianPresidentAnwarSadat)andmainverb(wasassassinated)verycarefully.

87.FunctionsofaLead1.Totellthemainpointsofapieceofnewsinconciselanguage2.Toleadreaderstothethemeorsubjectofthenews3.Toarousethereaders’interest88.LeadAccordingtojournalismexpertsofoldtimes,aleadmustanswer5W’sand1“H”.5“W”when?where?who?what?why?Hhow?Advantage:Suchkindofleadconcreteandcompleteenablesthereaderstocatchthemainfacts.Disadvantage:itputstoomanycontentstogether,failingtogiveprominencetothekeypointsandcreatingsuspense.89.ReformedLeadSince1950s,all-in-oneleadwasnolongerthegoldenrule.Ajournalistmayonlystressoneortwokeyelementsintheleadandputtheotherinthebody.90.TheInvertedPyramidForm倒金字塔式Thefactsarearrangedintheorderofdescendingimportance,theclimaxandconclusioncomingthefirst.91.TheInvertedPyramidForm92.ContainingmostimportantormostInterestinginformation

MorefactsSupportinginformationorbackgroundQuotesormorefactsoflesserimportanceMinordetailsLeastsignificantinformation93.examplesROME,Nov.8Aprovincialprosecutor,his

(who)driverandhisbodyguardweremachine-gunned(what)

todeath

onacountryroadsouthofhere

today(where)(when)bypoliticalterrorists,whoalsowoundedoneof

(why)(how)theiraccomplicesandlaterkilledhim.94.

ThekillingscalledintodoubtstatementsbytheGovernmentthatithadcrippledterroristorganizationsthrougharrestsofkeyleaders.(Paragraph2tosupplement“why”byraisingdoubtaboutthegovernment)

Twoleftistterroristgroups,FrontLineandFightingFormationsforCommunism,bothtookresponsibilityforthekillings.BotharerelatedtotheRedBrigadesterroristorganization.(Para.3tospecify“who”istheassassinator)95.Theofficialwhowaskilled,FedeleCalvosa59yearsold,waschiefprosecutorforFroninone,anareasouthofRome,andwasdeputyprosecutorforRome.Hewasonhiswaytoworkwhenhiscarwasambushed.ThetwoothervictimswereGiuseppePagleil,29,MrCalvosa’sbodyguard,andLucianorossi,24,hisdriver.(Para4tomakecleartheidentityoftheassassinated“who”)96.Themostcommonabbreviationsandacronyms