第二章-句子写作(上)

第二章句子写作（上）ChapterII

MakingCorrectandEffectiveSentencesElementsofasentenceII.RequirementsofacorrectsentenceIII.RequirementsofaneffectivesentenceI.Elementsofasentence1.Completenessinstructure;2.Beginwithacapitalletter;3.Endwithafullstop,oraquestionmark,oranexclamationmark;4.Expressasinglecompleteidea.II.Requirementsofacorrectsentence1.completenessinstructure2.therightsubject3.agreementbetweenthesubjectandthepredicateverb4.agreementbetweenpronounandantecedent5.clearpronounreference6.endingsentenceswithfullstops7.joiningclauseswithconjunctions8.amainclauseinacomplexsentence9.properuseofcomparisons10.correctuseofthetenseCorrectthefollowingsentences:1.Becausehehadn’tfinishhisassignment,sohecontinuedworkingintheclassroom.completenessinstructure2.Notknowinghisname,itwasdifficulttointroducehim.

therightsubject3.Anumberofspellingmistakeswasfoundinhiscomposition.agreementbetweenthesubjectandthepredicateverb4.Everybodyshouldreturnthebooksheborrowedwithinaweek.agreementbetweenpronounandantecedent1.Becausehehadn’tfinishedhisassignment,hecontinuedworkingintheclassroom.2.Notknowinghisname,itwasdifficultforustointroducehim.3.Anumberofspellingmistakeswerefoundinhiscomposition4.Everybodyshouldreturnthebooksheorsheborrowedwithinaweek5.Shetoldmysisterthatherideawaspracticable.clearpronounreference6.Noonecometotheparty,itwasacompletefailure.endingsentenceswithfullstops/joiningclauseswithconjunctions7.Becausehehadnotheardaboutthatimportantdecision.

amainclauseinacomplexsentence8.TheSaharaislargerthananydesertintheworld.

properuseofcomparisons9.Wehaverevisedourworkplanlastnight.correctuseofthetense5.Shetoldmysisterthatherownideaormysister’swaspracticableCorrectthefollowingsentences:III.RequirementsofaneffectivesentenceUnity一致性Coherence连贯性Conciseness简洁性

Emphasis强调性

一.Unity一致性Unity:

Asentenceshouldexpressasinglecompleteidea,nomore,noless.Ifitcontainstoomuch,thenthesentencebecomesconfusing.Ifitcontainstoolittle,thentheideainitisincomplete.Inotherwords,asentenceviolatestheprincipleofunityifitcontainsideasthatarenotcloselyrelated;what’smore,asentenceisnotunifiedifitdoesnotexpressacompletethought.III.Requirementsofaneffectivesentence

Eg:Ideasnotcloselyrelated:BorninasmalltowninSouthChinain1937,hegrewuptobeagreatmusician.HewasborninasmalltowninSouthChinain1937,andgrewuptobeagreatmusician.Ideaincomplete:DreamoftheRedMansionisthebest-knownnovel.

DreamoftheRedMansionisoneofthebest-knownclassicalChinesenovel.Coherencerequiresthatthepartsofasentencearesoarrangedthattheysticktogether,andthattheideasprogressinalogicalsequence.1.Parallelism

E.g:IforgotthatmyresearchpaperwasdueonTuesdayandmyteacherhadsaidhewouldnotacceptlatepapers.二.Coherence连贯性三.Conciseness简洁性1.NowordinessWordinessalsoviolatestheprincipleofunity,theideagetsblurredbyunnecessarywordswhichobscureitlikecloudsandsmoke.Sorry,I’mnotinapositiontoofferassistancetohim.Sorry,Iamunabletohelphim.ThemaidputtheletterthatcamefromPragueonmydesk.ThemaidputtheletterfromPragueonmydesk.Thereareseveraladvantagestobuyingamotorbike.Buyingamotorbikeoffersseveraladvantages.I’dliketotaketheopportunitytosaythankyou.Thankyou.四.Emphasis强调性Emphasisisthemeansbywhichyougivedesiredforcetoyourwriting.1.positioningforemphasisThesentenceend---theplaceofstrongestemphasisThesentencebeginning---theplaceofsecondaryemphasisThemiddle---theplaceofleastemphasisE.g.Hewillnothavetheenduranceneededforthelongtrainingrequiredtobeadentist,Ithink.Attention:movethepointtobeemphasized,outoforder,tothefront,thisprocessisoftencalledfrontingorinversion.E.g:ThisIwillneverdo.第二章句子写作（上）句子的分类句子的语序句子的统一和连贯句子的变化和简洁平行结构第一节句子的分类一、四种不同类型的句子简单句并列句复合句复杂句简单句只包含一个主谓结构的句子例如：并列句包含两个主谓结构的句子或两个以上互补依存的主谓结构的句子。意义上同等重要语法上平行常用并列连词:and，but，for,nor,or,otherwise,so,therefore,yet等例如：复合句由一个主句和至少一个从句构成的句子。例如：复杂句并列句与复合句的混合二、句型转换由一个语法结构转换为另一个语法结构，意义不变。简单句与并列句之间的转换简单句与复合句直接的转换并列句与复合句之间的转换简单句之间的合并1.简单句与并列句之间的转换

2.简单句与复合句直接的转换3.并列句与复合句之间的转换

4.简单句之间的合并Exercises句型转换1.Ashewastiredandhungry,theboywasunwillingtomoveon.tiredandhungry,theboywasunwillingtomoveon.2.Whenhearrives,pleasegivemeane-mailOnhearinghisarrival,pleasegivemeane-mail.3.Thegirlisspokenhighlyof.Hercompositionwaswellwrriten.Thegirlwhosecompositionwaswellwrittenisspokenhighlyof.4.Thereisagirl.Sheissittingbetweenus.Thereisagirlsittingbetweenus.5.Thisisabook.Thebookwasboughtyesterday.Thisisabookwhichwasboughtyesterday.Thisisabookboughtyesterday.第二节句子的语序正常语序与倒装全部倒装与部分倒装习惯性倒装第三节句子的统一和连贯一、句子的统一(unity)句子主题思想必须一致，支持思想要紧扣主题SingleCompleteClosely1.主题的唯一性2.句意的完整性3.内容的相关性二、句子的连贯（coherence）句子的连贯（coherence）：构成句子的每一个部分都必须意思连贯、结构紧凑、衔接正确、表意清楚。MeaningcoherenceStructurecoherence1.句意的连贯性2.结构的连贯性

BorninasmalltowninSouthChinain1937,hegrewuptobeagreatmusician.Ideasnotcloselyrelated:HewasborninasmalltowninSouthChinain1937,andgrewuptobeagreatmusician.2.DreamoftheRedMansionisthebest-knownnovel.

Ideaincomplete

DreamoftheRedMansionisoneofthebest-knownclassicalChinesenovel.Practice

3.Shesuddenlypausedanditseemedwonderfulthatshecouldspeaksoeasilybutshewasusuallybashful.

severalideasarefusedintoonesentence.

Improved:Shesuddenlypaused.Itseemedwonderfulthatshecouldspeaksoeasily,butshewasusuallybashful.4.TheydidnotwinthegamesofarasIcouldseetheydidnoteventry.severalideasarefusedintoonesentence.

Improved:Theydidnotwinthegame.SofarasIcouldsee,theydidnoteventry.5.Havingeatenourlunch,theydepartedbyboat.KeepthepersonofpronounconsistentHavingeatentheirlunch,theydepartedbyboat.6.Thecast(演员）firstdiscussestheplayandthennightlyrehearsalsbegin.keepthesamegrammaticalsubjectunlessthereisgoodreasonforchanging.Thecastfirstdiscussestheplayandthenbeginnightlyrehearsals.7.Thechildwasprettyandhadbrains.

Thechildwasprettyandintelligent.(parallelconstruction)8.Hesatdownandwasbeginningtowork.Hesatdownandbegantowork(parallelconstruction)第四节句子在统一和连贯的基础上，要长短句结合，简单句、复合句并用。注意句子结构的多变性和简洁性。一、句子的变化二、句式的简洁一、句式的变化1.长短句结合比较如下两段话2.句子结构的多样化二、句式的简洁1.省略意思重复的词语3.省略句的运用例如:When(wateris)pure,waterisacolorlessliquid.Anyone,nomatterwho(heis),maypointourshortcomings.readingsleepingshoesbarkingcatdumbfounded（adj.目瞪口呆）请你根据以下四幅图(总分20)写一篇100词左右的短文。

参考词语:

slippers(拖鞋)

要点：1.老人穿着拖鞋读报,

狗在边上睡觉。2.

老人想出门，叫狗拿鞋。3.

狗闭着眼睛，一动不动，汪汪直叫，老人很纳闷。4.猫嘴里叼着鞋走进来，老人目瞪口呆。

Anoldmanwassittinginanarmchairathome,readinghisnewspaper.Besidehimlayadogsleepingsoundly. Suddenlytheoldmandecidedtoleavehomeforawhile,buthecouldn’tgooutwithhisslipper