2022届初中英语二轮复习重难点题型讲解训练专题10阅读理解之词义猜测含解析

PAGE专题10阅读理解之词义猜测在中考英语阅读理解的考题中，有一类很常见的题，即词义猜测题，是对学生来说最困难的部分，也是失分最大的一个题型。其实，出题老师在出题的时候，绝不会随意出一个生词来刁难大家，一定是可以根据某个线索推断出来。因此，本课介绍的方法，就是给大家寻找线索的方法，帮助大家攻克这类题型。此外，即使不是考题，我们也可能在阅读中遇到生词，会给学生的心理上造成很大障碍。但是如果能够合理地猜测出词义，也会大大增加阅读的效率和准确性。在阅读的时候，常常会遇到一些生词，影响我们的阅读速度，其实大部分生词的意思都可以通过上下文的关系猜出来，下面就介绍一些猜词的技巧：1.通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because,since,as,for,so,thus,asaresult,ofcourse,therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如：Youshouldn’thaveblamedhimforthat,foritwasn’thisfault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义，指责、责怪。2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词如：Tomislazybuthisbrotherisindustrious.通过同义词猜词，要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如Weliveahappyandgaylife，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是happy意思；通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but,while,however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：Heissohomely,notatallashandsomeashisbrother.根据notatall...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即nothandsome的意思。3.通过构词法猜词在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用。此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。如：1)ThecolorsofHawaiiinsummerareunforgettable.2)Wewantthistobeclearsocustomersarenotmisinterpretingtheinformationandwastingalotoffood.A.payingattentiontoB.takingnonoticeofC.makingguessesaboutD.havingawrongideaabout3)breathlessshortenbeautifygeneralizeprogressivelycontinuouseducationistadaptable气喘吁吁的使…缩短使…美丽概括不断进步地持续的教育家可适应的4.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义例：Butsometimes,norainfallsforalong,longtime.Thenthereisadryperiod,ordrought.Sheisstudyingglaucoma,akindofdiseaseontheeyes.这种同义或释义关系常由is,or,thatis,inotherwords,becalled或破折号等来表示。5.通过句法功能来推测词义例如：Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconutsandsomeotherkindoffruitgrowinwarmareas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同类关系，同属水果。6.通过描述猜词描述即为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例：ThepenguinisakindofseabirdlivingintheSouthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunnyway.Althoughitcannotfly,itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。7.根据常识来推测如：Waterusuallyboilsat100centigrade.精讲精练【例题1】Spacerubbishisalsothoughttobeagreatdangertospacemen．It'sreportedthattherewere9，000man-madethingsflyinginspace．About30%ofthesearesatellites，10%arespaceships，andtherestarespacerubbish．Anexplosion（爆炸）inspacein1999madeacloudof300，000fragments，eachatleast4mminsize．Asmallpieceoftheseevenknockedaspaceshipwindowandcausedsomedamage（损坏）．Theunderlinedword"fragments"means____．A．碎片B．泡沫C．烟雾D．飞碟【答案】A【解析】根据下文中的smallpiece等，可以看出该词意为"碎片"，故选：A．【例题2】Noonewantstogetupatfouro'clockinthemorningandfighttogetagooddealonBlackFriday(thefirstFridayatChristmastime).It'ssurelyverydifficulttopickupthecourageandgetoutthereinthecoldforagooddeal.Butsometimesitcanbewellworth.Manyretailersofferspecialsallthroughtheday.SomeevenofferonlineBlackFridayspecials,sowemaystillbeabletogetagreatdealonBlackFriday.Theunderlinedword"specials"inParagraph2means______．A．赠品B．奢侈品C．特价商品D．圣诞礼品【答案】C【解析】可根据词性变换来推测词义。special作形容词，意思是特殊的，因此转换成名词时，也会和“特殊”这个含义有关。结合文意，文章讨论的和商品有关，因此选C。【例题3】Manyofthestudentsinmyclasscouldn'tactatall.Theycouldn'tevenreadwithoutmakinglotsofmistakes.IwassurethatIwouldgetabigpartintheplay.However,theteachergavemethepartofasoldier.Hehasonlyoneline.Itis,“Yes，sir!”Iwasverydisappointed.AttheendofthelessonIwentuptoherandaskedherwhyIhadsuchasmallpart."Youputtoomuchexpressioninyouracting,"shesaid."Goodactingisnotbigacting.Itisactingtheaudiencecanbelievein."IthinkIknowwhatshemeans．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"expression"inthepassagemean？____A．表情B．建议C．模仿D．服饰．【答案】A【解析】由Iputalotofexpressionintomyacting．IthoughtIactedreallywell．我表现得绘声绘色．我满以为我是表现得很到位的．可知作者在表演中加入了过多的表情．答案是A，其它不正确。【练习1】Moreandmoreparentsleavetheirhomeandcomeintothebigcitiestomakemoney．Buttheirchildrencan'tgowiththembecausetheirchildrenmustgotoschoolintheirhometown．Theyarecalledhome-leftchildren（留守儿童）．Theproblemsofhome-leftchildrenbecomemoreandmoreserious．Anditbecomesabigburdenofoursociety．Themainproblemisthatsomehome-leftchildrenbecomeverylonelywhentheydon'thavetheirparents’love．Andtheyaretooyoungtotellrightorwronginmanythings．Sotheyarefooledveryeasilybyothers．XiaoMei，a14-year-oldgirl，isahome-leftchild．HerparentsareallinShanghai．Sheisinherhometownwithhergrandpa．ShelikesplayinggamesontheInternet．Herparentsandgrandpaonlygivehermoneyandfood．Theyhardlyevercareforherstudies．Oneday，shehadnomoneytopayforthegamesintheNetbar（网吧）．Soshestole（偷）somemoneyfromherneighbor．Justatthattime，XiaoFang，a9-year-oldgirlsawit．XiaoMeiwasafraidthatXiaoFangwouldtellothersaboutit．ShecutXiaoFang'sthroatwithaknife，thenshewenttoschooljustlikenothinghappened．Luckily，XiaoFangwassavedbythedoctors．Whensheopenedhereyesandwrotethefacttothepolicemanwithapencil，everybodywasverysurprised．Thissadstoryremindstheparentstocarefortheirchildrennomatterhowbusytheyare．Areyouoneofthehome-leftchildren？Whatdoyouneedfromyourparents？Food，moneyorlove？Ithinkmostchildrenneedlovemostly．Let'scareforthegrouptogether．1．Whycan'tthechildrengotothebigcitieswiththeirparents？___A．Becausetheyhavetogotoschoolintheirhometown．B．Becausetheirparentshavenomoney．C．Becausetheydon'tliketogothere．D．Becausetheyarenotallowed．2．What'sthemeaningoftheunderlinedword"burden"inChinese？___A．负担B．象征C．任务D．地位3．WhatdoXiaoMei'sparentsonlygiveher？___A．Clothes．B．Love．C．Moneyandfood．D．Computers．4．WhatdoesthestoryofXiaoMeimainlytellus？___A．Wecan'tplaycomputergames．B．Parentsshouldcarefortheirchildren．C．Weshouldgetalongwellwithneighbors．D．Goingtothebigcitiesisnotgood．5．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage？___A．Home-leftchildrencantellrightorwrongeasily．B．Home-leftchildrenneverfeellonely．C．XiaoFanglikesplayinggames．D．XiaoMeireallyneedslove．【答案】AACBD【解析】56．答案：A细节理解题．根据文章内容Buttheirchildrencan'tgowiththembecausetheirchildrenhavetogotoschoolintheirhometown．但是孩子不能和他们一起，因为他们的孩子必须在家乡的学校上学．故选：A．57．答案：A词义猜测题．前文讲到留守儿童成为一个严重的社会问题．此句为：而且它也成为社会的负担．Burden负担，故选：A．58．答案：C细节理解题．根据文章内容Herparentsandgrandpaonlygivehermoneyandfood她的父母和爷爷只能给她钱和食物．故选：C．59．答案：B细节理解题．根据文章内容Thissadstoryremindstheparentstocarefortheirchildrennomatterhowbusytheyare．这个故事提醒父母不管他们有多忙，都应该照顾好他们的孩子．故选：B．60．答案：D判断推理题．由文章内容得知，小梅由于缺少父母的关爱和照顾，喜欢上网，所以才会在网吧将邻居小孩刺伤，由此判断D正确，小梅需要关爱．故选：D．【练习2】WeusetheInternetformanythings:business,shopping，writingletters,talkingtopeople,findinginformationandsoon.InrecentyearsanewkindofEnglishhasgrownontheInternet.There’snorealwordforityet,sowe’llcallite-talk.Peopledon’tliketypingtoomuch.Tosavetime,theyturnphrasesintoafewletterscalledacronyms.Acronymsareoftenusedinchatrooms.Someofthemare.BTW（bytheway）BRB(berightback)LOL(laughingoutloud)IMO(inmyopinion)Peoplealsousemanyabbreviations(缩写),Theyareshortenedformsofwords.Somecommonabbreviationsare:Info(information)purer(computer)Pie(picture)sec(second)Weusuallydon‟tseepeoplewhenwecommunicate(交流)ontheNet,sopeoplehavenewwaystoshowfeelings.Mostpeopleusetheirkeywordstodraw“feeling”.suchas::-)(happy):-p(joking):-((sad):-0(surprised)Thesedays,manyforums(论坛)havepicturefeelings.Forexample，Thereareevenwholenewwords,like‘newbie’s’(someonewhoisnewonachatboardorforum).Ittakestimeforpeopletogetusedtoe-talk.Also,differentgroupsontheNethavetheirownspecialwaysofcommunicating.Newbie’shavetoaskotherpeoplewhattheymean.AstheInternetgrows,e-talkwillcontinuetogrowandchange.1.Whatdoestheunderline“acronyms”mean?A.网友B.聊天室C.首字母缩写词2.Whydopeopletypeacronyms?A.toshowtheirfeelings.B.Becausepeoplecantypethemquickly.C.Inthiswaynewbie’swon’tunderstandthem.3.Whatdoes“BTW,mypurerisnotworkingwell:-(“mean?A.Thepersonisangryatsomebody.B.Thepersonishappyaboutgettinganewcomputer.C.Thepersonissadthathiscomputerishavingproblems.74.E-talkwillsprobably______.A.keepchanging.B.beeasybypeopleonthetelephoneC.beusedbypeopleonthetelephone【答案】CBCA【解析】【主旨大意】本文主要介绍了一下用来在网上聊天或交流的e-talk.本文主要介绍了三种e-talk。一是“acronyms”首字母缩写词；二是“abbreviations”缩写词；三是feelings。1．C细节理解题。根据第二段中所举的四个例子“BTB（bytheway);BRB(berightback);LOL(laughingoutloud);IMO(inmyopinion)”可判断acronyms是“首字母缩写词”的意思，故选C。2．B细节理解题。根据第一段的最后第二句话“Tosavetime,theyturnphrasesintoafewletterscalledacronyms.”，可知选项B是正确的。3．C细节理解题。根据缩写词"puter(computer)"及feelings标志“：-（(sad）”可知选项C是正确的。4．A细节理解题。根据最后一段的最后一句话“AstheInternetgrows,e-talkwillcontinuetogrowandchange.”可推断为选项A。由最后一段的第一句话“Ittakestimeforpeopletogetusedtoe-talk.”可知B项是错误的；根据第一段的第二句话和第一句话“Inrecentyears,anewkindofEnglishhasgrownintheInternet.Thereisnorealwordforityet,sowewillcallite-talk.”可知e-talk是在Internet上使用的，所以C项是错误的。故选A。【练习3】Threedaysago,thebossofagoldshopreceivedaletter.Ashewasverybusy,theletterwasonhisdesktilldinnertime.Whenheopenedit,a$1000notefelloutontothedesk.Withthenotewasashortletter:Dearsir,Igotmarriedfortyyearsago.Unfortunately,atthattimetherewasalotofunemploymentandIgotnojob.IwasoutofworkforaboutsixmonthsbeforeIgotanotherone.OfcourseIwasveryshortofmoney.Icametoyourshoptobuyaweddingringoneday.Theassistantbroughtsomeringsformetohavealook,latershewascalledawayforamoment,andthenIputoneoftheringsintomypocket.Whenshecameback,IsaidIdidnotknowthesizeofmygirlfriend‟sfinger.SoIlefttheshopwiththeringbutIdidn’tpayforit.Mywifediedamonthago,andthefactthatIneverpaidforherringhasbeenonmyconscience(让我良心不安)alltheseyears.Ialwaysfeelguiltyaboutthat.Atthattimetheringcost$100,andIthinkthatisabouttentimesattoday‟sprice.Now,Iamsendingyouthatamount.Yourstruly,AcustomerAfterreadingtheletter,thebosssaid,“Well,lifeisalwaysfullofsurprise!”1.Thebossofthegoldshopgota_________3daysago.A.ringB.letterC.gold2.Theunderlinedword“unemployment”means“______”inChinese.A.辞职B.失业C.就业3.Theringthecustomerputintohispocketwas__________40yearsago.A.$1000B.$10000C.$1004.Thecustomerwrotetothebossinorderto________.A.sendthemoneyfortheringB.saythankstohimC.returnthering5.WhichisNOTwrongaccordingtothepassage?A.Thebossopenedtheletterbyhimself.B.Thebossdidn’tthinklifewasalwaysfullofsurprise.C.Whenthecustomer‟swifeknewthefact,shewasannoyed.【答案】BBCAA【解析】一个人对四十年前所做的一件错事心怀内疚，多年以来的负罪感和妻子的去世终于使他下定决心偿还这一笔债务。文章读来颇感人。1.B细节对应题。句子Withthenotewasashortletter.给出了答案。2.B综合判断题。划线单词的下文gotnojob“没有找到工作”和outofwork“失业”，都在提示上文的划线单词意义为“失业”。正是因为失业的窘境才导致写信者偷了店里的戒指。3.C细节对应题。信件的末尾句Atthattimetheringcost$100提示答案。4.A综合理解题。写信的人是通过偿还自己四十年前所拿戒指的钱来求得心理解脱。5.A细节对应题。通过短文开始Whenheopenedit,可知是老板亲自打开了信件。课后作业Scottwasnothappy.Hehadnomoneylefttobuythenewtoytrainhewanted.Suddenly,hehadanidea!"I’llaskmybrotherAlanifIcanborrowsomemoney.Healwayshasmoneytolendpeople."ScottfoundAlaninhisroom."Alan,mayIborrow$20fromyoutobuymyselfanewtrain?"Alanreplied,"IjustspentallofmymoneyonMom’sbirthdaypresent.Ihavenomoneyleft.Youarebarkingupthewrongtree."Scottwasver