热考主题强化训练(三) 生态环保

热考主题强化训练(三)生态环保(限时30分钟)A(2023·信阳三模)ResearcherRuijiaHusaidwildlifehabitatincrowdedplaceslikesouthwentOhioisbecomingincreasinglyfragmented(分散)asforestsgivewaytonewconstruction.Eventually,thiscouldmaketroubletoananimalwithspecifichabitatneedslikeOhio'npileated(红冠)woodpecker.Pileatedwoodpeckershavethenicknamecarpenterbirdsfortheirnever-endingnaturalwoodworking.Theypeckoutholesintreesfortheirnestseveryyear,creatinglotsofvaluablehomesforanimalslikefoxsquirrelsandowls.“Theymakenewnestseveryyear.Theywon'treuseoldones，”Husaid.“Otheranimalsdependonthem.”Pileatedwoodpeckersareprivatebirdsthataremoreoftenheardthanseen.Studyingthemcanbeespeciallydifficult.SoHuturnedtocitizenscienceforhelp.Toidentifywherewoodpeckershavebeenseen,sheusedeightyearsofsightingscollectedbybirdersandloggedintothewebsiteeBird,afreeonlinetoolandappthatanyonecanusetorecordtheirobservationsandlocations.Sheoverlaidthesesightingswithremotesensingdataandfoundthatcorridorsalongriversandcreekswithabundantmaturetreesanddeadwoodhelpedthebirdsadjusttotheirincreasinglyfragmentedurbanlandscape.“Withfragmentedforests,manyhabitatsthatwereoncesuitableforwildlifearebrokenup，”Husaid.“Wildlifeisunabletofindhabitatbigenoughtomeettheirsurvivalneeds.Andeveniftherearesuitablehabitats,thedistancebetweenthemcanbetoogreat.Wildlifecorridorslinkupthesehabitatpatches.Sincewildlifecantravelandmigratefromonepatchtoanother,theprobabilityoffindingfoodandshelterishigher.”“Therearesomanyspeciesinurbanareasthatwedon'tpayattentionto,especiallywhenthey'renotconsideredvulnerable，”Husaid.“Withdevelopmentchippingawayatmoreforestinthiscrowdedcounty,thetippingpoint(临界点)couldcomequicklyandunexpectedly.Youcan'tfixitovernight.It'snotjustaboutplantingmoretrees.Thebirdsneedmatureforest,soitcouldtake30to50yearstoreplacetheirhabitat.Atleastwecanprotecttheseriversideforestcorridorsandseethatexistingtreesreachmaturity.”语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了随着森林被新的建筑所取代，野生动物的栖息地正变得越来越分散，最终，这可能会给有特定栖息地需求的动物带来麻烦，比如俄亥俄州的红冠啄木鸟。1．Whatcanweinferfromthesecondparagraph?A．Themagpie'snestisoccupiedbythedove.B．Birdsabandontheoldfortheneweasily.C．Friendshipreallyexistsamonganimals.D．One'strashisanothertreasure.解析：选D推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Theypeckoutholesintrees...Otheranimalsdependonthem.”可知，红冠啄木鸟每年都在树上啄洞筑巢，但它们不会重复使用旧的，这些旧巢可以被其他动物利用。2．Whatisthemainideaofthethirdparagraph?A．TheeffectofHu'sstudyonbirds.B．TheprocessofHu'sresearch.C．ThedifficultyHuhadinherstudy.D．Theapplicationoftechnology.解析：选B段落大意题。根据第三段内容可知，本段主要讲述了胡的研究过程。3．Whatroledowildlifecorridorsplayforbirds?A．Helpingthemsurviveinthefragmentedlandscape.B．Makingthemadjusttodeadwoodquickly.C．Providingthemwithenoughfoodforsurvival.D．Ensuringthemastableandsafehabitat.解析：选A推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Wildlifeisunabletofindhabitatbigenoughtomeettheirsurvivalneeds...findingfoodandshelterishigher.”可知，野生动物走廊帮助动物在支离破碎的环境中生存。4．WhatdoesHuimplyinthelastparagraph?A．Onetreedoesn'tmakeaforest.B．Bewiseaftertheevent.C．Prepareforarainyday.D．Takethingsastheycome.解析：选C推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，此段中胡暗示：我们不能等问题出现了才去采取行动，那样就太晚了，我们需要未雨绸缪。[谨防最易错的那一个]错因：本题易误A。部分考生不了解谚语的含义，而只是根据最后一段Hu讲的话是关于森林砍伐之类的话题而误认为应该选取与forest相关的选项。分析：解答这种题目，平时要注意常用谚语的积累。如本题A项表示“独木不成林”；B项表示“事后诸葛亮”；C项表示“未雨绸缪”；D项表示“顺其自然”。结合最后一段Hu说的话可判断应该是“未雨绸缪”。B(2023·枣庄二模)AvolunteerteaminSouthAfricaisrescuingpangolinsfromillegaltradeastheanimalsfacegrowingthreatsofextinction.Pangolins,orscalyant-eatersastheyareotherwiseknown,areuniquespeciesfoundinAsiaandAfrica.Theyarecoveredinhardscales(鳞甲)．Whentheyfeelthreatened,theyrollupintoatightballwithonlytheirscalesexposed.Pangolinsarelittlestudiedandlittleunderstoodspecies.However,theyarepoachedandillegallytradedinAsiaandAfrica.TheirmeatisconsideredadelicacyinmanyAsiancountriesandthescalesareusedinexpensiveclothingandhandbags.Butmuchoftheillegaltradeinpangolinsinvolvestheirscales,whicharethoughttofightillnesses.Highdemandfortheirscaleshasresultedinpoachingandillegaltradedespitethefactthatthespeciesisprotected.TheAfricanPangolinWorkingGroupinJohannesburgisavolunteerteamofveterinarians(兽医)andwildlifeexperts.Theytakecareoftheirwounds,feedthemandbringthembacktohealth.NicciWrightheadsthegroup.“Whenwereceivethosepangolins,theyareallveryweak,whethertheyhavebeenwiththepoachersforafewdaysoruptotwoweeks，”Wrightsaid.“Theyhavegotwoundsandinjuries,anditisverypitifulandverydifficulttoemotionallydealwiththatkindofsufferingandabuse.”Thegroupisnotjusttreatingpangolins.Theyalsohelppolicetoidentifyandcatchpoachersandtraders,ofteninundercoveroperations.Theyalsoworkonanti-traffickingmeasures.Thelatestprogramistotraindogstosniffoutpangolinsbeinghiddenandtransported.Itisreportedthat97tonsofpangolinscaleswereseizedfromsmugglerswhotriedtotakethemoutofAfricalastyear.Thisamountstoabout150,000poachedanimals.However,it'sonlyabout20percentofthetotalnumber,becausetherestescapedwiththepoachers.“Ifthistrendcontinues,thereisaverylikelyextinctioneventforallspeciesofthepangolin，”Wrightnoted.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一个拯救穿山甲的组织以及他们的工作。5．Whyarepangolinsconsidereduniquemammals?A．Theirmeatmakesdeliciousfood.B．Theyhavescalestoprotectthemselves.C．Theyareindangerofdyingout.D．Theyarelittleunderstoodspecies.解析：选B细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，穿山甲之所以独特，是因为在遇到威胁时它们可用鳞甲保护自己。6．Whatpushesthepoachingandillegaltradeofpangolins?A．FoodshortagesinAfrica.B．Healthbenefitsoftheirmeat.C．Medicinalvalueoftheirscales.D．Thedemandoffashionindustry.解析：选C细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Butmuchoftheillegaltradeinpangolinsinvolvestheirscales,whicharethoughttofightillnesses.”可知，之所以有大量穿山甲非法贸易，主要是由于其鳞片的药用价值。7．Whatdothevolunteerteam'seffortsfocuson?A．Catchingthepoachersandillegaltraders.B．Trainingdogstofindthehiddenpangolins.C．Reportinganyillegaltradeorpoaching.D．Treatingandtendingtherescuedpangolins.解析：选D细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Theytakecareoftheirwounds,feedthemandbringthembacktohealth.”以及第六段中的“Thegroupisnotjusttreatingpangolins.”可知，该组织主要工作是照顾穿山甲的伤口，喂养它们，让它们恢复健康，除此之外，也做一些别的工作。8．WhatisNicciWright'smajorconcernaccordingtothelastparagraph?A．Pangolins'sufferingandabuse.B．Extinctionofallpangolinspecies.C．Adeclineinpangolinpopulations.D．Theresearchonpangolin'sbehavior.解析：选B细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“‘Ifthistrendcontinues,thereisaverylikelyextinctioneventforallspeciesofthepangolin，’Wrightnoted.”可知，Wright主要担忧的就是穿山甲的灭绝。C(2023·茂名二模)GrowingupinthePhilippines,constructionworkerJohnnyManlugaycombsthebeacheseachnightfortheeggsofseaturtles.Heknowsexactlywhattolookfor,ashewastrainedasachildbyhisgrandfatheronhowtolocatetheanimalsandtheireggs.Backthen,hisfamilytradedoratethem.Itwasn'taboutgettingrichasmuchasitwasjustapartoflife.Manlugayhassinceturnedoveranewleaf.Instead,heuseshistrackingskillstoprotecttheseaturtlesthatvisitthebeacheshelivesby.“I'velearnedtolovethiswork，”Manlugayacknowledgedinaninterview.“Wedidn'tknowpoaching(偷猎)wasillegalandthatweshouldnoteatturtleeggsandmeat.”Manlugaydelicatelytransferredeacheggintoabuckethebroughtwithhim,aswellassomesandfromtheturtlenests,tobehandedovertoCoastalUnderwaterResourceManagementActions(CURMA),thegroupleadingtheconservationprogramonthebeaches.Establishedin2009，theCURMAconservationefforthasgraduallytransformedseaturtlepoachersintovaluableallies(盟友).Theymanagethisbyofferingtrainingtoultimatelysavethousandsofturtlesandkeeptheireggsfromendingupeverywherebuttheirnests.“Wetalkedtothepoachers,anditturnedoutpoachingwasjustanothermeansforthemtoearnaliving，”explainedCarlosTamayo,thedirectorofoperations.“Theyhadnochoice.”Onaverage,seaturtleslay100eggsinanest.Thenumberofnestsinthearearangesbetween35and40eachseason,whichrunsfromOctobertoFebruary.Tamayonotedthatthefigureshaddoubledduring2020.“Lastseasonalone,forexample,wehad75nestsandwereleasedcloseto9,000hatching，”heshared.Oncecollected,theeggsarethentransferredtoCURMA’shatchery(孵化场)tobereburiedinprotectedareas.Anotherformerpoacher,JessieCabagbag,grewupeatingturtlemeatandeggslikemanypeoplethere.“Istoppedpoachingwhenweunderwenttrainingandweretaughtthatwhatwehavebeendoingwasillegalandthatthesespeciesofturtlesareendangered，”heexplained.Now,headmits，“Iamtrulyproud.IamhappythatIgettocontributetotheconservationoftheturtles.”语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。文章报道了菲律宾前海龟蛋偷猎者成为保护者的故事。9．WhydidJohnnyManlugayhuntturtlesasachild?A．Tomakealiving. B．Tomakeafortune.C．Toprotectthem. D．Tolocatethem.解析：选A细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Backthen,hisfamilytradedoratethem.Itwasn'taboutgettingrichasmuchasitwasjustapartoflife.”可知，约翰尼·曼卢盖小时候猎杀海龟的原因是谋生。10．HowdoesJohnnyManlugaydealwiththeturtleeggsnowadays?A．Tosellthem.B．Tohatchthem.C．Tohandthemovertoaconservationorganization.D．Toburythemundersomesandneartheturtlenests.解析：选C细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知，曼卢盖现在把海龟蛋交给一个保护组织。11．Onaverage,howmanyseaturtleeggsarelaidintheareaseasonally?A．About7,500.B．Closeto9,000.C．From3,500to4,000.D．Between3,500and10,000.解析：选C细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Onaverage，seaturtleslay100eggsinanest.Thenumberofnestsinthearearangesbetween35and40eachseason，whichrunsfromOctobertoFebruary.”可知，平均来说，一个季节在这个地区会产下3500到4000海龟蛋。12．What'sthebesttitleforthispassage?A．SeaTurtlesareWellProtectedinthePhilippinesB．LocalPeopleinthePhilippinesSearchtheBeachesforSeaTurtleEggsC．TheConservationProgramAimstoSaveEndangeredTurtlesD．FormerTurtleEggPoachersinthePhilippinesTurnProtectors解析：选D标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一、二段可知，短文报道了菲律宾前海龟蛋偷猎者成为保护者的故事。[谨防最易错的那一个]错因：本题易误选C。部分考生未能把握住文章体裁的特点，只是根据“Establishedin2009，theCURMAconservationefforthasgraduallytransformedseaturtlepoachersintovaluableallies(盟友)．”，认为文章的大意是介绍这个组织旨在帮助濒危的海龟，从而误选。分析：文章的标题或主旨需要根据文章的体裁而定。本文是新闻报道，一般在开头的导语部分概括交代报道的主题。文章的第一段介绍了JohnnyManlugay过去搜寻海龟蛋是为了谋生，第二段介绍了现在搜寻海龟蛋是为了保护海龟，再结合全文可判断答案。D(2023·江门一模)AcityinDenmarkisabouttobecomethefirstintheworldtoprovidemostofitscitizenswithfreshwaterusingonlytheenergycreatedfromhouseholdwastewater.TheMarselisborgWastewaterTreatmentPlant(MWTP)inAarhushasundergoneimprovementsthatmeanitcannowproducemorethan150percentoftheelectricityneededtoruntheplant.Theextrapowercanbeusedtopumpdrinkingwateraroundthecity.Aswellasregularlypoweringtheentirewatersystemof200,000peoplelivingintheinnercityarea,anyunwantedelectricitycouldbesoldintothelocalpowernetwork.Theplantproducesenergyfromthebiogaswhichcreatesoutofhouseholdwastewater.Carbonisremovedfromthewastewaterandpumpedintodigesters(沼气池)keptat38℃filledwithbacteria.Theseproducebiogas—mostlymethane—thatisthenburnedtomakeheatandelectricity.UpgradingthefacilitiesinMarselisborgrequirednearly3million,butAarhusWaterexpectsthattoberecoveredinjustfiveyears.OthercitiesinDenmark,includingCopenhagen,havebeentryingtocopytheexampleofAarhus.WhentalkingaboutcopyingDenmark'sexperience,MollyWalton,energyanalystatInternationalEnergyAgency,saysscientistsandengineerswouldfirstlyhavetoimproveenergyefficiency;anditrequiresanenormousamountofmoneythatcouldconsiderablyincreasethepriceofthewater.Moreover,towork,thewastewaterplantneedstobebigenoughtoproduceenoughbiogas,andeventhewastewaterhastobetheright-mix.Ifit'swatereddownbymuchstormorgroundwater,itwillbealmostimpossibletorecoverenergy,Waltonsays.With