2016年电子科技大学考研专业课试题英语(二外仅日语方向)

电子科技大学

2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题

考试科目：244英语(二外仅日语方向)

注：无机读卡，所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效。

PartIReadingComprehension(40%)

Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsor

unfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshould

decideonthebestchoiceandthenwritethecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet

PassageOne

Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

ArecurringcriticismoftheUK'suniversitysectorisitsperceivedweaknessintranslatingnew

knowledgeintonewproductsandservices.

Recently,theUKNationalStemCellNetworkwarnedtheUKcouldloseitsplaceamongtheworld

leadersinstemcellresearchunlessadequatefundingandlegislationcouldbeassured.Weshould

takethisconcernseriouslyasuniversitiesarekeyinthenationalinnovationsystem.

However,wedohavetochallengetheunthinkingcomplaintthatthesectordoesnotdoenoughin

takingideastomarket.Themostrecentcomparativedataontheperformanceofuniversitiesand

researchinstitutionsinAustralia,Canada,USAandUKshowsthat,fromarelativelyweakstarting

position,theUKnowleadsonmanyindicatorsofcommercializationactivity.

Whenviewedatthenationallevel,thepolicyinterventionsofthepastdecadehavehelped

transformtheperformanceofUKuniversities.EvidencesuggeststheUK'spositionismuchstronger

thanintherecentpastandisstillshowingimprovement.Butnationaldatamaskstheverylarge

variationintheperformanceofindividualuniversities.Theevidenceshowsthatalargenumberof

universitieshavefallenoffthebackofthepack,afewperformstronglyandtherestchasethe

leaders.

ThistypeofunevendistributionisnotpeculiartotheUKandismirroredacrossothereconomies.In

theUK,researchisconcentrated:lessthan25%ofuniversitiesreceive75%oftheresearchfunding.

ThesesameuniversitiesarealsotheinstitutionsproducingthegreatestshareofPhDgraduates,

sciencecitations,patentsandlicenseincome.Theeffectofpoliciesgeneratinglong-termresource

concentrationhasalsocreatedadistinctivesetofuniversitieswhichareresearch-ledand

commerciallyactive.Itseemsclearthattheconcentrationofresearchandcommercializationwork

createsdifferencesbetweenuniversities.

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Thecoreobjectiveforuniversitieswhichareresearch-ledmustbetomaximizetheimpactoftheir

researchefforts.Theseuniversitiesshouldbegeneratingthewidestrangeofsocial,economicand

environmentalbenefits.Inreturnforthescaleofinvestment,theyshouldsharetheirexpertisein

ordertobuildgreaterconfidenceinthesector.

PartoftheeconomicrecoveryoftheUKwillbedrivenbythenextgenerationofresearch

commercializationspillingoutofouruniversities.TherearethreedozenuniversitiesintheUK

whichareactivelyengagedinadvancedresearchtrainingandcommercializationwork.

Iftherewasagreatercoordinationoftechnologytransferofficeswithinregionsandasimultaneous

investmentinthescaleandfunctionsofourgraduateschools,universitiescould,andshould,playa

keyroleinpositioningtheUKforthenextgrowthcycle.

1.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofUKuniversitiesintermsofcommercialization?

A)Theyfailtoconvertknowledgeintomoney.

B)Theydonotregarditastheirresponsibility.

C)Theystillhaveaplaceamongtheworldleaders.

D)Theyhavelosttheirleadingpositioninmanyways.

2.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthenationaldataonUKuniversities'performancein

commercialization?

A)Itmasksthefatalweaknessesofgovernmentpolicy.

B)ItdoesnotrankUKuniversitiesinascientificway.

C)Itdoesnotreflectthedifferencesamonguniversities.

D)Itindicatestheirineffectiveuseofgovernmentresources.

3.WecaninferfromParagraph5that"policyinterventions"(Line1,Para.4)refersto_____.

A)governmentaidtonon-research-orienteduniversities

B)compulsorycooperationbetweenuniversitiesandindustries

C)fairdistributionoffundingforuniversitiesandresearchinstitutions

D)concentrationofresourcesinalimitednumberofuniversities

4.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestresearch-leduniversitiesdo?

A)Publicizetheirresearchtowininternationalrecognition.

B)Fullyutilizetheirresearchtobenefitallsectorsofsociety.

C)Generouslysharetheirfacilitieswiththoseshortoffunds.

D)Spreadtheirinfluenceamongtopresearchinstitutions.

5.HowcantheuniversitysectorplayakeyroleintheUK'seconomicgrowth?

A)Byestablishingmoreregionaltechnologytransferoffices.

B)Byaskingthegovernmenttoinvestintechnologytransferresearch.

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C)Bypromotingtechnologytransferandgraduateschooleducation.

D)Byincreasingtheefficiencyoftechnologytransferagencies.

PassageTwo

Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Mostofficeworkersassumethatthemessagestheysendtoeachotherviaelectronicmailareas

privateasatelephonecalloraface-to-facemeeting.Thatassumptioniswrong.Althoughitisillegal

inmanyareasforanemployertoeavesdroponprivateconversationsortelephonecalls—evenif

theytakeplaceonacompany-ownedtelephone—therearenoclearrulesgoverningelectronicmail.

Infact,thequestionofhowprivateelectronicmailtransmissionsshouldbehasemergedasoneof

themorecomplicatedlegalissuesoftheelectronicage.

People’sopinionsaboutthedegreeofprivacythatelectronicmailshouldhavevarydepending

onwhoseelectronicmailsystemisbeingusedandwhoisreadingthemessages.Doesagovernment

office,forexample,havetherighttodestroyelectronicmessagescreatedinthecourseofrunningthe

government,therebydenyingpublicaccesstosuchdocuments?Someholdthatgovernmentoffices

shouldissueguidelinesthatallowtheirstafftodeletesuchelectronicrecords,anddefendthis

practicebyclaimingthatthemessagesthusdeletedalreadyexistinpaperversionswhosedestruction

isforbidden.Opponentsofsuchpracticesarguethatthepaperversionsoftenomitsuchinformation

aswhoreceivedthemessagesandwhentheyreceivedthem,informationcommonlycarriedon

electronicmailsystems.Governmentofficials,opponentsmaintain,arecivilservants;thepublic

shouldthushavetherighttoreviewanydocumentscreatedduringtheconductingofgovernment

business.

Questionsaboutelectronicmailprivacyhavealsoarisenintheprivatesector.Recently,two

employeesofanautomotivecompanywerediscoveredtohavebeencommunicatingdisparaging

informationabouttheirsupervisorviaelectronicmail.Thesupervisor,whohadbeenmonitoringthe

communication,threatenedtofiretheemployees.Whentheemployeesfiledagrievance

complainingthattheirprivacyhadbeenviolated,theywereletgo.Later,theircourtcasefor

unlawfulterminationwasdismissed;thecompany’slawyerssuccessfullyarguedthatbecausethe

companyownedthecomputersystem,itssupervisorshadtherighttoreadanythingcreatedonit.

Insomeareas,lawsprohibitoutsideinterceptionofelectronicmailbyathirdpartywithoutproper

authorizationsuchasasearchwarrant.However,theselawsdonotcover“inside”interceptionsuch

asoccurredattheautomotivecompany.Inthepast,courtshaveruledthatinteroffice

communicationsmaybeconsideredprivateonlyifemployeeshavea“reasonableexpectation”of

privacywhentheysendthemessages.Thefactisthatnoabsoluteguaranteeofprivacyexistsinany

computersystem.Theonlysolutionmaybeforuserstoscrambletheirownmessageswith

encryptioncodes;unfortunately,suchcomplexcodesarelikelytounderminetheprincipalvirtueof

electronicmail:itsconvenience.

6.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsmostaccuratelysummarizesthemainpointofthe

passage?

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A)Untilthelegalquestionssurroundingtheprivacyofelectronicmailinboththepublicand

privatesectorshavebeenresolved,officeworkerswillneedtoscrambletheirelectronicmail

messageswithencryptioncodes.

B)Thelegalquestionssurroundingtheprivacyofelectronicmailintheworkplacecanbestbe

resolvedbytreatingsuchcommunicationsasiftheywereasprivateastelephoneconversations

orface-to-facemeetings.

C)Anyattempttoresolvethelegalquestionssurroundingtheprivacyofelectronicmailinthe

workplacemusttakeintoaccounttheessentialdifferencebetweenpublic-sectorandprivate

sectorbusiness.

D)Atpresent,inboththepublicandprivatesectors,thereseemtobenocleargeneralanswers

tothelegalquestionssurroundingtheprivacyofelectronicmailintheworkplace.

7.Accordingtothepassage,whichoneofthefollowingbestexpressesthereasonsomepeopleuse

toopposethedeletionofelectronicmailrecordsatgovernmentoffices?

A)Suchdeletionrevealstheextentofgovernment’sunhealthyobsessionwithsecrecy.

B)Suchdeletionrunscountertothenotionofgovernment’saccountability（责任）toits

constituency(选民，支持者).

C)Suchdeletionclearlyviolatesthelegalrequirementthatgovernmentofficeskeepduplicate

copiesofalltheirtransactions.

D)Suchdeletionviolatesthegovernment’sownguidelinesagainstdestructionofelectronic

records.

8.Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelystatestheorganizationofthepassage?

A)Aproblemisintroduced,followedbyspecificexamplesillustratingtheproblem:apossible

solutionissuggested,followedbyanacknowledgmentofitsshortcomings.

B)Aproblemisintroduced,followedbyexplicationsoftwopossiblesolutionstotheproblem:

thefirstsolutionispreferredtothesecond,andreasonsaregivenforwhyitisthebetter

alternative.

C)Aproblemisintroduced,followedbyanalysisofthehistoricalcircumstancesthathelped

bringtheproblemabout,andapossiblesolutionisofferedandrejectedasbeingonlyapartial

remedy.

D)Aproblemisintroduced,followedbyenumerationofvariousquestionsthatneedtobe

answeredbeforeasolutioncanbefound:onepossiblesolutionisproposedandarguedfor.

9.Therearefouropinionsaboutanencryptionsystemthatcouldencodeanddecodeelectronic

mailmessageswithasinglekeystroke.Whichonewouldtheauthormostlikelyhold?

A)Itwouldbeanunreasonableburdenonacompany’sabilitytomonitorelectronicmailcreated

byitsemployees.

B)Itwouldsignificantlyreducethedifficultyofattemptingtosafeguardtheprivacyof

electronicmail.

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C)Itwouldcreatesubstantiallegalcomplicationsforcompaniestryingtopreventemployees

fromrevealingtradesecretstocompetitors.

D)Itwouldguaranteeonlyaminimallevelofemployeeprivacy,andsowouldnotbeworththe

costinvolvedininstallingsuchasystem.

10.Giventheinformationinthepassage,whichoneofthefollowinghypotheticaleventsisLEAST

likelytooccur?

A)Acourtrulesthatagovernmentoffice’spracticeofdeletingitselectronicmailisnotinthe

public’sbestinterests.

B)Aprivate-sectoremployerisfoundliableforeavesdroppinganofficetelephoneconversation

inwhichtwoemployeesexchangeddisparaginginformationabouttheirsupervisor.

C)Acourtupholdstherightofagovernmentofficetodestroybothpaperandelectronicversions

ofitsin-housedocuments.

D)Acourtupholdsaprivate-sectoremployer’srighttomonitormessagessentbetween

employeesoverthecompany’sin-houseelectronicmailsystem.

PassageThree

Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Computershavebeentaughttoplaynotonlycheckers,butalsochampionshipchess,whichisa

fairlyaccurateyardstickformeasuringthecomputer’sprogressintheabilitytolearnfrom

experience.

Becausethegamerequireslogicalreasoning,chesswouldseemtobeperfectlysuitedtothe

computer.allaprogrammerhastodoisgivethecomputeraprogramevaluatingtheconsequencesof

everypossibleresponsetoeverypossiblemove,andthecomputerwillwineverytime.Intheorythis

isasensibleapproach;inpracticeitisimpossible.Today,apowerfulcomputercananalyze40000

movesasecond.Thatisanimpressivespeed,butthereareanastronomicalnumberofpossible

movesinchess—literallytrillions.Evenifsuchaprogramwerewritten,thereisnocomputer

capableofholdingthatmuchdata.

Therefore,ifthecomputeristocompeteatchampionshiplevels,itmustbeprogrammedto

functionwithlessthancompletedata.Itmustbeabletolearnfromexperience,tomodifyitsown

program,todealwitharelativelyunstructuredsituation—inaword,to“think”foritself.Infact,this

canbedone.Chess-playingcomputershaveyettodefeatworldchampionchessplayers,butseveral

havebeatenhumanplayersofonlyslightlylowerranks.Thecomputershavehadprogramstocarry

themthroughtheearly,mechanicalstagesoftheirchessgames.Buttheyhavegoneonfromthereto

reasonandlearn,andsometimestowinthegame.

Thereareotherproofsthatcomputerscanbeprogrammedtolearn,butthisexampleis

sufficienttodemonstratethepoint.Granted,winningagameofchessisnotanearthshakingevent

evenwhenacomputerdoesit.Buttherearemanyserioushumanproblemswhichcanbefruitfully

approachedasgames.TheDefenseDepartmentusescomputerstoplaywargamesandworkout

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strategiesfordealingwithinternationaltensions.Otherproblems—internationalandinterpersonal

relations,ecologyandeconomics,andtheever-increasingthreatofworldfamine—canperhapsbe

solvedbythejointeffortsofhumanbeingsandtrulyintelligentcomputers.

11.Thepurposeofcreatingchess-playingcomputersis__________

A)towintheworldchesschampion

B)topavethewayforfurtherintelligentcomputers

C)toworkoutstrategiesforinternationalwars

D)tofindanaccurateyardstickformeasuringcomputerprogress

12.Today,achess-playingcomputercanbeprogrammedto________

A)givetrillionsofresponsesinasecondtoeachpossiblemoveandwinthegame

B)functionwithcompletedataandbeatthebestplayers

C)learnfromchess-playingintheearlystageandgoontowinthegame

D)evaluateeverypossiblemovebutmayfailtogivetherightresponseeachtime

13.Foracomputerto“think”,itisnecessaryto________

A)mangetoprocessasmuchdataaspossibleinasecond

B)programitsothatitcanlearnfromitsexperiences

C)prepareitforchess-playingfirst

D)enableittodealwithunstructuredsituations

14.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheDefenseDepartmentis____

A)criticalB)unconcernedC)positiveD)negative

15.Intheauthor’sopinion,______

A)winningachessgameisanunimportantevent

B)serioushumanproblemsshouldn’tberegardedasplayingagame

C)ecologicalproblemsaremoreurgenttobesolved

D)thereishopeformoreintelligentcomputers

PassageFour

Questions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitive

weaponsandthediscoveryoffire,althoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthe

latter

Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew

criesthatserveassignals,buteventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords,

evenwiththemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlya

necessityforthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligent,wemustsuppose

共13页第6页

thathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhe

discoveredhatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkinthisrespectpicture

languageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscavetoshowin

whichdirectionhehadgone,orwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandoral

languagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportant

singlefactorinthedevelopmentofman.

Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthe

domesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturewasastepinhumanprogressto

whichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparableuntilourownmachineage.Agriculturemade

possibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbe

successfullypracticed.Thesewere,atfirst,onlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoilaftereach

harvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomads,buttheagriculturalwayof

lifeprevailedintheendbecauseofthephysicalcomfortsitprovided.

Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswriting,which,likespokenlanguage,developed

outofpictures,butassoonasithadreachedacertainstage,itwaspossibletokeeprecordsand

transmitinformationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwasgiven.

Theseinventionsanddiscoveries—fire,speech,weapons,domesticanimals,agriculture,and

writing—madetheexistenceofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B.C.untilthe

beginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasnotechnical

advancecomparabletothese.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecomeaccustomedtohis

technique,andtodevelopthebeliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriatetoit.Therewas,of

course,animmenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.AtfirstithadbeenconfinedtotheNile,

theEuphrates,theTigrisandtheIndus,butattheendoftheperiodinquestionitcoveredmuchthe

greaterpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmeantosuggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogress

duringthislongtime;therewasprogress—therewereeventwoinventionsofverygreatimportance,

namelygunpowderandthemariner’scompass—butneitherofthesecanbecomparedintheirpower

tosuchthingsasspeechandwritingandagriculture.

16.Accordingtothepassagepicturelanguagewasfoundmostusefulwhen_____

A)peopledidn’twanttousespeechincommunication

B)orallanguagewasnotfullydeveloped

C)peoplewenthuntingortravelingsomewhere

D)peoplewereinhabitingincaves

17.Itistheauthor’sviewthatinhumancivilizationagriculture______.

A)isthemostimportantstepmanhasevermade

B)isonlylessimportantthanthedomesticationofanimals

C)hadlongbeenpracticedasstatedinwrittenhistory

D)canberankedinimportancewiththeinventionofmachines

18.Inthe3rdparagraph,“…intheregionswhereitcouldbepracticed…”,“it”refersto________

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A)increaseB)numberC)agricultureD)species

19.Writtenlanguageinitsinitialstagewasfoundmoreadvantageousinthat__

A)itcouldcommunicatemoreaccuratelythantheorallanguage

B)ithaddevelopedfrompicturelanguage

C)informationcouldberecordedandtransmitted

D)itwaseasiertolearnthanpicturelanguage

20.Thefollowingconditionsexceptonemadeitpossibleforcivilizedcommunitiestoexist.The

exceptionis_________

A)writingB)agricultureC)fireD)caves

PartIIVocabularyandStructure(20%)

Directions:Thereare40incompletesentencesinthispart.Foreachsentencetherearefourchoices

markedA),B),C)andD).Choosetheonethatcanbestcompletethesentenceandthenwritethe

correspondingletterontheAnswerSheet.

21.Thethicksoapwon’tfoamproperly,soitisnecessaryandeconomicalto______itwithwater.

A)pierceB)dipC)diluteD)balance

22.Thesuccessfulcandidatesareallcreativeinsolvingproblemsand______atlearningnew

technologiesandskills.

A）capableB）adeptC）marginalD）adequate

23.Ourwaytostayaheadofthecompetitionisbycontinuallycreating_____productsandservices

whilebuildingnewvalueinexistingproductlines.

A)unmanageableB)deliverableC)institutionalD)innovative

24.Healwayssmiledandneverhadanegativecommentaboutanyoneora____remarkaboutany

situation.

A)cynicalB)skepticalC)hierarchicalD)hysterical

25.The____oftropicalrainforestsaspublicgoodwillrequirecooperationbetweenallcountriesin

theworld.

A)institutionB)conservationC)precautionD)construction

26.Therelationsbetweenmymotherandbrotherweregettingworseasmybrothergrewolderand

more______.

A)realisticB)racialC)recycledD)rebellious

27.Don'tbelievehim.Whathesaidjustnowwas_______.

A)sacredB)rubbishC)secretD)satisfied

28.Mr.Whitealwayswearssunglassesbecausehiseyesare________tolight.

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A)self-evidentB)seldomC)sensitiveD)sentimental

29.Accordingtotheweather_______,thereisatyphoonapproachingTaiwan.

A)reportB)symbolC)requestD)refusal

30.Thenewlaboratorieswillbeconstructedthisyear,andlocalfirmshavebeenaskedto_______

thework.

A)assignB)undertakeC)manufactureD)provide

31.Histhoughtswere_______fromthepainfultopicbythesuddenarrivalofaneighbor.

A)distinguishedB)distractedC)discountedD)discerned

32.ThomasEdison________hissuccessasaninventorto10%inspirationand90%perspiration.

A)devotedB)institutedC)executedD)attributed

33.Fromourhouseonthehillside,wecan________thewholeoftheharbor.

A)widenB)overlookC)attainD)outlet

34.Thenoisewassofaintthatyouhadto_______yourearstohearit.

A)stirB)strengthenC)strainD)stride

35.Hissuggestionwasviolently______byGuerrawhomadenosecretofhisrevolutionary

Marxism.

A)denouncedB)describedC)dependedD)denoted

36.Theprisonerwas_____ofhiscivillibertyforthreeyears.

A)dischargedB)derivedC)deprivedD)dispatched

37.Thetribelivesalmostentirelyonadietofrice________byfruittheyfindintheforest.

A)amplifiedB)enclosedC)suppliedD)supplemented

38.Theywere______intheirscientificresearch,notknowingwhathappenedjustoutsidetheirlab.

A)submergedB)drownedC)immersedD)dipped

39.Youshould______tooneormoreweeklymagazinessuchastime,orNewsweek.

A)ascribeB)orderC)reclaimD)subscribe

40.I’msorryIamlate;Inever_______thetaxitotakesolongtogethere.

A)expectedB)plannedC)waitedforD)thought

41.Pleasedonotbe________byhisoffensiveremarkssinceheismerelytryingtoattractattention.

A)distractedB)irritatedC)disregardedD)intervened

42.Hewouldn'tanswerthereporters'questions,norwouldhe__________foraphotograph.

A)summonB)highlightC)poseD)contemplate

43.JustbecauseI'm________tohim,mybossthinkshecanordermearoundwithoutshowingme

anyrespect.

A)subordinateB)trivialC)versatileD)redundant

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44.Howmuchofyourcountry’selectricalsupplyis_____fromwaterpower.

A)derivedB)detachedC)deducedD)declined

45.Whenthefiremenarrivedthewholebuildingwas______.

A)brushingB)blazingC)breedingD)budding

46.IntheChinesehousehold,grandparentsandotherrelativesplay______rolesinraisingchildren.

A)intolerableB)impassionedC)intellectualD)indispensable

47.Believingthathewasfullyqualified,hesubmittedhisapplication_______,butaweeklaterhe

wascrushedtolearnthatithadbeenturneddown.

A)ultimatelyB)hesitantlyC)promptlyD)attentively

48.Theruleforthecompetitionissomewhat_________.Ican’tgetitandIrequireanexplanation.

A)distinctB)obscureC)clumsyD)imaginary

49.Theymustknowhowtokeepandmakeuseofandwhennecessary_____theoldandoutdated

conventionalrules.

A)discardB)clarifyC)skimD)insulate

50.Thenewpresidentsaidshewould_______herselftoprotectingtherightsoftheold,thesickand

thehomeless.

A)donateB)dedicateC)entrustD)present

51.Theterroristactionhasbeen______universallyasanactofbarbarismandcowardice.

A)condemnedB)clearedC)remindedD)pardoned

52.Widespreadpollutionoftheenvironmentbycompaniesmaycometoanendasabillhasbeen

draftedwhichproposesto_____anyoffendingfirms.

A)subsidizeB)penalizeC)outdoD)oppress

53.Threemedicalorganizationsconcludedthatdoctorss