初中被动语态详细讲解 公开课教学设计

2013年中考专题复习之被动语态一、语态概述我吃了一个苹果，那现在苹果怎样了？苹果被我吃了。正如汉语中的被字句，英语中的“被字句”我们称之为被动语态。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。例如：ManypeoplespeakEnglish.

谓语：speak的动作是由主语manypeople来执行的。

被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：Englishisspokenbymanypeople.主语English是动词speak的承受者。

例如：Heopenedthedoor.他开了门。(主动句)Thedoorwasopened.门被开了。(被动句)二、被动语态的构成被动语态由“be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。不及物动词本身没有被动语态。

及物动词---本身意义不完整，后必须带宾语，有些还可以带双宾。不及物动词---本身意义完整，不需要带宾语，如带宾语必须通过介词。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。三．被动语态的句型肯定句：主语+be+动词过去分词否定句：主语+be+not+动词过去分词一般疑问句：Be+主语+动词过去分词特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be+主语+动词过去分词四．各种时态的被动语态一般现在时：am／is／are＋动词过去分词Carsaremadebythem.一般过去时：was／were＋动词过去分词TheMP3wasboughtbymyfather.一般将来时：will/shall/begoingtobe＋动词过去分词

Thebridgewillbecompletedintendays.

现在进行时：am／is／arebeing＋动词过去分词Isthebikebeingmendednow?过去进行时：was／werebeing＋动词过去分词Thedinnedwasbeingcooked.现在完成时：have／hasbeen＋动词过去分词Themeetinghasbeenputoff.过去完成时：hadbeen＋动词过去分词Manyoldhouseshadbeenpulleddownbytheendoflastyear.过去将来时：would/should/begoingtobe＋动词过去分词Treeswouldbecutdown.注：被动语态没有完成进行时，也没有将来进行时，如果有这类时态的主动结构，要变为被动结构，可用完成时态和一般时态。如:Wehavebeendiscussingtheproblemfortwodays.→Theproblemhasbeendiscussedfortwodays.Wewillbediscussingittomorrow.→Itwillbediscussedtomorrow.五、含有情态动词的被动语态

含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。歌诀是：情态动词变动，情态加be加“过分”。例如：

wecanrepairthiswatchintwodays.→Thiswatchcanberepairedintwodays.We

mustfinishthisworksoon.→Thisworkmustbedonesoon.Wehavetocleantheclassroom.→Theclassroomhastobecleanedbyus.六、被动语态的用法

(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。Somenewcomputerswerestolenlastnight.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)Thisbookwaspublishedin1981.这本书出版于1981年。（没有必要或说出出版者）(2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。Thewindowwasbrokenbymike.窗户是迈克打破的。ThisbookwaswrittenbyLunXun.这本书是他写的。(3)为了更好地安排句子。Thewell-knownpersongotonthebusandwasimmediatelyrecognizedbypeople.（一个主语就够了）(4)被动语态还可以用于新闻报道中，为了体现新闻的客观性。(5)在科技文献中，为了客观描述事情以及一些过程，常用被动语态。七、主动语态变被动语态的方法1.把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。2.把主动语态的谓语变为被动语态的谓语。3.把主动语态的主语变为被动语态的by短语。（①by短语可以省。②by短语后跟代词的宾格。）主变被解题步骤1.找宾语----即动作的承受者2.判断宾语的单复数----即be动词的单复数.3.判断动词的时态----即be动词的时态.4.修改谓语的形式----即原句动词改为过去分词5.修改原句的主语----即by+宾语（原主语）.Theymakeshoesinthatfactory.Shoesaremadebythem.（主变宾,宾变主,谓动bedone时不变,人称、数、格随着变）八、主动语态变被动语态需要注意的几个问题.（1）时态保持一致。Ihaverepairedmycomputerhasbeenrepaired.

（2）如果要说出动作的执行者，并且这个执行者可以作主动语态中主语时，就用by短语，如果后面的词表示地点，不是动作的执行者，就用in短语。Itismadebyus.ItismadeinWuhan.(3)主动句的主语是代词的主格形式，变成被动句by的宾语时要用其宾格形式。Hecleanedthecar.→Thecarwascleanedbyhim.(4)否定句的被动语态中，not放在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。Youshouldnotblameme.→Ishouldnotbeblamedbyyou.(5)疑问句的被动语态，用be动词的对应形式代替doDoesshedrivethiscar?→Isthiscardrivenbyher?(6)祈使句的被动语态形式为Let+宾语（承受词）+be+动词过去分词Openthedoorplease.→Letthedoorbeopenedplease.(7)主动语态中有反身代词，变被动语态形式为“主动语态主语+be+动词过去分词”Tomhurthimself.→Tomwashurt.(8)主语时noone,nobody,变为被动语态时，句子结构变为否定式，by短语变为byanyone或byanybodyNoonecansolvetheproblem.→Theproblemcan’tbesolvedbyanyone.（9）谓语为动词短语的被动语态不能丢掉动词短语的介词或副词。Hisbestfriendoftenlooksafterhim.

--Heisoftenlookedafterbyhisbestfriend.(10)主动句中有一些动词如buy,send,give,show,offer,tell,lend,teach等，带有双宾语，一个是直接宾语（指物），另一个是间接宾语（指人），主动语态变为被动语态时，可以把间接宾语变成主语，保留直接宾语，也可以把直接宾语变为主语，保留间接宾语，但此时一般在间接宾语前加一个介词。Myfathergavemeabook.→(1)Iwasgivenabookbymyfather.→(2)Abookwasgiventomebymyfather.Sheshowedmesomephotos.→(1)Iwasshownsomephotosbyher.→(2)Somephotoswereshowntomebyher.注意：有些双宾语动词，如do,pass,sell,send,sing，bring,write等，变为被动语态时，通常以直接宾语作主语，保留间接宾语，其前面根据情况用介词to或forShewrotemealetter.→Aletterwaswrittentomebyher.有些双宾语动词如answer,save,envy(羡慕)等，通常以间接宾语作被动语态主语，保留直接宾语。Heansweredmethatquestion.→Iwasansweredthatquestionbyhim.（11）主动语态若有复合宾语，（即句子结构为主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾补），将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，宾补不变。

TheycallhimLouis.

--HeiscalledLouis.Someonecaughttheboysmokingacigarette.可改为Theboywascaughtsmokingacigarette.（12）主动语态句中使役动词和感官动词的宾语补足语为不带to的不定式，但变为被动语态时要加上to，这类的动词有make,have,let,notice，see，watch,lookat,

hear,listento,feelhelp等。Mr.Leemadehimwashthedishes.

→Hewasmadetowashthedishes.Isawaboycrossthestreet.→Aboywasseentocrossthestreet.（13）非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing形式及不定式todo也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。例Idon'tlikebeinglaughedatinthepublic.（14）Itissaidthat+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋todosth.”。有：Itissaidthat…据说,Itisreportedthat…据报道，Itisbelievedthat…大家相信，Itishopedthat…大家希望，Itiswellknownthat…众所周知，Itisthoughtthat…大家认为，Itissuggestedthat…据建议。例Itissaidthattheboyhaspassedthenationalexam.（＝Theboyissaidtohavepassedthenationalexam.）九、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1、（1）英语中有很多动词如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash,cut,wear等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。例Thiskindofclothwasheswell.Thecoatssellwell.Theknifecutswell.这刀好使。Theshoeswearlong.这鞋耐穿。注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：Thedoorwon'tlock．（指门本身有毛病）Thedoorwon'tbelocked．（指不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁”是人的原因）（2）表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen,last,takeplace,breakout,comeout（出现）,comeabout（发生）,cometrue,runout（用尽）,giveout（产生，散发）,turnout（产生，证明是）等以主动形式表示被动意义。Howdothenewspaperscomeout?这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？（3）系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel,sound,taste,book,feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。Yourreasonsoundsreasonable.2、在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。（1）在need，want，require,bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。Thehouseneedsrepairing（toberepaired）．这房子需要修理。（2）形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，即beworthdoing,但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。Thepicture-bookiswellworthreading．（＝Thepicture-bookisveryworthytoberead．）（3）动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。Ihavealotofthingstodothisafternoon．(todo与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)试比较：I’llgotothepostoffice.Doyouhavealettertobeposted?(此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)（4）在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。Thisproblemisdifficulttoworkout.（可看作toworkout省略了forme）.（5）在too…to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。Thisbookistooexpensive(forme)tobuy.（6）在therebe…句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。Thereisnotimetolose（tobelost）．（用tolose可看成forustolose；用tobelost，谁losttime不明确。）（7）在betodo结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。Whoistoblameforstartingthefire?十．下列情况不能用于被动语态1.不及物动词没有被动语态这类动词常见的有：takeplace,happen,last,rise,breakout,appear等Theaccidenthappenedlastnight.（√）Theaccidentwashappenedlastnight.(×)2.系动词没有被动语态这些动词有：feel,turn,taste,sound,smell,look,get,become等。3.一部分表状态的及物动词也没有被动语态这类动词有：have(有),fit,cost等。4.宾语为反身代词的没有被动语态ZhangHongteacheshimselfEnglish.不能说成：HimselfistaughtEnglish.5.同源宾语没有被动语态Theyliveahappylife.不能说成：Ahappylifeislivedbythem.类似的动词还有：dreamadream,breatheabreath,smileasmile,sleepasleep等。6.宾语为相互代词的没有被动语态Thestudentsoftenhelpeachother.不能说成：Eachotherisoftenhelped.7.宾语为不定式，很少用被动语态Iliketoswim.不能说成：Toswimislikedbyme.十一.介词in,on,under等+名词,构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。（1）“under+名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：undercontrol（受控制）,undertreatment（在治疗中）,underrepair（在修理中）,underdiscussion（在讨论中）,underconstruction（在施工中）。Thebuildingisunderconstruction(isbeingconstructed).（2）“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyondbelief(令人难以置信)，beyondone’sreach（鞭长莫及），beyondone’scontrol（无法控制），beyondourhope．我们的成功始料不及。Therumour(谣言)isbeyondbelief（=can’tbebelieved）．（3）“above+名词”结构,表示“(品质、行为、能力等)超过……、高于……”。Hishonestcharacterisaboveallpraise．=Hishonestcharactercannotbepraisedenough．（4）“for+名词”结构，表示“适于……、为着……”。如：forsale(出售),forrent（出租）等。Thathouseisforsale.(=Thathouseistobesold).（5）“in+名词”结构，表示“在……过程中或范围内”常见的有：inprint（在印刷中），insight(在视野范围内)，等。Thebookisnotyetinprint．(=isnotyetprinted)（6）“on+名词”结构,表示“在从事……中”。常见的有：onsale(出售)，onshow（展出）,ontrial（受审）。Todaysometreasuresareonshowinthemuseum(=arebeingshowed).（7）“outof+名词”结构；表示“超出……之外“，常见的有：outofcontrol(控制不了)，outofsight（超出视线之外），outofone’sreach(够不着),outoffashion(不流行)等。Theplanewasoutofcontrol(can’tbecontrolled)．。（8）“within+名词”结构，“在……内、不超过……”。Hetooktwodaysoffwithintheteacher'spermission被动语态专项练习一．选择题1)Itissaidthatanewrobot____byhiminafewdays.A)designedB)hasbeendesignedC)willbedesignedD)willhavebeendesigned2)Wearelate.Iexpectthefilm____bythetimewegettothecinema.A)willalreadyhavestartedB)wouldalreadyhavestartedC)shallhavealreadystartedD)hasalreadybeenstarted3)Shewillstopshowingoffifnonotice____ofher.A)istakenB)takesC)willbetakenD)hastaken4)Diamond____inBrazilin1971.A)isfoundB)hasbeenfoundC)wasfoundD)hadbeenfound5)“Haveyoumovedintothenewflat?”“Notyet.Theroom____.”A)hasbeenpaintedB)ispaintedC)paintsD)isbeingpainted6)Mypictures____untilnextFriday.A)won'tdevelopB)aren'tdevelopedC)don'tdevelopD)won'tbedeveloped7)Tim____sincehelosthisjobthreeweeksago.A)hadbeenunemployedB)wasunemployedC)hasbeenunemployedD)hasunemployed8)Agreatnumberofcollegesanduniversities____since1949.A)hasbeenestablishB)havebeenestablishedC)haveestablishedD)hadbeenestablished9)I'llhavetopushthecartothesideoftheroadbecausewe___ifweleaveithere.A)wouldbefinedB)willbefinedC)willbeingfinedD)willhavebeenfined10)“____twoticketsforthenewplayattheGrandTheatreonSaturday.Shallwegoandseeittogether?”A)TheyhavebeengivenB)IhavebeengivenC)IamgivenD)Theyhavegiventome11)Thesubjectoftheselectures____bythelecturecommittee.A)isannouncedB)havebeenannouncedC)areannouncedD)hasbeenannounced12)Ifoundanaspirinbottle____droppedonthefloorofDavid'sroom.A)wasB)hadC)hadbeenD)is13)Thegoods____whenwearrivedattheairport.A)werejustunloadingB)werejustbeenunloadingC)hadjustunloadedD)werejustbeingunloaded14)Ifone____bypride,hewillrejectusefuladviceandfriendlyassistance.A)overcomesB)isovercomeC)hasbeenovercomeD)overcome15)Mostenvironmentproblemsexistbecauseadequatemeasuresforpreventingthem____takeninthepast.A)wasnotB)werenotC)werenotbeingD)hadnotbeen16)Yououghttohaveputthemilkintherefrigerator,now____sour.A)IsmellB)itissmeltC)itsmellsD)itissmelling17)Aftertherace____,thecelebrationbegan.A)hadbeenwonB)iswonC)willbewonD)hasbeenwon18)Hewashereforalittlewhile,butIdon'tknowswhereshe____now.A)isB)wasC)hadbeenD)hasbeen18)Theyoungteacherhas____competent.A)beenprovedtobeB)provedtobeC)beenprovedD)provedbeing19)Pluto,theoutermostplanetofthesolarsystem,____photographicallyinMarch1930.A)discoveredB)wasdiscoveredC)bydiscoveryD)whendiscovered20)Togetabetterviewofthestage,____.A)ourseatshadtobechangedB)ourseatswerechangedC)wehadtochangeourseatsD)ourseatswerechangedbyus22)Aftersynthetic____,engineershadabetterchoiceofmaterial.A)createdB)hascreatedC)hasbeencreatedD)hadbeencreated23)Ithinkmuchattention____yourpronunciation.A)mustbepaidtoB)oughttobepaidtoC)mustpaytoD)shouldbepaidto24)Since1970,millionsofenthusiasts____VitaminC,whichtheybelievecanremedythecommoncold.A)havetakenB)havebeentakenC)havebeentakingD)havebeentaking25)Idon'tremember____thechancetotrythismethod.A)havingbeengivenB)tohavebeengivenC)havinggivenD)tohavegiven26)Wecouldasksomeonetodotheworkprivatelywithoutit____.A)knowB)beknownC)beingknownD)tobeknown27)Theconstructionofthelaboratory____bytheendofnextmonth.A)mustbecompletedB)musthavebeencompletedC)willbecompletingD)willhavebeencompleting28)TheywouldtellhowtheAfrican____onashiptoanAmericanport.A)wasbroughtB)couldhavebeenbroughtC)hadbeenbroughtD)wastobebrought29)Hedoesnotpossessabicycle,thisoneheuses____toPeter.A)isbelongedtoB)belongedC)belongsD)isbelonging30)Negotiation____againwithMoscowtomorrow,agreateventwillbediscussedthen.A)istobeopenedB)isonthepointofopeningC)isgoingtoopenD)opens31)Thereasonforallthechangesbeingmade____tousyet.A)hasnotexplainedB)hasnotbeenexplainedC)didnotexplainedD)werenotexplained32)Experimentsinthephotographyofmovingobjects____inboththeUnitedStatesandEuropewellbefore1900.A)wereconductingB)wereconductedC)hadbeenconductedD)hadconducted33)Whenheturnedthecorner,hefoundhimself____byamaninblack.A)tailedB)beentailedC)wastailedD)hadbeentailed34)Acandidateforthedemocraticpresidentialnomination____atthismoment.A)isinterviewingB)beinginterviewedC)isbeinginterviewedD)interviewing35)Asweapproachedtheworksite,theworkerswereseen____thenewhouse.A)buildingB)buildC)builtD)tobuild36)Asweknow,alltheregulationsinschool____.A)mustkeeptoB)mustbekeptC)mustkeepD)mustbekeptup37)Thecomposition____anymore.A)neednottobecorrectedB)doesn'tneedtobecorrectedC)doesn'tneedbecorrectedD)neednotcorrect38)Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper____inbroaddaylightyesterdayA)toberobbedB)tohavekeenrobbedC)robbedD)shavingsbeenrobbed39)Hurryup,orthetickets___outbythetimewegetthere.A)willhavesoldB)willsellC)havesoldD)willhavebeensold40)Hecleanedtheglassescarefullyforfearthatit____.A)wasdamagedB)shouldbedamagedC)damagedD)wouldbedamaged二、用所给动词的正确时态和语态填空。

1.Sometopstudents_____(send)tostudyinforeigncountriesonceayear.andmoreschools___________(build)herelater.3.Wherearetheapples?Ithinkthey_______(eat)bythoseboys.newthings__________(invent)inthelasttenyears.theshoes__________(sell)outlastweek.long_______thebook_________(cankeep)?7.Tom_______(hide)hisshoesbehindthetree.So