高中英语语法名词讲解课件高三英语二轮复习

(二)名词名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分,不可数名词没有复数形式。考点1名词单复数【考题小练】单句改错1.Theairportbusleavesevery30minuteandwilltakeyourighttotheFriendshipHotel. ()minute→minutes2.First,weshouldadoptapositiveattitudestowardsfailure. ()3.Bytheway,afterthecontest,Iamtodropinatyouruniversitiestovisityou. ()4.CarlaskedhimtovisitthehospitalandtopayhisrespecttoFrancis. ()attitudes→attitudeuniversities→universityrespect→respects【考点精讲】1.可数名词变复数的规则变化可数名词变复数形式时一般在名词后面加-s或-es。变化形式如下表:一般在词尾加-smap→maps,sea→seas.girl→girls,day→days以O结尾的词，三个特殊的要加es，其余多加shero→heroes,tomato→tomatoes,potato→potatoes,zoo→zoos构成方法例词以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词后加-es(stomach除外)class→classes,box→boxes,watch→watches,dish→dishes以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f或-fe为-v,再加-esleaf→leaves,knife→knives,wife→wives,wolf→wolves加-sbelief→beliefs,chief→chiefs,proof→proofs,roof→roofs,gulf→gulfs,safe→safes以y结尾的词辅音字母加y结尾的词，变y为-i,再加-esfamily→families,lady→ladies,country→countries元音字母加y结尾的词和专有名词直接加stoy→toys,key→keys,Germany→Germanys,Henry→Henrys2.可数名词变复数的不规则变化名词变复数不规则变化的形式如下表:构成方法例词增加字母child→children,ox→oxen改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man→men,woman→women,foot→feet,goose→geese,mouse→mice构成方法例词单复数同形sheep,deer,series,means,fish,species表示“某国人”的名词加-sAmerican→Americans,German→Germans,Greek→Greeks单复数同形Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese构成方法例词表示“某国人”的名词以-man或-woman结尾的,将-man和-woman分别改为-men,-womenEnglishman→Englishmen3.合成名词的单复数变化合成名词将主体名词变为复数son-in-law→sons-in-law,looker-on→lookers-on,passer-by→passers-by,story-teller→story-tellers无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾grown-up→grown-ups,stand-by→stand-bys合成名词“man/woman+名词”构成的合成词变复数时,man/woman和名词均变为复数womansinger→womensingers,manservant→menservants【题组训练】1.Itisespeciallyeffectiveingettingridofthebacteriaonyour_____(tooth)andkeepthemhealthy!2.Butmanyofushaveneverconsideredhowour________(emotion)areaffectedbywhatweeat.teethemotions3.BuiltbyEmperorQinShihuangasadefenceagainstthe_______(enemy)fromtheNorth,today,theGreatWallisChina’ssymboltotherestoftheworld.4.(2019·濮阳模拟)Abusdriver’smainresponsibilityissafelytransporting__________(passenger).enemiespassengers考点2不可数名词【考题小练】单句改错1.Wordscamethathewascaughtcheatingintheexam. ()2.Somesellerswereshoutingatthetopoftheirvoicestoattractpeople’sattentions. ()Words→Wordattentions→attention3.Itisafunforustogoswimminginariverinsummerindeed. ()删除第一个“a”【考点精讲】1.常见的不可数名词一般来说,物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的,因此没有复数形式,一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数名词的名词有:milk,music,homework,housework,weather,news,butter,information,bread,advice,progress,orange(橙汁),equipment,meat,fun,luggage,luck,work(工作),traffic,furniture,wealth,word(消息),room(空间),man(人类)等。【点津】①word意为“消息”,room意为“空间”,man意为“人类”时通常不带任何修饰成分。②不可数名词可以通过在名词前加表示数量的词来表示数量概念。apieceofpaper一张纸/一片纸③furniture,equipment,information,advice,progress,weather,fun这七个词为纯粹的不可数名词。2.常使用复数形式的单词和短语①表示由两个相连的类似部分组成的事物的名词只用复数形式,如:jeans,pants,scissors,glasses。②表示问候、祝贺、感谢等的名词常用复数形式,常见的有regards,greetings,respects,wishes,congratulations,thanks等。③一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式,常见的有taketurnstodosth.,inhighspirits,makefriendswith,asfollows,shakehandswith等。3.抽象名词的具体化具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与不定冠词连用,常考到的有:单词抽象名词具体化名词意义success成功成功的人或事beauty美;美丽美丽的人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素单词抽象名词具体化名词意义delight高兴令人高兴的事failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情【题组训练】单句改错1.Althoughhehadplentyofworkstodo,hestillstayedwithmeandplayedgameswithme. ()2.Wegavehimsomeadvicesonwhattochoose. ()works→workadvices→advice3.WecangotothelibraryorsurftheInternetforvariouskindsofinformations.

()4.WespentthreeweeksvisitingBeijing,Shanghaiandseveralothertouristattraction.()informations→informationattraction→attractionsⅠ.语法填空解题技法【高考试水区】1.Instead,sheisearning￡6,500adayas__modelinNewYork.a2.Unexpectedly,I’mface-to-facewiththegorilla,whobeginsscreamingat___topofherlungs.3.Cornproductionhasjumpednearly125percentover___past25years,whilericehasincreasedonly7percent.thethe4.Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014thatshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall______(cause).causes5.Thisswitchhasdecreased________(pollute)inthecountry’smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.6.FewpeopleIknowseemtohavemuchdesireortimetocook.MakingChinese______(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.pollutiondishesⅡ.短文改错解题技法【高考试水区】1.Asthekid,Ilovedtowatchcartoons,butnomatterhowmanytimesIaskedtowatchthem,myparentswouldnotletme. ()the→a2.Duringmylastwinterholiday,Iwenttocountrysidewithmyfathertovisitmygrandparents. ()3.LastwinterwhenIwentthereagain,theyhadabigseparatehousetoraisedozensofchicken. ()在countryside前面加thechicken→chickens4.Aftersupper,wewouldplaycardgamesofallsortinthesittingr