2022海上风电案例研究

2022海上风电案例研究

TRACKINGTHEIMPACTSOFINNOVATION

OFFSHOREWINDASACASESTUDY

CONTENTS

FIGURES��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5

TABLES����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6

BOXES����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6

ABBREVIATIONS��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7

1�ASSESSINGTHEIMPACTOFTECHNOLOGYINNOVATIONSUPPORT��������������������13

2�INDICATORSANDINNOVATIONIMPACTS�����������������������������������������������������������17

Innovationecosystem:Anactive,growingandbroadeninginnovationecosystem 17

Technologyprogress:Continualimprovementsintechnologyintheformofdecliningcosts,

improvingtechnologyperformanceandawideningrangeofsolutions 18

Marketformation:Agrowingandbroadeningmarketmovingtowardsmaturity 18

3�OFFSHOREWIND�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������19

4�PROGRESSINTHEOFFSHOREINNOVATIONECOSYSTEM������������������������������������20

Scientificpublications 20

Patents 22

RD&Dcollaboration 26

Relevancetoinnovation 26

Potentialforfurtherinsights 27

5�PROGRESSINOFFSHOREWINDTECHNOLOGY���������������������������������������������������28

Costs 28

Technologyperformanceandprojectcharacteristics 31

Relevancetoinnovation 40

Potentialforfurtherinsights 41

6�PROGRESSINOFFSHOREWINDMARKETFORMATION����������������������������������������42

Installedcapacityandgeneration 42

Internationalstandardisation 43

Start-ups 43

Tradeflows 45

Trademarks 47

Relevancetoinnovation 48

Potentialforfurtherinsights 49

7�CONCLUSIONSANDNEXTSTEPS������������������������������������������������������������������������50

Implicationsofinnovation 50

Nextstepsforthemethodologicalapproach 53

REFERENCES����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������54

4|TRACKINGTHEIMPACTSOFINNOVATION

FIGURES

Figure1. Innovationlifecycle 14

Figure2. Globalpublicationstrends,countriesleadinginpublicationsandglobalshares(2010-2019) 21

Figure3. Offshorewindpatentfamilies,patentsfiledinternationallyandofhighvalue(2010-2017) 23

Figure4. Patentspecialisationindex(2010-2016) 25

Figure5. OffshorewindRD&Dalliancesandinternationalconferences(2010-2019) 25

Figure6. Totalinstalledcosts(2010-2019) 28

Figure7. LCOE(2010-2019) 29

Figure8. Capacityfactors(2010-2019) 31

Figure9. Waterdepthanddistancefromshore(2010-2019) 33

Figure10.Rotordiameterandhubheight(2010-2019) 34

Figure11.Shareofinstalledcapacityandwaterdepthbyfoundationtype(2010-2019) 35

Figure12.Installationtimeoffoundationsandtotalinstalledcosts(2010-2019) 39

Figure13.Totalinstalledcapacity(2010-2019)andelectricitygeneration(2010-2018) 42

Figure14.Numberofinternationalstandardsandcountriesparticipatinginstandardsdevelopment

(2010-2019)44

Figure15.Start-upsforoffshorewind(2015-2019) 44

Figure16.Bladesexportsandgeographicaldistribution(2005-2019) 45

Figure17.Gearsandgearingexportsandgeographicaldistribution(2005-2019) 46

Figure18.Registeredtrademarksforoffshorewind(2010-2019) 48

Figure19.Indicatorsandtheirinterlinkages 50

OFFSHOREWINDASACASESTUDY|5

TABLES

Table1.Keyfindingsandinsights 10

Table2.Inputindicatorsandtheirapplicability/useindifferentstagesofinnovation 15

Table3.Indicatorsmappingtheinnovationecosystem 17

Table4.Indicatorsmappingtechnologyprogress 18

Table5.Indicatorsmappingmarketformation 18

Table6.Specialisationindexforoffshorewindtechnology(2010-2016):Globalandregionallevel,

selectedcountries 24

Table7. Installedcostsinselectedcountries 29

Table8.LCOEinselectedcountries 30

Table9.Capacityfactorsinselectedcountries 32

Table10.Technicalpotentialforfloatingoffshorewindinselectedcountries/regions 38

Table11.Typicaloffshorewindfarmsin2010,2015and2019 40

BOXES

Box1.Definitions 14

Box2.Floatingoffshorewind 38

6|TRACKINGTHEIMPACTSOFINNOVATION

OFFSHOREWINDASACASESTUDY|7

ABBREVIATIONS

CAGR

Compoundannualgrowthrate

MI

MissionInnovation

CN

China

MW

Megawatt

DE

Germany

NO

Norway

DK

Denmark

O&M

Operationandmaintenance

EU

EuropeanUnion

RD&D

Research,developmentand

demonstration

GW

HVDC

Gigawatt

Highvoltagedirectcurrent

RoWTEIIF

Restoftheworld

TrackingEnergyInnovationsImpacts

IID

InnovationImpactsDashboard

Framework

JP

Japan

TRL

Technologyreadinesslevel

JRC

JointResearchCentre

TSO

Transmissionsystemoperator

(EuropeanUnion)

KR

RepublicofKorea

TWh

UK

Terawatthour

UnitedKingdomofGreatBritain

kWh

Kilowatthour

andNorthernIreland

LCOE

Levelisedcostofelectricity

USA

UnitedStatesofAmerica

EXECUTIVESUMMARY:CONTEXTANDKEYFINDINGS

Cleanenergytechnologyinnovation–particularlyresearch,developmentanddemonstration(RD&D)–playsacriticalroleinacceleratingtheglobalenergytransition.Asthistransitionprogressesandambitionsgrow,theneedforstronggovernmentsupportforinnovationgrowsalongsideit.

GovernmentsupportmechanismscanincludeRD&Dfunding,marketinstruments,andpoliciesthatguideandencourageinnovationactivities.Inthisreport,thesearedescribedas“inputs”intotheinnovationprocess.Thepurposeoftheseinputsistoleadtooutputs(i.e.neworimprovedtechnologies,processesandsystems)andultimatelyoutcomes(i.e.positivechangesinenergysystems).Linkingtheseinnovationinputstotheprogressofcleanenergytechnologyinnovationandunderstandingtheirimpactscan,however,bechallenging.

Thisreportisaninitialoutputoftwointerlinkedprojectsfocusedontrackinginnovationimpacts:first,theInnovationImpactsDashboard(IID)project–fundedbythegovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland–andsecond,theTrackingEnergyInnovationImpactsFramework(TEIIF)project,fundedbytheHorizon2020ProgrammeoftheEuropeanUnion(EU).Bothprojectshavecontributedtotheworkdiscussedhere.ThoseprojectsbothalsocontributetotheMissionInnovationTrackingProgressworkstream.

UndertheTEIIFproject,workwillcontinuetobuildonandrefinetheapproachdevelopedtodate.Thiswillbedone,inparticular,inconsultationwith–andwithfeedbackfrom–theEU,theUnitedKingdom(UK)andotherMissionInnovation(MI)members,aswellastheMISecretariat.

Thegoalofthisworkistodevelopatoolforpolicymakers.Thiswillenablethemtobettermeasureandunderstandthevariousfactorsthatimpactprogressintechnology.Itwillalsohelpbetterinforminnovationsupportrelated

decisions,whilealsoenablingpolicymakerstobetterdesignRD&Dactivitiesandinnovationpolicies.

Offshorewindwaschosenforacasestudytopilotaninitialmethodology.Thismethodologylooksatarangeofindicatorsthat,whenconsideredtogether,mayprovideadditionalqualitativeandquantitativeinsightsintowaysinwhichinnovativeenergytechnologiesaremakingprogress,eitherfullyorinpartduetoRD&Dactivities.Themethodologyanalyses30indicatorsacrossthreecategories:theinnovationecosystem,technologyprogressandmarketformation.

Thismainoutputofthepilotisanonline

dashboard

,whichprovidesavisualpresentationofindicators,showcasingtrendsandthegeographicaldistributionofactivitiesinoffshorewind.Thisbriefaccompaniesthatdashboard.Itdoessobypresentingtheresultsandexploringtheinsightsandperspectivesgainedfrompilotingthemethodologyonoffshorewindprogressglobally,between2010and2019.Offshorewindwaschosenduetoitssignificantprogressintechnologydevelopmentanddeployment,aswellasincostreductionsandtherapidmaturationofthismarketoverthelastdecade.

Thisreportdoescomewithcaveats.Progressinoffshorewindtechnologyisdrivenbymanyfactors,ofwhichRD&Disonlyone.Factorsthatarehardtomeasureand/orthataffectseveraltechnologiessimultaneously

suchastheimpactsofwidersystemicinnovation,dependenciesonsupplychainandcriticalmaterials,andmarketdynamics–areexcludedfromthiscasestudy.Inaddition,theapproachexploreddoesnotcurrentlyaddressRD&Dpoliciesorinputs(e.g.RD&Dfunding),nordoesitattempttoproveacausallinkbetweenprogressmadeandRD&Dinputs(e.g.RD&Dfunding)orpolicies.Instead,ithighlightswhereRD&Dmayhavecontributed.Lastly,thereport’sfindingsare

OFFSHOREWINDASACASESTUDY|9

basedonthedataaccessibleinthetimeframeoftheproject,withitsdatagatheringapproachthorough,butnotexhaustive.Furtherworkwillfocusonexploringandrefiningsomeofthosefactorsfurther.Theindicatorsalsocomewithspecificlimitationsaddressedintheirrespectivechapters.

Provisionalkeyfindingsandinsightsaresummarisedbelow.TheprocessbehindtheselectionoftheindicatorsandtheoverallapproachwillbedocumentedasanannextotheTEIIFprojectmethodology.Section7.2,however,brieflydiscussesthestrengthsandweaknessesofthisinitialapproachandhowthemethodologymightberefinedthroughfurtherwork.

AHEALTHYANDBROADENINGINNOVATIONECOSYSTEM

Table1.Keyfindingsandinsights

Activeandbroadeningresearchbase

Activeprivateandpublicsectorsseekingcommercialisationoftheirintellectualproperty

ActiveandgrowingRD&Dcollaborationbetweenprivateandpublicsectororganisations

Thenumberoftechnologyrelatedscientificpublicationsforoffshorewindincreased2.5timesbetween2010-2019,withover88000citationsduringthesameperiod.

Thelargeglobalincreasewasmainlyduetoafive-fold

increasefromChina.Publicationratesplateaued,buthavepersistedinestablishedmarkets(theUnitedStatesofAmerica(USA),theUK,Germany,Denmark,Norway,JapanandtheRepublicofKorea),whilecontinuingtogrowwitha3.5-foldincreaseinnewmarketsacrosscountriesinEurope,

Asia,LatinandNorthAmerica,broadeningthegeographicaloffshorewindresearchbase.

Patentsforoffshorewindincreasedby60%from20102017.

China’sinventions(patentfamilies)grewexponentially,from2to63duringthisperiod.JapanandtheRepublicofKoreaproducedalmost20%oftheinventionsin2017.

EstablishedmarketsinAsia(China,JapanandtheRepublicofKorea)andEurope(FranceandGermany)wereresponsiblefor90%ofpatentingactivityin2017.

OffshorewindRD&Dcollaborationsgrewfourfoldfrom2010to2019.

Nationalcollaborationsincreasedbetween20152019,whileinternational

collaborationswereprevalentbetween2010-2015.ThissuggestsRD&Dismovingintohighertechnologyreadinesslevels(TRLs)andthemarketismaturing.

Almost60internationaloffshorewindconferencesandeventstookplacebetween

2010-2019,withover55%takingplaceregularly,eitherannuallyorbiennially(China,theUSA,Poland,Germany,EUlevel).

10|TRACKINGTHEIMPACTSOFINNOVATION

TECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTINTHEFORMOFDECLININGCOSTS,IMPROVINGTECHNOLOGYPERFORMANCEANDAWIDENINGRANGEOFSOLUTIONS.

Costscontinuedtodecline

Technologicalperformanceimproved

Innovativesolutionsbroughtdiversityandcontinuedtoreachdifferentgeologicalconditions

Overallinstalledcostsdeclinedby28%between2015and2019,butcostvolatilityisstillpresentdue

toimmaturityofthemarket.

Levelisedcostofelectricity(LCOE)droppedby32%,fromUSD0.169/kilowatthour(kWh)in2010toUSD0.115/kWhin2019.

Costdeclinesweredrivenbylearning-by-RD&D,learning-by-doingandeconomiesofscale.

Thecapacityfactorincreasedby18%,reaching44%in2019.

CapacityfactorimprovementswereinlargepartdrivenbyRD&Dactivitiescontributingtotechnologyimprovements,includingthehubheightofoffshorewindturbines–which

grewby30%–therotordiameterofoffshorewindturbines–whichgrewby40%–andbyturbinesdoublinginsize.

Offshorewindprojectsreacheddeeperandmoredistantwaters,withdistancefromtheshoregrowingalmostthreefold.

Over80%ofalloffshorewindfoundationsweremonopile,duetotheirpriceandeaseofuse.Toaddress

variousseabedconditions,waterdepths,anddifferencesinmanufacturing,installationsandoperation,awiderangeoffoundationtypesweredeployed,enabledbyRD&Dactivities.

Improvementsintheefficiencyofoffshorewindlogisticscontributedtoincreasedandfasterdeployment.

RD&Dactivitiescontributedtothisby,forexample,enablingmoreefficientandspecialisedinstallationvesselsforoffshorewind.

Totappotentialinwaterdepthsbeyond50metres,anincreaseinRD&Dactivitiesisneededtoimproveexistingsolutionsandfurtherexplorethesuitabilityoffoundations,includingfloatingfoundations.

OFFSHOREWINDASACASESTUDY|11

RAPIDLYGROWINGMARKETSMOVINGTOWARDSMATURITY

Deploymentcontinuedtoincrease

Baseofinternationalstandardsforoffshorewindcontinuedtogrow

Differentiatedproductsandservicesledtocommercialisation

Stronggrowthofwindenergyexports

12|TRACKINGTHEIMPACTSOFINNOVATION

Installedcapacityforoffshorewindgrewmorethanninefoldbetween2010-2019,whenitreached28gigawatts(GW).

Electricitygeneratedgrewexponentially,from7.3terawatthours(TWh)in2010to68TWhin2018.

In2018,theshareofoffshorewindpowerwas1%oftheglobalrenewableenergymix,upfrom0.2%in2010.

Countriesinvolvedindevelopinginternationalstandardsforoffshorewindgrew

from24in2010to31

in2019.

Thenumberofinternationalstandardsincreasedfromzerotonineinthesameperiod.

Thenumberofregistered

trademarksforoffshorewindgrewfrom73in2010to

193in2015andthen

fellby55%,to86,in2019–indicatingashiftfromthedevelopmentphasetocommercialisation.

Globalwindenergyexportsdoubledbetween2005-2019.

China,GermanyandtheUSAwerethelargestexporters,whilecountrieslikeItalyalsoemerged.

InthecaseofItaly–anonshorewindleader–RD&Dactivitiesandinnovationmayhaveallowedanadaptationofonshorewindtechnologyandanincreaseinmanufacturingcapacities.

ASSESSINGTHEIMPACTOFTECHNOLOGYINNOVATIONSUPPORT

Cleanenergytechnologyinnovation–particularlyresearch,developmentanddemonstration(RD&D)–playsacriticalroleinacceleratingtheglobalenergytransition.Asthistransitionprogressesandambitionsgrow,theneedforstrongsupportforinnovationgrowswithit.

Innovationsupportisacombinationofmultiplemeasures,includingRD&Dfunding(fromthepublicandprivatesectors),marketinstrumentsandpolicies.Together,theseguideandencourageinnovationactivities.Inthisreport,thosesupportmechanismsaredescribedas“inputs”intotheinnovationprocess.Thepurposeoftheseinputsistoleadtooutputs(i.e.neworimprovedtechnologies,processesandsystems)andultimatelyoutcomes(i.e.positivechangesinenergysystems).

Innovation,however,involvesuncertaintyandtimelagsbetweengeneratingandcodifyingknowledgeandreducingcostsandincreasingdeployment(Jamasb,2007).Linkingtheimpactofinnovationinputstotheprogressofcleanenergytechnologyinnovationandunderstandingthatimpactcanthereforebechallenging.Yet,understandingthoseimpactsisimportantinassessingpastsupportmechanismsandinformingdecisionmakingonfuturefundingandsupport(Vidican-Sgouridis,LeeWoonandMadnick,2009).

Todate,theprincipalfocushasbeenonthegatheringofdataoninputsintotheinnovationprocess.Therehasbeensubstantiallylessactivitytryingtodefinemeaningfulmetricstotracktheoutputsandoutcomesfromcleanenergytechnologyinnovation.Suchmetricswouldallowforamorerigorouscomparativeanalysisoftherelativeperformanceofinnovationsupportfordifferenttechnologies(Hu,Skea&Hannon,2017).

Thisreportsummarisestheearlyfindingsfromapilotstudyonoffshorewindtechnology,whichisanoutputoftwointerlinkedprojectsseekingtoaddressthatchallenge.BothprojectsarefocusedontrackingtheoutputsandoutcomesofinnovationandareintendedtocontributetotheMissionInnovationTrackingProgressworkstream.Giventhesometimescomplexinterconnectionsbetweenoutputsandoutcomes,theseprojectsgroupthemasparticular“impacts”.

TheInnovationImpactsDashboard(IID)projectisfundedbythegovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.Itaimstoexplorethevalueofusingarangeofindicatorsthat,whenassessedincombination,mayshednewlightontrendsin–andtheroleof–innovationintheprogressofselectedenergytechnologies.Thesecondproject,theTEIIF(TrackingEnergyInnovationImpactsFramework)project,isfundedbytheHorizon2020ProgrammeoftheEuropeanUnion(EU).Thisprojectaimstoexpandtheenergytechnologyknowledgebasebybroadeninganddeepeningexistingdatasetsoncosts,performance,andprojectcharacteristics,aswellasonpatentsandstandards(i.e.outputsandoutcomesfromtheinnovationprocess).Italsoseekstoexplorewhatinsightscanbegainedfromthatdataontheimpactofinnovationsupport.

Bothprojectshavecontributedtotheworkdiscussedhere.TheIIDprojectconcludeswiththisreport,buttheTEIIFprojectwillcontinuetobuildonandrefinetheapproachdevelopedtodate–inparticularinconsultationwithandwithfeedbackfromtheEU,theUKandotherMissionInnovation(MI)members,aswellastheMISecretariat.

OFFSHOREWINDASACASESTUDY|13

BOX1.DEFINITIONS

Theinnovationlifecycledepictsthematurityofaparticulartechnologyandcanbedividedintofivebroadstages(Figure1):basicscienceandresearchanddevelopment(R&D);appliedR&D;demonstration;marketdevelopment;andcommercialdiffusion(IRENA,2017).Thishelpstocontextualisethetypesofinnovationactivitiesadvancingagiventechnologyatagiventime.Innovationprocessesencompassfeedbackloopsbetweendifferentstages,providinginformationongapsandopportunities.

Figure1.Innovationlifecycle

Innovationprocess

LCOETECHNOLOGYRISK

Technologypush

RESEARCH

DEVELOPMENT DEMONSTRATION

MARKETFORMATION

COMMERCIALDIFUSION

Technologypull

Feedback

INSTALLEDCAPACITY(GW)

TECHNOLOGYMATURITY

Source:IRENA(2017)

TechnologyRD&Dsarethecomponentsoftheinnovationlifecyclethattakeplaceattheearlystagesoftechnicaldevelopment.Whilethesestagesnormallyprecedethecommercialuseoftechnology,commercialusemayneverfollow.

MarketformationfollowstheRD&Dstagesandincludespoliciesandtools,includingstandardstoaddressspecificmarketfailuresorissuesoftechnologylockin.

Commercialdiffusioncloselyfollowsthemarketformationphaseandfocusesonbuildingindustrialcapacitiesaroundproventechnologiesacrossthevaluechainoftechnology.

14|TRACKINGTHEIMPACTSOFINNOVATION

Innovationisoneofthekeyfactorsdrivingtheenergytransition.Technologicalinnovationlaysatitscore,butotherinnovationsareequallyimportantinadvancingsolutions.Theseincludeinnovationinbusinessmodelstoengagenewactors,marketdesignandsystemoperation,aswellasnewtypesoffinancing.

Innovationinputsindicatorsdescribepublicandprivatefinancialresources(Table2)thathelptoaccumulateknowledge,strengthencollaboration,reducecostsandimprovetechnologicalperformanceatdifferentstagesoftheinnovationlifecycle.Theseinputindicatorstendtobebiasedtowardstheearlystagesoftheinnovationcycle(RD&D),duetomoreeasilyavailabledata.

Table2.Inputindicatorsandtheirapplicability/useindifferentstagesofinnovation

Indicators

Research

Development

Demonstration

Marketformation

Commercialdiffusion

R&Dexpenditures

Demonstrationexpenditure&instruments

Subsidies

Assetfinance

R&Dworkforce

Source:Hu,Skea&Hannon(2017)

TheinnovationoutputsindicatorspresentimmediateresultsofRD&Dactivitiesandincludescientificpublications,patents,technologycostreductionandtechnologyperformanceimprovements.Theycanalsoincludecollaborationandexchangesofknowledgebetweenactors,suchasRD&Djointprojectsorscientificconferences.

Theinnovationoutcomesindicatorspresenttheresultsoftheadoptionanduseofenergytechnologiesintermsofeconomics,socialandenvironmentalbenefits.Thiscanincludejobs,installedcapacity,trademarksortradeflows.

OFFSHOREWINDASACASESTUDY|15

16|TRACKINGTHEIMPACTSOFINNOVATION

Inworktodate,aninitialmethodologyhasbeendevelopedthataimstoprovidequalitativeandquantitativeinsightsintowaysinwhichinnovativeenergytechnologiesaremakingprogress,eitherfullyorinpartduetoRD&Dactivities.Thismethodologyseekstoprovideatoolforpolicymakerstobettermeasureandunderstandthevariousfactorsthatimpactprogressintechnology,tobetterinforminnovationrelateddecisions,andtobetterdesignRD&Dactivitiesandinnovationpolicies.Therationalebehindthemethodologyisthattechnologydevelopmentoccursinmultipleways,sonooneindicatorcanprovideareliableinsightintotheprogressthetechnologyismaking.Therefore,thecasestudylooksatarangeofindicatorsthatwhenconsideredtogethermayprovideusefulinsights.

Toexplorethevalueofthatapproach,themethodologyhasbeenpilotedonoffshorewind,lookingatprogressglobally,between2010and2019.Themainoutputofthepilotisanonline

dashboard,

whichprovidesavisualpresentationofindicators,showcasingtrendsandthegeographicaldistributionofactivitiesinoffshorewind.

Thisreportaccompaniesthatdashboardbypresentingtheresultsanddiscussingtheinsightsandperspectivesgainedfrompilotingthemethodologyonoffshorewindglobally,between2010and2019.Offshorewindwaschosenduetoitssignificantprogressintechnology

developmentanddeployment,costdeclineandtherapidmaturityofthemarket.Thereportpresentstheresultsandofferstheenhancedinsightsandperspectivesgainedfrompilotingthemethodologyonoffshorewindtechnology.

Thereare,however,somecaveatstowhatfollows.Firstly,progressintechnologyisdrivenbymanyfactors,ofwhichRD&Disonlyone.Factorsthatarehardtomeasureand/oraffectseveraltechnologiessimultaneously–suchassystemicinnovation,dependenciesonsupplychainandcriticalmaterials,aswellasmarketdynamics–areexcludedfromthiscasestudy.Secondly,theapproachexploreddoesnotcurrentlyaddresspoliciesorRD&Dinputs(e.g.RD&Dfunding),nordoesitattempttoproveacausallinkbetweenprogressmadeandRD&Dinputs(e.g.RD&Dfunding).Instead,ithighlightswhereRD&Dmayhavecontributed.

Lastly,thereport’sfindingsarebasedonthedataaccessiblewithinthetimeframeoftheproject,withthedatagatheringapproachthorough,butnotexhaustive.Theindicatorsalsocomewithlimitations,withtheseaddressedintheirrespectivechapters.

Followonworkwillfocusonexploringandrefiningsomeofthosefactorsfurther,includingexploringtheinterlinkagesbetweenindicators.

INDICATORSANDINNOVATIONIMPACTS

Asetofimpactindicatorshavebeenidentifiedandusedtomaptheprogressofoffshorewindbetween2010and2019atthegloballevel.Studyingtheindicatorsincombinationaimstobringnewperspectives,helpstimulatepolicydebatesanduncovernewdynamics.

Thirtyindicatorsaremappedacrosssevencategoriesgroupedunderthreeimpactcategoriesofoutputsandoutcomesthatinnovationsupportmechanismsseektodeliver.1,2

Thecategoriesare:

Innovationecosystem:Anactive,growingandbroadeninginnovationecosystem.

Technologyprogress:Continualimprovementsintechnologyintheformofdecliningcosts,improvingtechnologyperformanceandawideningrangeofsolutions.

Marketformation:Agrowingandbroadeningmarketmovingtowardsmaturity.

Innovationecosystem:Anactive,growingandbroadeninginnovationecosystem

Table3belowencompassesindicatorsofthestateofknowledgedevelopment,codificationanddissemination,andanincreaseinawarenessandcollaborationamongvariousactors.

Ahealthyinnovationecosystemallowsinnovationstodevelopandbeadopted.Itisenabledbypublicandprivateinnovationsupportmechanisms.Itisalsoanessentialpreconditionforstimulatingfurtherinnovation.Thegrowthoftheindicatorsinthiscategoryandtheirbroadeningtoinvolvemoreorganisationsandcountriesisapositivesignofprogressintechnology.Stagnationorconsistentfallsintheseindicatorswouldcallforare-evaluationofpolicy,includinginnovationsupportmechanisms.

Table3.Indicatorsmappingtheinnovationecosystem

KNOWLEDGE AWARENESS&COLLABORATION

Scientificpublications

Jointscientificpublications

Citationofscientificpublications

Citationofjointpublications

Web2.0citationofpublications

Web2.0citationofjointpublications

Patentsfiled

Patentsfiledinternationally

Patentsofhighvalue

Patentsspecialisationindex

Filingpatentsbycompaniespercountry

Citationofpatents

RD&Dcollaboration

Membershipinindustryassociations

Internationalconference&events

Co-inventionsbetweencountries

Dataminingonawarenessontechnologyacrossweb

Formoreinformationonthecategories,pleaseseeanannextotheTEIIFproject(forthcoming).

Datafortheblue/green/orangeindicatorswerecollectedaspartoftheTEIIFprojectfundedbytheEU’sHorizon2020Programme.Whiteindicatorswerenotutilisedinthisstudy,butcouldbeconsideredforthefuturework.

OFFSHOREWINDASACASESTUDY|17

Technologyprogress:Continualimprovementsintechnologyintheformofdecliningcosts,improvingtechnologyperformanceandawideningrangeofsolutions

Improvementsintechnologyarethemostdirectimpactofinnovationsupport.Theyareenabledbyahealthyinnovationecosystem,butalsorequireafunctioningmarket.Indicatorsinthiscategory(Table4)mapcostreductionandtechnologyperform