高中英语 语法复习一

时态：一般现在时：（1）表示经常，反复发生的动作或存在的状态。Weoftengotoschool.Sheisateacher.（2）表示客观事实或普遍真理。Thesunrisesintheeast.Threeplustwoisfive.(3)arrive,be,begin,go,leave,return,come,start等表示按计划发生的动作或状态。Mytrainleavesat6:00.(4)在时间或条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时(if,when,incase假使，万一,before,after,until,unless,assoonas…)IwillletyouknowassoonasIhearfromyou.(5)here,there开头的一般现在时表示正在发生的动作。Theregoesthebell.Herecomestheteacher.(6)图片，电影的说明，解说；戏剧的内容等。一般过去时标志词：yesterday/lastweek/theotherday不久前的一天/…ago…以前/in1980/justnow…(1)表示过去经常，反复发生的动作或存在的状态。WhenIwasachild,Ioftenwenttothatpark.(2)表示过去发生的短暂的动作。Themurderer(凶手，杀人犯)diedinacaraccident.(3)在时间，条件状语从句中用一般过去时代替过去将来时。Hesaidwhenshecamehewouldtellher.一般将来时（1）表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一时间内经常的动作或状态。Iwillgotoschooltomorrow.Shallwegotothepark?注意：shall用于第一人称，will都可以。（2）begoingto+动词原形多用于口语，表示打算，计划，准备即将做某事。TheyaregoingtoAustralia.（3）betodosth(安排好的事，按规则，惯例;或表命令要求)Trump(特朗普)istotakeoffice(就职，上任)tomorrow.Youarenottosmokeintheoffice.（4）beabouttodosth马上很快就要发生的事（不和具体的时间状语搭配）Hurryup!Themovieisabouttobegin.Thetrainisabouttoleave.（正确）Thetrainisabouttoleaveinfiveminutes/at9:00.（错误）Iwasabouttofallasleepwhentheteachercalledmyname.(beabouttodo…when…正要做…这时…)注意：withinfiveminutes五分钟之内infiveminutes用于一般将来时多翻译成五分钟之后，用于过去时可翻译成五分钟之内。现在进行时构成：(am/is/are+v-ing)（1）表示此时此刻正在进行或发生的动作(标志词：look,now,atthemoment此刻现在)Heishavingameetingnow.Look!Theyaredacing.（2）表示现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定正在进行的动作。（标志词：thesedays,thisweek,thismonth,thisterm这个学期….）Whatishedoingthisweek?Heiswritinganovel.（3）表示按计划安排即将发生的动作（如go,come,leave,arrive等）Thetrainisleavingin15minutes.（4）现在进行时常与副词always,constantly(经常地，不断地),forever等连用表示反复出现或习惯性动作，含有责备，批评，不满，厌恶，遗憾等情感。Youarealwaysfindingfaultswithme.（5）表示过程Itisgettinghot.过去进行时构成：was/were+v-ing1.过去某时刻正在做的事情。Whatwasshedoingatnineo’clockyesterday?2.过去某阶段正在做的事。ShewasstudyinginBeijingUniversityatthattime.3.过去进行时表将来(come/go/arrive/leave/start/begin/return等)WewereexcitedbecausewewereflyingtoParisthenextmorning.4.表达一种情绪。Hewasalwaysringingmeup(厌烦)5.客气委婉地表达自己的想法。Iwashopingyoucouldreconsider(重新考虑)mysuggestion.

将来进行时构成：shall/willbedoing(1)表将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。Iwillbewritinganarticle.Whenyougettothestationatninetomorrow,yourunclewillbewaitingforyouthere.(2)表示按计划将要发生的动作TheywillbehavingtheirholidayinAugust.Ihopeyouwillbecomingontime.现在完成时构成：have/has+done标志词：already,yet已经,sofar,bynow,twodaysago,recently/lately最近,forafewdays,uptonow,uptillnow,for+一段时间，duringthepast+一段时间,since+时间点(从……时间以来)等。1.表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。Hehaslivedheresinehewasborn.Ihavebeenillfortwoweeks.注意：此时需要用持续性/延续性动词，如：saty,keep,know,work,sleep,study,lie,rain…2.表示过去发生的对现在有影响的动作Ihavelostmykey(我进不了门)Theelevatorhasbrokendown.(我们可能得爬楼梯…)固定句型：1.It/this/thatis(was)the+序数词time(that)sb+have/hasdonesthItisthefirsttimethatIhavecometoBeijing.2.it/this/thatis(was)the+形容词最高级sth+(that)sbhas/havedone.ThisisthemostexcitingmoviethatIhaveseen.3.Ithasbeen+时长+sbdidsthIthasbeensevenyearssinceIlastsawhim.1.Hehasdiedforfiveyears.(错误)Hehasbeendeadforfiveyears.(正确)2.Ihaveboughtthehouseforthreeyears.(错误)Ihavehadthehouseforthreeyears.(正确)短暂动词的转换：leave离开-beawayborrow借-keeparrive到达-be(in)marry结婚-bemarried(to)join加入某组织-bein1.Heboughtahouse（买了房子，现在可能拥有，可能卖掉了）Hehasboughtahouse（现在已拥有房子）2.Ilivedherefortenyears.（现在不住在这儿）Ihavelivedherefortenyears.（现在仍住在这儿）过去完成时(过去的过去)构成：had+done1.表示在某一时刻之前已经开始，并一直延续到那一时刻或在那时刻之前已经完成的动作Bytheendoflastyear,wehadlearned1000words.2.有些动词如hope,intend打算,plan,mean打算,expect,think,want,suppose认为,wish的过去完成时可表示过去未曾实现的希望，打算或意图。Wehadplannedfor20guestsbutonly10arrived.将来完成时shall/will+havedone1.表示动作或状态延续到将来的某一时间。Weshallhavewalkedalongwaybeforewereachthevillage.2.表示动作或状态在将来某一时间之前已经结束，但其影响却延续到那一时间。Ishallhavefinishedmyhomeworkbyteno’clock.现在完成进行时构成：have/has+been+doing(1)表示动作从过去一直持续到现在，有可能继续持续下去。Wherehaveyoubeenlivingtheseyears?Theyhavebeenworkingfortwohours.(2)表示不久前刚结束的动作。Sorry,I’mlate.Howlonghaveyoubeenwaitingforme?将来完成进行时构成：shall/will+havebeendoing表示动作从过去某一时间开始，持续到将来的某一时刻，很可能还会持续下去Ishallhavebeenworkinghereinthisfactoryfortwentyyearsbytheendoftheyear.到今年年底，我将在这个工厂工作20年了。过去完成进行时构成：had+been+doing表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去的另一时间还在进行的动作。Whenhecamein,wehadbeentalkingforanhour.冠词：1.不定冠词：aanThisisabook.Thisisanelephant.2.定冠词：the(1)指双方都明白的事物。Takethemedicinethreetimesaday.(2)指上文提到过的人或事。Heboughtahouse.Ihavebeentothehouse.(3)指世界上独一无二的(theson/earth/moon)Themoonisbig.(4)指一类人(theyoung/thepoor/theold……)Therichliveahappylife.(5)表示一家人TheGreensarekindtome.(6)乐器前playtheviolin(小提琴)/piano(7)形容词最高级前面要用the(副词最高级前面的the可省略)SheisthemostbeautifulHedrawsbest.(副词well的最高级)(8)特指（专有名词）前TheOlympicGameswasheldinBeijingin2008.名词变复数：1.一般加s，以s,x,sh,ch结尾的加es.2.以o结尾的有生命的加es,无生命的加s3.以f/fe结尾的改为v+esknife-knivesleaf叶子-leaves4.不可数名词advice,information,news,baggage行李,luggage行李,furniture家具,homework,equipment设备装备,traffic交通,progress进步发展,wealth财富,rubbish垃圾……5.集体名词如：team,group,school,class,family,government,committee(委员会)等强调整体时谓语动词用单数，强调成员时谓语动词用复数。6.只有复数：clothes,trousers,good(bad)manners有（无）礼貌；好（坏）习惯,congratulations祝贺,goods货物,means(手段),works(作品),lines(歌词，台词),takearms(拿起武器)….7.单复同行：sheep,deer,Chinese8.合成名词：passer(s)-by路人，行人looker(s)-on旁观者daughter(s)-inlaw儿媳妇9.特殊变化man-mentooth-teethfoot-feetgoose鹅-geesechild-childrenmouse-micemedium-media(媒体，媒介)bacterium-bacteria(细菌)twowomenteacherstwoappletrees主谓一致：1.or,notonly…butalso…,either…or…,neither…nor..(既不…也不…)等采取就近原则。NeitheryounorIamright.2.with,alongwith,togetherwith,besides此外,except除…之外,including包含包括aswellas也,ratherthan而不是等,谓语动词和主语一致。YouaswellasIareright.名词所有格：1.一般的：astudent’sroomatwentyminutes’walk2.无生命的名词amapoftheworldthecapitalofourcitythelegofthedesk3.特殊的名词所有格Lily’sandLucy’smothers(两人各自的妈妈)LilyandLucy’smother(两人共有一个妈妈)atmyuncle’s(在我叔叔家)atthetailor’s(在裁缝店)afriendofmybrother’s主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词Iam我memyminemyselfWeare我们usouroursourselvesYouare你youyouryoursyourselfYouare你们YouyouryoursyourselvesHeis他himhishishimselfSheis她herherhersherselfItis它ititsitsitselfTheyare他们themtheirtheirsthemselvesThisbookisyourbook=Thisbookisyours反身代词的用法：1.用作同位语（紧放在被修饰的名词后面）Theboxitselfisnotsoheavy.2.用作宾语（动词或介词的宾语）Takegoodcareofyourself.3.用作表语Thepoorboywasmyself.这个可怜的孩子就是我自己。规则动词的过去分词与过去式的构成规则相同1.一般在词尾加ed.work-worked-workedvisit-visited-visited2.以不发音的字母e结尾的，直接加d.live-lived-lived3.辅音字母+y,该y为i,再加ed.study-studied-studiedcry-cried-cried4.重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母(r,y,x除外)，先双写该辅音字母，再加ed.stop-stopped-stoppeddrop-dropped-dropped特殊变化：cancel-cancelled-cancelleddial-dialed/dialled-dialed/dialled拨号picnic-picnicked-picnicked去野餐

traffic-trafficked-trafficked交易kidnap-kidnapped-kidnapped绑架，诱拐

worship-worshipped-worshipped崇拜，尊敬，爱慕动词的现在分词（也叫动词-ing形式）1.一般直接加ing.do-doingsing-singing2.以不发音的字母e结尾，去e加ing.dance-dancingtake-taking3.重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，最后一个字母不是x的动词，双写最后一个字母，再加ing.run-runningcut-cuttingswim-swimming4以ie结尾的，变ie为y，再加ing.die-dyinglie-lying5特殊变化：picnic-picnickingtraffic-traffickingtravel-traveling/travellingdial-dialing/diallingworship-worshiping-worshippinghandicap-handicapping-handicapping妨碍；阻碍1.形容词在句子中的作用：1.Sheisabright(定语)girl.2.Thestudentwasabsentbecausehewasill(表语)3.We

should

keep

ourclassroomclean.(宾语补足语)4.Iwenttobedhungry(状语)yesterday.形容词在名词短语中的位置（1）前置修饰（修饰名词或代词时）（2）当形容词修饰something,nothing,anything,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nobody,noone等不定代词时要后置修饰。somethingexciting形容词变比较级和最高级的规则：1.一般在词尾加er或est.2.以字母e结尾的直接在词尾加r或st.large-larger-largestlate-later-latest3.辅音字母+y，改y为i，再加er或est.happy-happier-happiest4.以“辅+元+辅”结尾的词，要双写词尾的辅音字母，然后再加er或esthot-hotter-hottestbig-bigger-biggest双音节和多音节形容词，直接在前面加上more和mostbeautiful-morebeautiful-themostbeautiful不规则变化：good/well-better-bestbad-worse-worstlittle-less-leastfar-farther/further-farthest/furthest比较级构成：1.A+比较级+than+BHeistallerthanme.2.比较级and比较级Thecityisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.Theweatherisgettingwarmerandwarmer.The

more…,the

more…此句型第一个themore引导的部分相当于一个条件状语从句。第二个themore引导的相当于一个主句。Themoreyoupractice,theeasieritbecomes.Themoreyougivethem,themoretheywant.(the+比较级+主语+谓语……)可以修饰比较级的词：形容词的比较级前可以用表示程度的词或短语修饰：abit,much,far,alittle,alot,even,no等。Ifeelmuchbetternow.注意：very,many,quite,fairy等词一般不能修饰比较级。Mygirlfriendisveryolderthanme.（错误）形容词最高级的用法：一般结构：the+形容词/副词的最高级+比较范围1.the+最高级+in+地方Itisthemostexpensivecarintheworld.2.the+序数词+最高级+in+地方Heisthetalleststudentinourschool.in表示在…范围之内。（he和school是从属关系,但不同类，）3.the+形容词/副词的最高级+of+所属范围Heisthetalleststudentoftheboysinourclass.of表示在…当中，(he和boys属于同类别)副词的分类：时间副词：now,lately,sofar地点副词：here,there,out(在外面)方式副词：hard(努力地，困难地，猛烈地),well,fast,slowly程度副词：very,quite,almost,badly频率副词：usually,constantly(不断地，时常),rarely很少地疑问副词：how,where,when,why连接副词：however,therefor,why关系副词：where,when,why句子副词：anyway不论如何,naturally自然地,please副词的功能：1.作状语，修饰动词，形容词，副词，介词（短语),限定词（代词或副词）或整个句子。Theycompletely

ignoredmyviews.(修饰动词)Hefeelskindof(有点儿)tired