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TheWholeComposition★StepsinWritingaComposition
★Organizationofacomposition
★TypesofWriting
1.StepsinWritingaCompositionPlanacomposition:workoutathesisoratheme;providefactsordetailsWriteanoutline:eitheratopicoutlineorasentenceoutlineWritethefirstdraftRevisethefirstdraft:checkifthereareanygrammarorspellingmistakes,andiftheparagraphsareproperlyorganizedExample1:Whatstepsshouldwedowhenwewriteacompositionon
“autobiography”?Workoutathesis/purposeWhichdimension/aspectdoyouwishtotellothers?Character?Family?career?love?friends?Character.I’mopen-mindedanddiligent.Whatmaterialsdomeneedtosupportthiscenter?Brainstorm:Myname,mybirthdate,myhometown,myfamilymembers,mymother’sjob,myfather’sjobandcharacter,myelementaryschool,highschool,collegetime,hardworkinuniversity,myleisure-timerelaxation,myworkingexperience,etc.Outline:
I:Myname,myage,myfamilypoorbutharmonious.Surroundedbyparents’loveandcare,Ihavebeenkindandopen-mindedtoothers.Whilehavingwitnessedparents’sweatandtears,Ihavebecomediligentand
independent.
II:Inprimaryschool(sharefoodwithanotherpoorerpupilbutneverletparentsknowthat,andfinallygetstomachtrouble)
III:Inhighschool(winthe1stprizeineachtest)
IV:Inuniversity(dopart-timejobstosupportlivingandstudyexpense)
V:Thereisstillalongwaytogoinmylife,butwithkindness,self-relianceanddiligence,IamconfidentthatIcanrealizeallmydreamsandgoals.Iamsogratefultomydearestparents,fortheyhavetaughtmethemostimportantqualitiesforaperson.Example2:Whatstepsshouldwedowhenwewriteacompositionon
“Snowskiing”?
Firstwenarrowdownthetopictothisone:
Snowskiersmusttakeextremeprecautionsontheslopes.
Nowlet’scollectmaterialsbybrainstorming:1.
Howwouldyoudescribeit?2.
Wheredopeopleplayit?3.
Howmanypeopleareneeded?4.
Whatkindofequipmentisnecessary?5.
Howcanthisactivityexcitepeoplementallyandaffectpeoplephysically?6.
Whywouldyourecommendittosomeone?7.Isitadangeroussport?Ifso,howtoavoidthepotentialdangers?SnowSkiingOutdoorrecreation;energeticactivity;individualfunactivity;seebeautyofmountains(theAlps,Switzerland);wonderfulsceneryandwildlife;beneficialtoourhealth;goodforphysicalfitness;excellentyetchallengingexercise;adventurous;notgoodforallages;Skiingequipment:skisuit,skiboot,skipole;anexpensivesportCanbedangerous;considertheweatherconditions,theslopeconditions(especiallydownhillskiing),avalanche;obeythewarningsigns;considerone’sownabilityNowlet’sselectandorganizethematerials,andformanoutline:SnowSkiing
ⅠSnowskiersmusttakeextremeprecautionsontheslopes.ⅡTheymustconsidertheweatherconditions.A.TemperatureB.
WindC.
StormyorclearweatherⅢTheymustconsidertheslopeconditions.A.
IcysurfacesB.
RocksandtreestumpsC.
VisibilityD.
CrowdsⅣTheymustconsidertheirownability.A.
BeginnerB.
IntermediateC.
ExpertⅤTheymustobeythewarningsigns.A.
Out-of-boundsmarkersB.
“Slow”signsC.
HazardsⅥSnowskiingisasafeandenjoyablewintersportifskierstakeafewprecautions.2.OrganizationTHEESSAY
IntroductoryParagraph-GeneralStatements(RefertoPage36)THESISSTATEMENTBodyParagraphs-TOPICSENTENCE(RefertoPage42)SupportingSentences(ConcludingSentence)
TOPICSENTENCESupportingSentences(ConcludingSentence)
TOPICSENTENCESupportingSentences(ConcludingSentence)ConcludingParagraph-CONCLUDINGSENTENCE(S)(RefertoPage38)FinalThoughts2.OrganizationSomeprinciples:unity,coherence,continuity,completeness,properweighttosupportingdetailsTheopeningparagraph:differentwaystostartacompositionThebodyparagraphs:(Refertothe7waystoorganizeaparagraphandrefertotheexampleonPage43).Theconcludingparagraph:differentwaystoendacomposition(RefertoPage38orrefertothewaystoendaparagraph).FourpurposesoftheopeningparagraphItstatesthetopicoftheessay.Itgivesbackgroundinformationonthetopic.Itshouldarousethereader’scuriosityaboutorinterestinthetopic.Itoftenindicatesthefocus,purpose,ordirectionoftheessay.Howtowriteagoodopeningparagraph?Giveastrikingfact(suchasfigures,statistics,studies,orresearches)oroddproblemthatcanarousecuriosityorinterestandthatisrelatedtotheessaytopic.Askaquestionthattheessaywillanswer.Useavividquotationfromagoodsource.Tellastorythatillustratesthemainpointoftheessay.Writeadirectopening,settingthemoodorscene.
Quotation
Everythinginthisuniverseisperpetuallyinastageofchange,afactcommentedonbyphilosophersandpoetsthroughtheages.Ifweflickthroughanybookofquotationswefindnumerousstatementsaboutthefluctuatingworldwelivein:“Everythingrolledon,nothingstaysstill,”claimstheancientGreekphilosopherHeraclitusinthesixthcenturyB.C..Inthesixteenthcentury,EdmundSpenserspeaksof“theever-whirlingwheelofchange,thewhichallmortalthingsdothaway,”while“timeandtheworldareeverinflight”isastatementbythetwentiethcenturyIrishpoetWilliamButlerYeats—totakejustafewrandomsamples.Language,likeeverythingelse,joinsinthisgeneralflux…(LanguageChange:ProgressorDecay?JeanAitchison)Quotation
Ifthesaying“Youarewhatyoureat”holdstrue,wecouldallendupbeingverydifferentpeoplefromourancestors.Modernscienceandagriculturehadfreedourcountryandmanyothernationsfromtraditionaldietsbasedlargelyonnaturalfarmproducts.Manykindsofnewfooddosaveustimeandtrouble,buttheyareoftencostly,intermsofbothdollarsand,ultimately,health.TellmewhatyoueatandIwilltellyouwhatyouare,即告诉我你平时吃什么,我就可说出你是怎么样的一个人。后来才变成现在这句话"youarewhatyoueat"即:你要健康就要注意你的饮食健康。Fact,figures,statistics,studies,orresearches
Everytwo-and-a-halfminutessomeoneintheU.S.isrobbedatgunpoint,andeveryfortyminutessomeoneelseismurderedwithagun.Theweaponsfindtheirwayintothehandsofthecriminalsinamannerthatalmostnobodyunderstands.Eachyearpoliceseizeabout250,000handgunsandlonggunsfromthepeopletheyarrest.Giventhenumberofgunsthatthemanufacturersproduceeachyear(2.5millionlonggunsand4millionhandguns)thesupply-and-demandequationworksagainstthehopeofanorderlysociety.
Questions
Whatwillthelifebelikeonauniversitycampus?Dothestudentsofauniversityhaveaworkloadasheavyasthepupilsofahighschool?Isiteasytogetalongwiththeinstructorsandprofessors?ThesequestionslingeredonmymindeversinceIreceivedtheletterofadmissionfromShandongUniversityofTechnology.AndIwassoanxioustogoandseethecampuswithmyowneyesthatIevencouldhardlyfallasleepthenightbeforemyenrolmentbecauseIwouldbeginalifecompletelynewtome.
Directopening
Ahackeroriginallyreferstoapersonwhochopsorcutsroughlyandirregularlywithahatchet.Butwiththewidespreadapplicationofcomputerstovariousaspectsofourlifeandwork,ithasassumedanewmeaning.Ahackernowisacomputeruserwhoisabletouseorchangetheinformationinotherpeople’scomputersystemswithouttheirknowledgeorpermission.Manyhackersareverytalentedpeoplewhohaveacquiredcomputerknowledgeallbythemselves.
Practice:
Exercise2&3onPage40.3.TypesofWritingDescription:Itispaintingapictureinwordsofaperson,place,object,orscene.(Referto“Ahandbookofwriting(byDingWangdao)”,Pages158-172).
“theearliestcoinsinChina”\“dragonlanternshows”Narration:Itistogiveanaccountofaneventoraseriesofevents.Initsbroadestsense,narrativewritingincludesstories,realorimaginary,biographies,histories,newsitems,andnarrativepoems.(RefertoPages172-181).“themostimportantdayinmylife”\”thestampincident”Exposition:Itisperha
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