73-国内外土壤环境质量

国内外土壤环境质量标准概要四川省环境保护科学研究院傅尧信2009,4,10国外土壤环境质量标准体系国内土壤环境质量标准概要土壤修复相关标准国外土壤环境质量标准体系目

录国外土壤环境质量标准概况美国土壤环境质量标准体系荷兰土壤环境质量标准体系加拿大土壤环境质量标准澳大利亚土壤环境质量标准其它国家土壤环境质量标准国外土壤环境质量标准概况保护对象的多样性暴露方式的多样性标准的多样性保护对象的多样性人体健康生态系统植物农作物其它植物野生动物哺乳类动物鸟类无脊椎动物生物过程地下水暴露方式的多样性皮肤接触直接摄入间接摄入呼吸吸入地下水饮用••••9、我们的市场行为主要的导向因素，第一个是市场需求的导向，第二个是技术进步的导向，第三大导向是竞争对手的行为导向。21.11.1921.11.19Friday,

November

19,

202110、市场销售中最重要的字就是“问”。10:52:410:52:410:5211/19/2021

10:52:04

AM11、现今，每个人都在谈论着创意，坦白讲，我害怕我们会假创意之名犯下一切过失。21.11.1910:52:410:52Nov-2119-Nov-2112、在购买时，你可以用任何语言；但在销售时，你必须使用购买者的语言。10:52:410:52:410:52Friday,

November

19,

202113、He

who

seize

the

right

moment,

is

the

right

man.谁把握机遇，谁就心想事成。21.11.1921.11.1910:52:410:52:4November

19,2021••••14、市场营销观念：目标市场，顾客需求，协调市场营销，通过满足消费者需求来创造利润。2021年11月19日星期五上午10时52分4秒10:52:421.11.1915、我就像一个厨师，喜欢品尝食物。如果不好吃，我就不要它。2021年11月上午10时52分21.11.1910:52November

19,202116、我总是站在顾客的角度看待即将推出的产品或服务，因为我就是顾客。2021年11月19日星期五10时52分4秒10:52:419

November

202117、利人为利已的根基，市场营销上老是为自己着想，而不顾及到他人，他人也不会顾及你。上午10时52分4秒上午10时52分10:52:421.11.19标准的多样性通用标准按土地用途分类标准按暴露方式分类标准土地修复污染物清除标准值设定示意图concentrationScreening

Risk

AssessmentNegligibleriskWarning

riskUnacceptableriskLong

termobjectivese.g.

TargetvaluesFurtherinvestigatione.g.

Trigger

valueNeed

of

remediatione.

g.interventionvalues欧洲国家标准设定级别countries可忽略风险警示风险不可接受风险Screening

RAScreening

RAScreening

RASite-specificATTrigger

ValuesIntervent.

valuesNLTarget

valueIntervent.

valuesITLimit

valueBE-FLbackgroundFurther

invensti.Cleanup

stan.BE-wReferen.valuetrigger

valueIntervent.

valuesCZLong

term

ob.Further

invenstiremediationDKSoil

quality

crit.Cut-off

valuesDETrigger

valuesAction

levels金属的可忽略风险浓度(mg/kg)比利时wa捷克荷兰斯洛伐克As12302929Ba600160500Be50.043Cd0.20.50.800.8Cr34130100130Cr(Ⅵ)2.5Hg0.050.40.30.3Pb25808585Ni24603535有机物的可忽略风险浓度(mg/kg)比利时wa捷克荷兰斯洛伐克苯0.10.030.01乙苯0.10.040.0021甲苯0.10.030.0007二甲苯0.20.030.0007萘0.050.01蒽0.10.1苯并芘0.010.10.1三氯乙烯0.10.01PCB0.020.02金属的警示值(mg/kg)奥地利比利时wa捷克德国斯洛伐克瑞典As204065503015Be1520Cd23102051Cr50125450400250250Cr(Ⅵ)4.215Hg292.52025Pb100195250400150300Ni70150180140100150Zn2301500500700金属的行动干预值(mg/kg)奥地利比利时wa捷克荷兰斯洛伐克As50300705550Ba10006252000Be203030Cd1030201220Cr250520500380800Hg1056101010Pb500700300530600Ni140300250210500Zn71025007203000美国土壤环境质量标准体系美国国家土壤环境质量标准体系的组成: 通用土壤筛选值(Generic

SSLs)生态土壤筛选值(Eco-SSLs)人体健康土壤筛选值土壤放射性核素筛选值美国区系(region)土壤环境质量标准体系美国各州的土壤环境质量标准体系美国土壤环境质量标准体系的特点科学性系统性完整性互补性通用土壤筛选值(Generic

SSLs)generic

SSLs

for

110

chemicals.

Generic

SSLsThe

generic

SSLs

are

not

necessarily

protective

of

allknown

human

exposure

pathways,reasonable

land

uses,or

ecological

threats.Generic

SSLs

are

presented

separately

for

majorpathways

of

concern

in

both

surface

and

subsurfacesoils.通用土壤筛选值Generic

SSLs(Inorganics)CAS

No.CompoundIngestion(mg/kg)InhalationFugitive

particulate(mg/kg

)Migration

to

ground

water20

DAF 1

DAF(mg/kg)

(

mg/kg)7440-36-0Antimony

Sb31---50.37440-38-2Arsenic

As0.47502917440-39-3Barium

Ba55006.9E﹢051600827440-41-7BerylliumBe0.113006337440-43-9Cadmium

Cd78180080.47440-47-3Chromium(total)39027038216065-83-1Chromium

(III)78000---------18540-29-9Chromium

(VI)39027038257-12-5Cyanide1600---4027439-92-1Lead

Pb400---------7440-02-0Nickel

Ni16001300013077782-49-2Selenium390---50.37440-22-4Silver

Ag390---3427440-28-0Thallium------0.70.047440-62-2Vanadium550---60003007440-66-6Zinc

Zn23000---12000620通用土壤筛选值Generic

SSLs(organics)CAS

No.CompoundIngestion(mg/kg)Inhalationvolatiles(mg/kg

)Migration

to

ground

water20

DAF 1

DAF(mg/kg)

(

mg/kg)67-64-1acetone78001.0E

﹢

05160.8309-00-2aldrin0.0430.50.0271-43-2benzene220.80.030.00265-85-0Benzoic

acid3.1E

﹢

05---4002075-25-2bromoform81530.80.0471-36-3butanol780010000170.967-66-3chloroform1000.30.60.0372-54-8DDD3---160.872-55-9DDE2---54350-29-3DDT2---3221336-36-3PCBs1---------108-95-2Phenol47000---1005生态土壤筛选值(Eco-SSLs)（mg/kg土壤干重）序号金属和有机污染物植物土壤无脊椎动物野生动物鸟类哺乳动物1镉Cd321400.770.362铬Cr--CrⅢ-26CrⅥ-无CrⅢ-34CrⅥ-1303钴Co13-1202304铜Cu708028495铅Pb120170011566锰Mn220450430040007镍Ni382802101308硒Se0.524.11.20.639银Ag560-4.21410钒V--7.8280续上表11锌Zn160120467912锑Sb-78-0.2713砷As18-434614钡Ba-330-200015铋Be-40-2116DDT(包括代谢物)--0.0930.02117狄氏剂--0.0220.004918PAH低分子量-29-100高分子量-18-1.119五氯苯酚5.0312.12.8人体健康土壤筛选值居住区土壤筛选值（mg/kg）污染物摄入-皮肤接触挥发物吸入地下水DAF=

20DAF=

1艾氏剂0

.

0430

.

50

.

02DDT2-322狄氏剂0

.

0410

.

0040

.

0002锑Sb31-50

.

3砷As0

.

4-291钡Ba5500-160082铋Be160-633镉Cd70-80

.

4铬（总量）230-382铬Cr-Ⅲ120000---铬Cr-Ⅵ230-382汞Hg1600-20

.

1镍Ni23101307硒Se1600-50

.

3银Ag390-342铊TI390-0

.

70

.

04钒V6-6000300锌Zn550-12000620商业区/工业区土壤筛选值（以室外作业人员为受体）（mg/kg）污染物摄入-皮肤接触挥发物吸入地下水DAF=

20DAF=

1艾氏剂0

.260

.50

.02DDT8-322狄氏剂0

.220

.0040

.0002锑Sb450-50

.3砷As2-291钡Ba79000-160082铋Be2300-633镉Cd900-80

.4铬（总量）3400-382铬Cr-Ⅲ1000000---铬Cr-Ⅵ3400-382汞Hg3401420

.1镍Ni23000-1307硒Se5700-50

.3银Ag5700-342铊TI91-0

.70

.04钒V7900-6000300锌Zn340000-12000620商业区/工业区土壤筛选值（以室内作业人员为受体）（mg/kg）污染物摄入-皮肤接触地下水DAF=

20DAF=

1艾氏剂0

.

30

.

50

.

02DDT17322狄氏剂0

.

40

.

0040

.

0002锑Sb82050

.

3砷As4291钡Ba140000160082铋Be4100633镉Cd200080

.

4铬（总量）6100382铬Cr-Ⅲ1000000--铬Cr-Ⅵ6100382汞Hg61020

.

1镍Ni410001307硒Se1000050

.

3银Ag10000342铊TI1600

.

70

.

04钒V140006000300锌Zn61000012000620美国土壤筛选值的制定方法通用土壤筛选值(Generic

SSLs)制定方法生态土壤筛选值(Eco-SSLs)制定方法人体健康土壤筛选值制定方法确定土壤筛选值(SSLs)的一般步骤Developing

a

conceptual

site

model

(CSM)Comparing

the

CSM

to

the

SSL

scenarioDefining

data

collection

needsSampling

and

analyzing

soils

at

siteCalculating

site-specific

SSLs

Comparing

site

soil

contaminant

concentrationsto

calculated

SSLs

Determining

which

areas

of

the

site

requirefurther

study.SSL

Equations--Surface

SoilsEquation

1:

Screening

Level

Equation

for

Ingestion

of

NoncarcinogenicContaminants

in

ResidentialSoilScreening

Level(mg/kg)

=

THQ×BW×AT×365d∕1/RfDo×10-6

kg/mg

×

EF×

ED×IRParameter/Definition

(units)THQ/target

hazard

quotient(unitless)Default115BW/body

weight

(kg)AT/averaging

time

(yr)RfDo/oral

reference

dose

(mg/kg-d)EF/exposure

frequency

(d/yr)ED/exposure

duration

(yr)IR/soil

ingestion

rate

(mg/d)6chemical-specific3506200Equation

2:

Screening

Level

Equation

forIngestion

of

Carcinogenic

Contaminantsin

Residential

SoilScreening

Level

(mg/kg)=

TR×

AT×365

d∕SFo×10-6

kg/mg×

EF×IF

soil/adjDefault10-670chemical-specifi350Parameter/Definition

(units) TR/target

cancer

risk

(unitless) AT/averaging

time

(yr)SFo

/oral

slope

factor

(mg/kg-d)-1EF/exposure

frequency

(d/yr)IFsoil/adj

/age-adjusted

soilingestion

factor

(mg-yr/kg-d)114确定生态土壤筛选值(Eco-SSLs)的步骤The

General

Process

for

Establishing

Eco-SSLsStep

1:

Literature

Search

Step

2:

Determine

Acceptability

of

Study

forUse

in

Deriving

Eco-SSL

Step

3:

Extract,

Evaluate

and

ScoreDataStep

4:

Select

Value影响土壤污染物生物获取率的土壤参数Key

Soil

Parameters

Affecting

ContaminantBioavailability

in

SoilsSoil

pH.Cation

and

Anion

Exchange

Capacities.

Clay

Minerals

（Clays,

by

definition,

aresoil

particles

less

than

2

microns

in

sizeOrganicMatter

(Organic

Carbon)

Content.植物对部分金属的吸收率与土壤条件的关系(Al,Sb,Ba,Be,Cd,Co,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Ag,Zn)土壤pH土壤有机质含量﹤2﹪2

to

﹤6﹪6

to

10﹪4≦pH

≦

5.5很高高中5.5﹤pH

﹤

7高中低7≦pH

≦

8.5中低很低植物对部分金属的吸收率与土壤条件的关系(As,Cr,Se,V)土壤pH土壤有机质含量﹤2﹪2

to

﹤6﹪6

to

10﹪4≦pH

≦

5.5中低很低5.5﹤pH

﹤

7高中低7≦pH

≦

8.5很高高中部分有机物的可获取率与土壤条件的关系(PCB,DDT,PAHs,TNT,狄氏剂)(㏒Kow-辛醇-水分配系数)土壤pH㏒Kow有机质含量(％)﹤22

to

﹤66

to

104≦pH

≦

5.5㏒Kow﹥3.5高中低㏒Kow﹤3.5很高高中5.5﹤pH

﹤

7㏒Kow﹥3.5中低低㏒Kow﹤3.5高中低7≦pH

≦

8.5㏒Kow﹥3.5低低低㏒Kow﹤3.5中低低美国区系(region)土壤环境质量标准体系Region

9Preliminary

Remediation

Goals

(PRGs)Region

4Ecological

Screening

ValuesRegion

6Human

Health

Medium-Specific

Screening

LevelsRegion

3Risk-Based

Concentration

(RBC)美国各州的土壤环境质量标准体系OregonScreening

Level

Values

for

Ecological

Risk

AssessmentCaliforniaHuman

Health

Screening

Levels

for

SoilMassachusettsHuman

Exposure

Categories:

S-1,

S-2

AND

S-3FloridaSoil

Cleanup

Target

Levels(CTLs)Oregon生态风险评价筛选值污染物植物无脊椎动物鸟类哺乳动物铝Al50600450107锑Sb515砷AsⅢ10601029钡Ba500300085638铍Be1083铋Bi20硼B0.5201203500溴Br10镉Cd4206125续上表钙Ca铬CrⅢ10.44340000铬CrⅥ410钴Co201000150铜Cu10050190390铁Fe10200碘I4镧La50铅Pb50500164000锂Li2101175镁Mg锰Mn500100412511000续上表汞Hg0.30.11.573钼Mo22001514镍Ni30200320625铌Nb9钾K硒Se170225银Ag250钠Na锶Sr32875锝Te0.2碲Th2铊Tl11续上表锡Sn502000钛Ti1000钨W400铀U565170钒V24725锌Zn502006020000锆Zr97荷兰土壤环境质量标准体系

RIVM

—National

institute

of

public

health

andEnvironment荷兰公共卫生与环境国家研究院的简称

VROM—Ministry

of

housing,spatial

planningand

the

Environment荷兰住房及规划和环境部荷兰土壤环境质量标准体系中的重要概念Target

values

目标值The

target

values

indicate

the

level

at

which

there

is

a

sustainablesoil

quality.

target

values

indicate

the

level

that

has

to

be

achievto

fully

recover

the

functional

properties

of

the

soil

for

humans

andplant

and

animal

life.

Besides

this

the

target

values

give

an

indicatof

the

benchmark

for

environmental

quality

in

the

long

term

on

theassumption

of

negligible

risks

to

the

ecosystem.Soil

remediation

intervention

values

土壤修复干预值The

soil

remediation

intervention

values

indicate

when

the

functionaproperties

of

the

soil

for

humans,

plant

and

animal

life,

is

seriouslimpaired

or

threatened.

They

are

representative

of

the

level

ofcontamination

above

which

there

is

a

serious

case

of

soilcontamination.

Indicative

levels

for

serious

contamination

严重污染警示值

The

RIVM’s

proposals

for

intervention

values

have

not

resulted

inintervention

values

being

set

for

a

number

of

substances.The

so-called

indicative

levels

for

serious

contamination

have

been

given

fthese

substances.

Indicative

levels

have

been

set

for

substances

inthe

second,

third

and

fourth

series.

No

indicative

levels

have

beenset

for

the

first

series

of

substances.

Maximum

permissible

concentration

(MPC)最大允许浓度:The

sum

of

the

maximum

permissible

addition(MPA)and

thebackground

concentration(Cb)MPC＝MPA﹢CbNegligible

concentration(NC)可忽略浓度:The

sum

of

the

background

concentration

Cb

and

the

negligibleaddition

(NA),or,

The

NC

is

derived

from

the

MPC

by

dividing

it

by

100NC＝NA﹢CbNegligible

addition(NA)可忽略增加:NA

is

derived

by

dividing

the

MPA

by

100ecotoxicologicalseriousrisk

concentration(SRCECO)严重生态风险浓度ecotoxicological

serious

risk

addition

(SRAeco)严重生态风险增加RIVM提出的九个微量元素的各项标准ElementSymbolC

b[mg.kg-1]NA[mg.kg-1]NC[mg.kg-1]MPA[mg.kg-1]MPC[mg.kg-1]SRA

ECO[mg.kg-1]SRC

ECO[mg.kg-1]berylliumBe1.10.00431.10.431.51.93.0vanadiumv420.00032420.032422567CobaltCo90.00239.00.239.21524seleniumSe0.70.0000580.700.00580.711.21.9molybdenumMo0.50.00760.510.761.3270270tinSn190.00068190.06819250270antimonySb3------------5154bariumBa1550.0821608.2160210360thalliumTi1.00.0011.00.101.11.02.0Target

values

and

soil

remediation

intervention

values

andbackground

concentrationsfor

metals(

VROM

)Values

for

soil

have

been

expressed

as

the

concentrationin

a

standard

soil

(10%

organic

matter

and

25%

clay).MetalsSoil

(mg/kg

dry

matter)National

backgroundconcentrationTarget

valueIntervention

valueSb3315As292955Ba160160625Cd0.80.812Cr100100380Co99240Cu3636190续上表Hg0.30.310Pb8585530Mo0.53200Ni3535210Zn140140720加拿大土壤环境质量标准体系Canadian

Soil

Quality

Guidelines土壤质量指导值for

four

land

use

categories:

Agricultural

农业用地:where

the

primary

land

use

is

growing

cropsor

tending

livestock.This

also

includes

agricultural

lands

that

prohabitat

for

resident

and

transitory

wildlife

and

native

flora.主要用物栽培和放养家畜,包括野生动植物栖息地

Residential/Parkland

居住/公共用地:where

the

primary

activity

isresidential

or

recreational

activity;parkland

is

defined

as

a

buffebetween

areas

of

residency,and

also

includes

campground

areas,but

excludes

wildlands

such

as

national

or

provincial

parks.居住和娱乐活动用地,居住区之间的缓冲区,露营地,但不包括国家公园的荒地

Commercial商业用地:where

the

primary

activity

is

commercial(e.g.,shopping

mall)and

not

residential

or

manufacturing.This

doesnot

include

zones

where

food

is

grown.Industrial工业用地:where

the

primary

activity

involves

the

product manufacture,or

construction

of

goods.Two

generic

soil

types

coarse-textured

soils

(soils

containingpredominantly

sand

and

gravel

sizes)

fine-textured

soils

(soils

containingpredominantly

silt

and

clay

sizes).The

criterion

distinguishing

the

twocategories

is

a

median

grain

size

of

75microns.Canadian

Soil

Quality

Guidelines

(mg·kg-1).SubstanceAgriculturalResidential/parkland*CommercialIndustrialCoarseFineCoarseFineCoarseFineCoarseFineArsenic12121212Barium75050020002000Cadmium1.4102222lead70140260600DDT0.70.71212nickel50505050BenzeneSurfaceSubsoil0.0300.00680.0300.00680.0300.00680.0300.00680.0300.00680.0300.00680.0300.00680.0300.0068澳大利亚土壤环境质量标准体系land

usestandard

%protectionresidential80urban

parkland80rural

parkland80commercial60industrial60agricultural95Soil

Investigation

level土壤调查值Health

Investigation

level土壤健康调查值substace

x＝background

expossures＋amount

of

substanceabsorbed

from

soil＝BE

＋(Sing

×Cing

×

Bing＋Sinh

×

Cinh

×

Binh＋Sskin

×

Cskin

×

Bskin)BE:

background

expossures

(eg.

From

food

and

water)Sing:

amount

of

soil

ingested

Sskin

:

amo＋unt

of

soil

on

skinEcological

Investigation

level土壤生态调查值proposed

percentage

of

species

and

processes

for

different

land

uses;SoilInvestigation

level(mg/kg)australia)substancesHealth

investigation

levels

(HILs)Ecological

investigationlevels(EILs)BackgrounrangesABCDEFInterium

urbanAs100400200500201-50Be208040100Cd20804010031Co1004002005001-40Pb300120060015006002-200Mn1500600030007500500850Ni60024006003000605-500DDT＋DDD＋DDE2008004001000PCBs10402050瑞典土壤环境质量标准

generic

guideline

values按土地敏感程度,guidelinevalues分为三类:敏感土地(sensitive

land

use)较不敏感土地＋地下水保护(less

sensitive

land

use,groundwater

protection)较不敏感土地(less

sensitive

land

use)按污染程度评价分类Not

very

seriousModerately

seriousSeriousVery

serious＜guideline

values1-3×guideline

values3-10×guideline

values＞10×guideline

values＋巴西圣保罗州土壤环境质量标准

(1)

quality

reference

value,

indicating

the

quality

lof

a

soil

considered

as

clean

soil,

generally

associatedwith

the

natural

concentration

of

the

element

of

interes

(2)

preventing

value,

above

which

harmful

changes

inthe

soil

quality

may

occur;

and

(3)

intervention

value,

above

which

potential

risks

tothe

human

health

exist,

considering

a

generic

exposurescenario.The

model

used

by

CETESB

to

obtain

these

values

was

based

on

that

developed

by

the

NetherlandsNational

Institute

of

Public

Health

and

Environment德国土壤环境质量标准中的特色三级设定:Precaution

levels

预防值Trigger

levels

启动值Action

levels

行动值污染途径(Pathway):Soil—human

beings(direct

contact)土壤—人体直接接触土壤---植物转移土壤---地下水Soil---plants(transfer)Soil---groundwater3.土壤用途:

Agriculture农业Gardening

园地

Green

land绿地4.acceptable

additional

annual

load

ofhazadous

substances有害物质可接受年负荷cadmium

6

(g/ha*a)lead400chromium300copper360国内土壤环境质量标准国家土壤环境质量标准

GB15618-1995 污染物10项,

其中无机物8项,展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准(暂行)HJ350-2007污染物92项,其中无机物14项,分级:

A级: 目标值B级:修复行动值环保部环发[2008]39号文件<<全国土壤污染状况评价技术规定>>.在土壤环境质量评价标准值中,无机物12项,有机物4项.4.食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准(HJ

332-2006)其中土壤环境质量评价指标限值与国标一致.5.

温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准5.(HJ

333-2006)温室土壤环境质量评价指标限值与国标基本一致,略有调整.拟开放场址土壤中剩余放射性可接受水平规定（暂行）(HJ

53-2000)工业企业土壤环境质量风险评价基准(HJ/T

25—1999) 有机物30项.基准严重偏高,如苯:1640mg/Kg,美国.12mg/Kg土壤修复相关标准待修复土壤判断标准修复土壤行为标准修复土壤验收标准待修复土壤判断标准国内标准:展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准 修复行动值国外标准:荷兰国家标准

Intervention

values

干预值土壤污染、风险及行动程度关系示意图参照值启动值干预值无须行动土壤浓度风险修复行动调查或修复未污染可视作未污染已污染待修复土壤判断标准比较污染物国标(三级)展会标荷兰美国GssL(摄入)Cd1.0221270Pb500600530400As3080550.4Hg1.5501023Zn500150072023000DDT1.0------2Benzene---131.012修复土壤行为标准EPA:Green

Cleanup

Standard

InitiativeEnergy

Use

and

Efficiency能源利用和效率Water

Use

and

Efficiency水利用和效率Air

Quality

空气质量Land

and

Ecosystems

Enhancements土地和生态系统强化Material

Consumption

and

Waste

Generation材料消耗和废物生成Long-Term

Stewardship长期管理

ASTM

E

1739,石油污染清除行动标准指南

Standard

Guide

for

Risk-Based

CorrectiveAction

Applied

at

Petroleum

Release

Sites.

ASTM

E

1689,开发概念站点模型标准指南

Standard

Guide

for

Developing

ConceptualSite

Models

for

Contaminated

Sites.ASTM

E

978,评价化学物质环境变迁数学模型标准Standard

Practice

for

EvaluatingMathematical

Models

for

the

EnvironmentalFate

of

Chemicals.修复土壤验收标准Region

9Preliminary