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考研外语考前摸底试卷6
一、UseofEnglish
1、Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyand
whowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheir
moneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain(1)
bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat(2)
toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.
Ifan(3)wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrow
most一peoplewithrisingincomes,(4)incomes,or
decliningincomes一hewould(5)answer:thosewith
decliningincomes.Actually,intheyears1997—2000,the
answerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdeclining
incomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe
(6).Thisshowsusthattraditional(7)aboutearning
andspendingarenotalways(8)Anothertraditional
assumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricesto
goup,theywill(9)tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogo
down,theywillpostponebuying.(10)researchsurveys
haveshownthatthisisnotalways(11)Theexpectations
ofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One(12)
attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinan
interviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeen
planningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.
(13)____,theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemay
beresentedandbuyer'sresistancemaybeevoked.
The(14)mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.
Investigations(15)atthesametimeinGreatBritain,
however,yieldedresultsthatweremore(16)traditional
assumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Thecondition
mostcontributivetospending(17)tobepricestability.
Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare
(18)____,theyarelikelytobuy.Thus,itappearsthatthe
common(19)policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbased
onacorrectunderstandingof(20)_____psychology.
A.data
B.materials
C.money
D.things
2、⑵
A.attend
B.intend
C.tend
D.pretend
3、(3)
A.educator
B.economist
C.artist
D.editor
4、⑷
A.similar
B.sound
C.stable
D.equal
5、(5)
A.especially
B.particularly
C.approximately
D.probably
6、(6)
A.most
B.least
C.fewest
D.worst
7、(7)
q3
A.assumptions
B.ideas
C.thoughts
D.concepts
8、(8)
A.comprehensible
B.understandable
C.responsible
D.reliable
9、(9)
A.delay
B.hesitate
C.hasten
D.hurry
10、(10)
A.But
B.However
C.So
D.Although
11、(H)
A.real
B.true
4
C.actual
D.genuine
12、(12)
A.radical
B.accidental
C.typical
D.superficial
13、(13)
A.Nevertheless
B.Furthermore
C.Whereas
D.Therefore
14、(14)
A.examination
B.research
C.project
D.investigation
15、(15)
A.reduced
B.conducted
C.produced
D.deducted
5
16、(16)
A.incomparisonwith
B.incombinationwith
C.inagreementwith
D.incompanywith
17、(17)
A.appears
B.occurs
C.happens
D.expects
18、(18)
A.available
B.obtainable
C.reasonable
D.responsible
19、(19)
A.bank
B.trade
C.industry
D.business
20、(20)
A.consumer
目6
B.client
C.customer
D.buyer
二、ReadingComprehension
1、PartA
Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions
beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)
TheAmericaneconomy,whetheringovernmentorprivateindustry,
hasfoundretirementaconvenientpracticeformanagingthe
laborforce.Onthepositiveside,widespreadretirementhas
meantanexpansionofleisureandopportunitiesfor
self-fulfillmentinlaterlife.Onthenegativeside,the
practiceofretiremententailslargecosts,bothinfunding
requiredfrompensionsystemsandinthelossoftheaccumulated
skillsandtalentsofolderpeople.
Criticsofretirementasitexiststodayhavepointedtothe
rigidityofretirementpractices:forexample,thefactthat
retirementistypicallyanall-or-nothingproposition.Would
itnotbebettertohavesomeform,offlexibleorphased
retirement,inwhichemployeesgraduallyreducetheirwork
hoursortakelongervacations?Suchanapproachmightenable
olderworkerstoadjustbettertoretirement,whilepermitting
employerstomakegradualchangesinsteadofcopingwiththe
abruptdepartureofanemployee.Retirementcouldberadically
redefinedinthefuture.
Earliercriticismofretirementatafixedageledtolegal
abolitionofthepractice,forthemostpart,in1996.TheAge
DiscriminationinEmploymentActforbidsolderworkersfrom
beinglimitedortreatedinanywaythatwouldharmtheir
employmentpossibilities.Still,mostobserversadmitthatage
discriminationintheworkplaceremainswidespread.Sometimes
suchdiscriminationagainstolderworkersisbasedonmistaken
ideas,suchasthefalsebeliefthatolderworkersareless
productive.
Infact,empiricalstudieshavenotshownolderworkerstobe
lessdependableintheirjobperformance,noraretheir
absenteeismrateshigher.
Thereisalsomuchsupportfortheideaofworklifeextension;
thatis,adaptationsofretirementrulesoremployment
practicestoenableolderpeopletobecomemoreproductive.In
favorofthisideaisthefactthatthree-quartersofemployed
peopleover65areinwhite-collaroccupationsinservice
industries,whicharelessphysicallydemandingthan
agricultureormanufacturingjobs.Asaresult,itissometimes
argued,olderpeoplecanremaininproductivejobsnowlonger
thaninthepast.Inaddition,someanalystspointtodeclining
numbersofyoungpeopleenteringtheworkforce,thus
anticipatingalaborshortagelater.Thatdevelopment,ifit
occurred,mightstimulateaneedforolderworkersanda
reversalofthetrendtowardearlyretirement.
Opponentsoftheretirementpolicysay
A.itgivesmoreleisuretooldpeoplethantheyknowhowto
use.
B.itcoststoomuchmoneyintheform,ofretirementpensions.
C.itistoorigidandflexibilityshouldbeintegratedinto
it.
D.retirementshouldbepracticedonlyinthepublicsector.
2、
Whathappenedin1996?
A.Retirementstoppedbeingpracticed.
B.Agelimitationinretirementwasabolished.
C.Retiredpeoplewerenolongerentitledtopensions.
D.Agediscriminationwaslegallyabolished.
3、
Empiricalstudiesindicatethatoldpeople
A.arelessproductivethanyoungerpeople.
B.preferworkingtoretiring.
C.arereliableworkers.
D.arelessdependable.
4、
Worklifeextensionmightbecausedby
A.retrainingofoldpeopleinmodernskills.
B.thetrendtowardearlyretirement.
C.theexpansionofagricultureandmanufacturingindustry.
D.thedecliningyoungerlaborforce.
5、
Whyisretirementfoundtobeaconvenientpracticefor
managingthelaborforce?
A.Becauseitisbelievedthattomanageanolderworkforce
ischallenging.
B.Becauseretirementexpandsopportunitiesfor
self-fulfillmentinlaterlife.
C.Becauseolderworkerscanadjusttoretirementsoon.
D.Becauseitissupportedbybothgovernmentandprivate
industry.
6、Somethingbigishappeningtothehumanrace一something
thatcouldbecalledTheGreatTransformation.
TheTransformationconsistsofallthechangesthatare
occurringinhumanlifeduetoadvancingtechnology.For
thousandsofyearssuchprogressoccurredslowly.Now,
everythingischangingsofastthatyoumayfindyourself
wonderingwhereallthisprogressisreallyleading.
Fiftyyearsago,fewpeoplecouldevenimaginethingslike
computersandlasers.Today,ahostofnewlyemerging
technologiessuchasartificialintelligenceandgenetic
engineeringareopeningupallkindsofnewpathsfor
technologists.
Likeitornot,ouradvancingtechnologyhasmadeusmasters
oftheearth.Wenotonlydominatealltheotheranimals,but
arereshapingtheworld'splantlifeandevenitssoilandrocks,
itswatersandsurroundingair.Mountainsarebeingdugupto
providemineralsandstoneforbuildings.Theverygroundunder
ourfeetiswashingawayaswechopdowntheforests,plowup
thefields,andexcavatefoundationsforourbuildings.
Humanjunkisclutteringupnotonlythelandbuteventhebottom
ofthesea.Andsomanychemicalsarebeingreleasedintothe
airbyhumanactivitiesthatscientistsworrythattheentire
globemaywarm,causingthepolaricecapstomeltandocean
waterstofloodvastareasoftheland.
Duringthetwentiethcentury,advancingtechnologyhasenabled
mantoreachthousandsoffeetintotheoceandepthsandtoclimb
thehighestmountains.MountEverest,thehighestmountainof
all,resistedallclimbersuntilthe1950's.Nowmanisreaching
beyondEarthtothemoon,Mars,andthestars.
NooneknowswhattheGreatTransformationmeansorwhereit
willultimatelylead.Butonethingissure:humanlife50years
fromnowwillbeverydifferentfromwhatitistoday.
It'salsoworthnotingthatouramazingtechnologyisposing
anincreasinglyinsistentquestion:Whenwecandosomany
things,howcanwepossiblydecidewhatwereallyshoulddo.
Whenhumanswererelativelypowerless,theydidn'thavetomake
thechoicestheyhavetomaketoday.
Technologygivesusthepowertobuildamagnificentnew
civilization—ifwecanjustagreeonwhatwewantittobe.
Buttoday,thereislittleglobalagreementongoalsandhow
weshouldachievethem.
Soitremainstobeseenwhatwillhappenasaresultofour
technology.Pessimistsworrythatwewillusethetechnology
eventuallytoblowourselvesup.Buttheyhavebeensayingthat
fordecades,andsofarwehaveescaped.Whetherwewill
continuetodosoremainsunknown一butwecancontinuetohope.
TheGreatTransformationiscausedby
A.artificialintelligenceandgeneticengineering.
B.theshortageofnaturalresources.
C.thedevelopmentofpracticalscience.
D.unknownreasons.
7、
Themorechemicalswesendintotheair,thelesslandwewill
possiblyhavebecause
A.chemicalswillwashawayfields.
B.waterlevelswillgoup.
C.moreandmorelandwillbecoveredbyice.
D.landisturnedintowaterdeliberately.
8、
Advancingtechnologycouldpossiblymakeus
A.decisive.
B.powerless.
C.hesitant.
D.mysterious.
9、
Whyisitimpossibleforpeopletobuildaremarkablenew
civilizationtoday?
A.Becausenobodyisoptimisticaboutthefuture.
B.Becausehumanbeingsareunabletodoso.
C.Becausepeopledisagreewitheachotherinmanyways.
D.Becausepeoplearenotinterestedinit.
10、
Accordingtothepassage,pessimistsbelievethat
A.thefutureoftheworldwillbebetterandbetter.
B.technologicaladvanceswilldestroythehumanraceatlast.
C.humantechnologicaladvancesareuselessinpeople'slife.
D.thereisnoneedtodeveloptechnology.
11Withitscommoninterestinlawbreakingbutitsimmense
rangeofsubject-matterandwidely-varyingmethodoftreatment,
thecrimenovelcouldmakealegitimateclaimtoberegarded
asaseparatebranchofthetraditionalnovel.
Thedetectivestoryisprobablythemostrespectful(atanyin
thenarrowsenseofword)ofthecrimespecies.Itscreation
isoftentherelaxationofUniversitydons,literaryeconomists,
scientistsorevenpoets.Fatalitiesmayoccurmorefrequently
andmysteriouslythanmightbeexpectedinpolitesociety,
whichisfamiliartous,ifnotfromourownexperience,atleast
inthenewspaperorthelivesoffriends.Thecharacters,though
normallyrealizedsuperficially,areasrecognizablehumanand
consistentasourlessintimateassociates.Asstorysetina
moreremoteenvironment,AfricanjungleorAustralianbush,
不______Q
q14
ancientChinaorgas-litLondon,appealstoourinterestin
geographyorhistory,mostdetectivestorywritersare
conscientiousinprovidingareasonablyauthenticback-ground.
Theelaborate,carefully-assembledplot,despisedbythe
modernintellectualcriticsandcreatorsofsignificantnovels,
hasfoundrefugeinthemurdermystery,withitssprinklingof
clues,itsspicingwithapparentimpossibilities,allwith
appropriatesolutionsandexplanationsattheend.Withthe
guiltofescapismfromRealLifenagginggently,wesecretly
delightintheunmaskingofevilbyavaguelysuper-human
detective,whoseesthroughanddispelsthecloudofsuspicion
whichhashoveredsounjustlyovertheinnocent.
Thoughitsvillainalsoreceiveshisrightfuldeserts,the
thrillerpresentsalesscomfortableandcredibleworld.The
sequenceoffistfights,revolverduels,carcrashesand
escapedfromgas-filledcellarsexhauststhereaderfarmore
thanthehero,who,sufferingfromatleasttwobrokenribs,
oneblackeye,uncountablebruisesandahangover,canstill
chaseandoverpoweranarmedvillainwiththephysiqueofa
wrestler.Hemovesdangerouslythroughaworldofmerciless
gangs,brutality,aviciouslustforpowerandmoneyand,in
contrasttothedetectivetale,withagreatcriminalwhose
defeatseemsalmostaccidental.Perhapswemissinthethriller
thesecurityofbeingsafelyledbyourcalminvestigatorpast
ascoreofredherringsandblindavenuestoafinalgathering
ofsuspectswhenanunchallengeableexplanationofallthathas
bewilderedusisgivenjusticeandgoodnessprevail.Allthat
wevainlyhopeforfromlifeisgrantedvicariously.
Thecrimenovelmayberegardedas
A.anotquiterespectableform,oftheconventionalnovel.
B.notatreenovelatall.
C.relatedinsomewaystothehistoricalnovel.
D.anindependentdevelopmentofthenovel.
12、
Thepassagesuggeststhatintellectualswritedetective
storiesbecause
A.thestoriesareofteninfactveryinstructive.
B.theyenjoywritingthesestories.
C.thecreationofthesestoriesdemandsconsiderable
intelligence.
D.detectivestoriesareanacceptedbranchofliterature.
13、
Whatismentionedinthepassageasoneofthesimilarities
betweenthedetectivestoryandthethriller?
A.Bothhaveinvolvedplots.
B.Botharecondemnedbymodemcritics.
C.Bothareformsofescapistfiction.
D.Bothdemonstratethetriumphofrightoverwrong.
14、
Inwhatwayarethedetectivestoryandthethrillerunlike?
A.Inintroducingviolence.
B.Inprovidingexcitementandsuspense.
C.Inappealingtotheintellectualcuriosityofthereaders.
D.Inensuringthateverythingcomestightintheend.
15、
Theauthorpresentsthepassageby
A.givingadefinitionandexplainingitindetail.
B.counteringanargumentandmakinganassumption.
C.introducingageneraltopicandcomparingtwoofits
subcategories.
D.discussingaproblemandarguinginfavorofonesolution.
16^ArecenthistoryoftheChicagomeat-packingindustryand
itsworkersexamineshowtheindustrygrewfromitsappearance
inthe1830'sthroughtheearly1890's.Meat-packers,the
authorargues,hadgoodwages,workingconditions,and
prospectsfromadvancementwithinthepackinghousesanddidnot
cooperatewithlaboragitatorssincelaborrelationswereso
harmonious.Becausethehistorymaintainsthatconditionswere
abovestandardfortheyear,thefrequencyoflabordisputes,
especiallyinthemid-1880,s,isnotaccountedforthework
ignoresthefactthatthe1880'swerecrucialyearsinAmerican
laborhistory,andthatthepackinghouseworkers'effortswere
partofthenationalmovementforlaborreform.
Infact,otherhistoricalsourcesforthelatenineteenth
centuryrecorddeterioratinghousingandhighdiseaseand
infantmortalityratesintheindustrialcommunity,duetolow
wagesandunhealthyworkingconditions.Additionaldatafrom
theUniversityofChicagosuggestthatthepackinghouseswere
dangerousplacestowork.Thegovernmentinvestigation
commissionedbyPresidentTheodoreRooseveltwhicheventually
ledtotheadoptionofthe1906MeatInspectionActfoundthe
packing-housesunsanitary,whilesocialworkersobservedthat
mostoftheworkerswerepoorlypaidandover-worked.
Thehistorymaybetoooptimisticbecausemostofitsdatadate
fromthe1880'satthelatest,andtheinformationprovidedfrom
thatdecadeisinsufficientlyanalyzed.Conditionsactually
declinedinthe1880's,andcontinuedtodeclineafterthe
18g0's,duetoareorganizationofthepackingprocessanda
massiveinfluxofunskilledworkers.Thedeteriorationin
workerstatus,partlyaresultofthenewavailabilityof
unskilledandhencecheaplabor,isnotdiscussed.Thougha
detailedaccountofworkinthepackinghousesisattempted,the
authorfailstodistinguishbetweenthewagesandconditions
ofskilledworkersandforthoseunskilledlaborerswho
comprisedthemajorityoftheindustry'sworkersfromthe
IggO'son.Whileconditionsfortheformerwerearguably
tolerableduetothestrategicimportanceofskilledworkers
inthecomplicatedslaughtering,cutting,andpackingprocess
(thoughworkercomplaintsabouttherateandconditionsofwork
werefrequent),payandconditionsforthelatterwerewretched.
Theauthor'smisinterpretationoftheoriginsofthefeelings
themeat-packershadfortheirindustrialneighborhoodmay
accountforthehistory'sfaultygeneralizations.Theprideand
contentmenttheauthorremarksuponwere,arguably,lessthe
productsoftheindustrialworldofthepackers—thegiant
yardsandtheintricateplants一thanoftheunityandvibrancy
oftheethnicculturesthatformedaviablecommunityon
Chicago'sSouthSide.Indeedthestrengthofthiscommunity
succeededingeneratingasocialmovementthateffectively
confrontedtheproblemsoftheindustrythatprovidedits
livelihood.
Thequestionwhichisdiscussedinthepassageis
A.howhistoriansshouldexplaintheoriginsoftheconditions
intheChicagomeat-packingindustry.
B.whyitisdifficulttodeterminetheactualnatureofthe
conditionsintheChicagomeat-packingindustry.
C.whyaparticularaccountoftheconditionsintheChicago
meat-packingindustryisinaccurate.
D.whatshouldbeincludedinanyaccountoftheChicago
meat-packers'roleinthenationallabormovement.
17、
Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthormentionasdescribing
negativeconditionsinthemeat-packingindustry?
A.Arecenthistoryofthemeat-packingindustry.
B.Historicalsourcesforthelatenineteenthcentury.
C.Datafromsomeresearchers.
D.Workerswhousedtoworkinthemeat-packingindustry.
18、
Thesecondparagraphisusedto
A.presentevidencethatisintendedtorefutetheargument
ofthehistorydiscussed.
B.summarizethemainpointofthehistorydiscussedinthe
passage.
C.explainwhythehistorydiscussedinthepassagehasbeen
blamedbycritics.
D.introduceahypothesisthatwillbediscussedindetail
laterinthepassage.
19、
Theworkingconditionsofskilledworkersinthemeat-packing
industryduringthe1880'swereinfluencedby
A.theeffortsofsocialworkerstoimprovesanitationinthe
packinghouses.
B.improvementsintheindustry'spackingprocessthat
occurredinthe1880's.
C.theworkers'abilitytoperform,theindustry(scomplex
tasks.
D.theworkers,determinedcomplaintsabouttherateand
conditionsoftheirwork.
20、
Theauthormentionsthe“socialmovement(Lastparagraph)
generatedbyChicago,sSouthSidecommunityprimarilyinorder
to
A.inform,thereaderofeventsthatoccurredinthe
meat-packingindustry.
B.suggestthehistory,slimitationsbypointingouta
situationthatthehistoryfailedtoexplainadequately.
C.introduceanewissuedesignedtoelaborateonthegood
relationshipbetweenmeatpackersandChicago,sethnic
communities.
D.suggestthatthehistoryshouldhavefocusedmoreonthe
relationshipbetweenlabormovementandhealthyindustrial
communities.
21、PartB(10points)
Youaregoingtoreadanarticlewhichisfollowedbyalist
ofexamplesorheadings.Choosethemostsuitableonefromthe
listA-Fforeachnumberedposition(41-45).Theremaybe
certainextrawhichyoudonotneedtouse.(10points)
Toresolveadisputemeanstoturnopposingpositionsintoa
singleoutcome.Thetwopartiesmaychoosetofocustheir
attentionononeormoreofthreebasicfactors.Theymayseek
to(1)reconciletheirinterests,(2)determinewhoisright,
and/or(3)determinewhoismorepowerful.
(41)Disagreementofinterests
Interestsareneeds,desires,concerns,fears—thethingsone
caresaboutorwants.Theypro-videthefoundationfora
person'soranorganization,spositioninadispute.Ina
dispute,notonlydotheinterestsofonepartynotcoincide
withthoseoftheotherparty,buttheyareinconflict.For
example,thedirectorofsalesforanelectronicscompanygets
intoadisputewiththedirectorofmanufacturingoverthe
numberofTVmodelstoproduce.
(42)Methodsofsettlingconflictinginterests
Reconcilingsuchinterestsisnoteasy.Itinvolvesprobingfor
deeplyrootedconcerns,devisingcreativesolutions,and
makingtrade-offsandcompromiseswhereinterestsareopposed.
Themostcommonprocedurefordoingthisisnegotiation,the
actofcommunicationintendedtoreachagreement.
(43)Theuseofnegotiationfordifferentdisputetypes
Bynomeansdoallnegotiations(ormediations)focuson
reconcilinginterests.Somenegotiationsfocusondetermining
whoisright,suchaswhentwolawyersargueaboutwhosecase
hasthegreatermerit.
(44)Handlingrights-baseddisputes
Thereareoftendifferent一andsometimes
contradictory—standardsthatapplytorights.Reaching
agreementonrights,wheretheoutcomewilldeterminewhogets
what,canoftenbesodifficultthatthepartiesfrequentlyturn
toathirdpartytodeterminewhoisright.Themosttypical
rightsprocedureisadjudication,inwhichdisputantspresent
evidenceandargumentstoaneutralthirdpartywhohasthe
powertomakeadecisionthatmustbefollowedbyboth
disputants.(Inmediation,bycontrast,thethirdpartydoes
nothavethepowertodecidethedispute.)Publicadjudication
isprovidedbycourtsandadministrativeagencies.Private
adjudicationisprovidedbyarbitrators.
(45)Theroleofpowerinsettlingdisagreements
Athirdwaytoresolveadisputeisonthebasisofpower.We
definepower,somewhatnarrowly,astheabilitytopressure
someonetodosomethinghewouldnototherwisedo.
Inrelationshipsofmutualdependence,suchasbetweenlabor
andmanagementorwithinanorganizationorafamily,the
questionofwhoismorepowerfulturnsonwhoislessdependent
ontheother.Ifacompanyneedstheemployees,workmorethan
employeesneedthecompany,spay,thecompanyismoredependent
andhencelesspowerful.Howdependentoneisturnsonhow
satisfactorythealternativesareforsatisfyingone's
interests.Thebetterthealternative,thelessdependentone
is.Ifitiseasierforthecompanytoreplacestriking
employeesthanitisforstrikingemployeestofindnewjobs,
thecompanyislessdependentandtherebymorepowerful.
Determiningwhoisthemorepowerfulpartywithoutadecisive
andpotentiallydestructivepowercontestisdifficultbecause
powerisultimatelyamatterofperceptions.
A.Anotherinterests-basedprocedureismediation,inwhicha
thirdpartyassiststhedisputants,thetwosidesinthedispute,
inreachingagreement.
B.Othernegotiationslocusondeterminingwhoismorepowerful,
suchaswhenquarrellingmeighboursornationsexchangethreats
andcounterthreats.Oftennegotiationsinvolveamixofall
three一someattemptstosatisfyinterests,some
22、(42)
23、(43)
24、(44)
25、(45)
26、PartC
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen
translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)
BeforeDr.LutherL.Terry,thentheSurgeonGeneralofthe
UnitedStates,issuedhisoffice'sfirst“ReportonSmokingand
Health"morethan30yearsag
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