自然保育学Sustainabledevelopment课件

自然保育學

Sustainabledevelopment鄭先祐(Ayo)國立臺南大學環境與生態學院生態科學與技術學系教授ContentsWhatissustainabledevelopment?Howsuccessfularesustainabledevelopmentprojectsatconservingbiodiversity?Howcanwebestpromotesustainability?2Whatissustainabledevelopment?Inthe1980s,theconceptofsustainabledevelopmentemergedasthemeansbywhichbiodiversityandnaturalecosystemswouldbesavedwhileenablinghumanitytocontinuetoprosper.TheconceptwasfirstpromotedbytheWorldConservationStrategy(IUCN/UNEP/WWF1980),aglobalconservationblueprintthatgrewfromtheUnitedNationsConferenceontheHumanEnvironment,heldinStockholmin1972.3ThisreportwasfollowedbyOurCommonFuture,alsocalledtheBrundtlandCommissionReport,followedbyfurtherelaborationsmadeforandafterthenexttwomajorUnitedNationsconferencesinRiodeJanieroin1992andinJohannesburgin2019.TheJohannesburgDeclarationonSustainableDevelopmentandJohannesburgPlanofImplementationhavebeenadoptedbymanygovernmentsandglobalinstitutionsasaguidetoenvironmentallycompatibledevelopment.4Whatissustainabledevelopment?Despitethreedecadesofdiscussionandpractice,disagreementaboutwhatsustainabledevelopmentcananddoesachievecontinues.Sustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedinmanyways.(Table16.1)Mostdefinitionshavebeenlargelyanthropocentric,focusingonhumanaspirationsandwell-being,withthenaturalenvironmentprovidingthemeansbywhichthiswastobeaccomplished.5Table16.1AlistofcommonconceptsincludedindefinitionsofsustainabledevelopmentWhatistobesustainedNatureHumancommunities(groups,places)WhatistobedevelopedPeople(childsurvival,lifeexpectancy,health,foodsecurity,equity,education)Economy(livingwage,wealth,consumption)Society(stabilizedpopulation,housing,institutionalcapacity,socialcapital,states,regions)6Anthropocentricvs.biosphereinitiativeSustainabledevelopmentisalmostexclusivelyananthropocentricconcept,andmoreoveronethatpromotescontinuedandevenexpandedeconomicprosperity.Suchdefinitionsareutilitarian.Thedefinitionsdonotpromotebiologicalsustainabilityforitownsake.TheEcologicalSocietyofAmericaproduceda“SustainableBiosphereInitiative”inwhicharesearchagendawasproposedtohelpmovetheworldtowardsustainability.7Growthvs.developmentGrowthisaquantitativeincreaseinthesizeofasystemDevelopmentisaqualitativechangeinitscomplexityandconfiguration.Aneconomic,social,political,orbiophysicalsystemcandevelopwithoutgrowing,andthuscanbesustainable.8Howaresustainabledevelopmentprojectsstructured?Sustainabledevelopmenteffortshavemanyadditionalnames,includingintegratedconservationanddevelopmentprojects(ICDP),community-basedconservation(CBC),communityadaptationandsustainablelivelihoods(CASL)projects,sustainableuse,compatibleuse,andsustainablepractices.Sustainableagricultureandsustainableforestry.9Sustainabledevelopmentprojectstypicallyuseanumberofeconomictoolstopromotesustainability,includingincentivessuchascertification,subsidiesandgrants,orjobcreationinsustainableenterprises,andsometimespenalties,suchfinesorfeesforcontinuingunsustainablepractices.Legislationtoprotectkeyresources,andrestrictorpreventdamagingpracticesisanotherkeytoolinsustainabledevelopment.Sustainabledevelopmentprojectsoftenarepartofalargerstrategyforlandscape-orecosystem-scaleconservation.10Integratedconservationanddevelopmentprojects(ICDP)11Howsuccessfularesustainabledevelopmentprojectsatconservingbiodiversity?Themoreintensiveusesarelargelyunabletoconservemostcomponentsofbiodiversity(Table16.2)Perhapsconsiderationofdistinctdevelopmentoptionsside-by-sidewithvariouscriteria(Table16.1)maybestenabledecision-makingoverthedirectionstotake.Themostextremechangeisaprojectcalled“Hidorvia”,whichwouldinvolvechannelizingtheParaguayrivertoenhancebargetransportofgoodsfromtheinteriorofBraziltointernationalports,andthecreationofdamsforagriculturaldevelopment.(Table16.3).12Sustainabilityvs.numberofpeopleSubsistenceuseLocalmarketsNationalmarketsMulti-nationaltradeEconomicreturnNumberofpeoplesupportedSpatialextentsustainability13Fig.16.3aschematicofthelogicbehindcommunity-based,enterprise-basedconservationprojectsthatseektoenhancebenefitsfromdevelopingandenterprisewiththeexpectationthatthelocalcommunitywillbemoremotivatedtoconservebiodiversitythatsupportsthatenterprise.14Howcanwebestpromotesustainability?EcologicalprinciplesofsustainabilityNatureshouldbeunderstoodtobeanirreplaceablesourceofknowledge,fromwhichwecanlearnpotentialsolutionstosomeofourproblemsWeshouldunderstandthatissuesofenvironmentaldeteriorationandhumanoppression(壓迫)andviolence(暴力)arelinkedinanalysisandaction.Gender(性別)andracial(種族)oppression,andeffortstodominatenaturehaveacommonroot.Humility(謙卑)mustguideouractions;goodstewardshipbeginswithrestraint(克制).15Wemustappreciatetheimportanceof“properscale”.Placeandlocalityarethefoundationforalldurableeconomies,andmustbethestartingpointofactiontodealwithourproblems.Solutionsarelocalandscale-dependent.Sufficiencymustreplaceeconomicefficiency.Earth’sresourcesarefinite,andthisfactmustbeacceptedinorderforhumanitytoadoptlimits.Livingwithinourneedsonaplanetaryscalesdoesnotmeanalifeofsacrifice,butofgreaterfulfillment.Wemustdistinguishbetween“needs”and“wants”.Communityisessentialforsurvival.The“globalcommunity”shouldreflectandencouragediversitywhilebeinginterdependent.Biologicalandculturaldiversitymustbepreserved,defended,andencouraged.16Casestudy16.1EcotourismandbiodiversityconservationTourismisoneofthelargestindustriesintheworld,involvingover700milliontravelersandgeneratingoneoutofevery12.3jobsintheworldin2019,withcontinuedgrowthexpected.Inthepastthreedecades,agrowingtrendinecotourismandsustainabletourismdevelopmenthasdefinedanopportunityfortourismtocontributetobiodiversityconservationeffortsifitiscarefullyplanned,implemented,andmonitored.17TheevolutionofsustainabletourismandecotourismconceptsTourismcausedimpactsSocialimpacts(causedisruptionofsocialstructures)Culturalimpacts(motivatingpeopletocompromisetheirpracticesordignityfortouristdollars)Economicimpacts(negative)(過度外來的經濟力量)Environmentalimpacts18EcotourismandsustainabletourismdevelopmentEcotourism,definedbroadlyas“responsibletraveltonaturalareasthatconservestheenvironmentandimprovesthewelfareoflocalpeoples.ContributesactivelytotheconservationofnaturalandculturalheritageIncludeslocalandindigenouscommunitiesinitsplanning,development,andoperation,contributingtotheirwell-beingInterpretsandnaturalandculturalheritageofthedestinationtovisitor(s).Lendsitselfbettertoindependenttravelers,aswellastoorganizedtoursforsmallsizegroups.19Theterms“sustainabletourism”,“nature-basedtourism”and“ecotourism”areusedinterchangeably.Ecotourismhelpensureenvironmentalprotection,culturalintegrity,andcommunitybenefit.Theecotourismindustrypromotesstandardsthroughvoluntarymechanismssuchascertification,whichauditsbusinessesforperformanceinuseofenvironmentally-sustainablepractices.ExamplesofcertificationeffortsincludeglobalprogramssuchasGreenGlobe21,theNationalEcotourismAccreditationPrograminAustralia,CostaRica’sCertificateofSustainableTourism,andSmartVoyagerintheGalapagos.20LinkingecotourismandbiodiversityconservationFinancingforbiodiversityconservationAlternativelivelihoods(生計)forlocalpeopleConstituencyandstewardshipforbiodiversityProvidinganeconomicjustificationforprotectingareasCreatinganimpetus(促進)forprivateconservation21PlanningecotourismdevelopmentforbiodiversityconservationStakeholderparticipationGovernmentleadershipAssessmentsAttractions(吸引力)inventorySiteandinfrastructureanalysisMarketdemandSupplyandcompe