2024版新教材高考英语全程一轮总复习课时作业23Unit5RevealingNature外研版选择性必修第一册

课时作业(二十三)选择性必修第一册Unit5RevealingnatureⅠ.阅读理解A[2023·湖南省高三适应性考试]Sometimesittakesaworkofarttogivetheinspirationforadvancesinscience.Forexample,ElonMusk'sdreamofhumanslivingonotherplanetswasfirstinspiredbyIsaacAsimov'sFoundationbookseries.AmazonCEOJeffBezos,amassivefanoftheStarTrektelevisionseries,foundedhisveryownspacecompanyBlueOrigin.Let'sexploresomeofthetechnologiesfromsciencefictionthathavebeenbroughttolife.RemotecontrolFrankHerbert's1965novelDunefeaturesasmallflyingrobotdevicethatispilotedremotely,oneoftheearliestappearancesofdronesinsciencefiction.WiththefirstpermitforcommercialdroneuseintheUSgivenin2006,dronesbecameareality,andcannowbefoundtakingonmultiplerolesinphotography,farmingandmilitary.FromthinairThetelevisionshowStarTrek,firstappearingonscreensin1966,inspiredscience.Oneofthemostunexpectedexamplesmaybethe3Dprinter.Intheprogram,adevicecancreateanyobjectdesiredwithinamatterofseconds.ResearchersattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,US,developeda3Dprinterin2019thatshapesobjectsusingraysoflight.Thedeviceuseslighttoalterthedensityofresin(树脂),changingthematerialfromaliquidtoasolidinordertoshapethedesiredobject.StartingtheheartOneofthefirstsci­finovels,FrankensteinbyMaryShelleyhashadahugeimpactonscience.EarlBakken,theinventorofthepacemaker(起搏器),adeviceplacedintothechestthathelpsthehearttopumpbloodusingsmallelectricalimpulses,wasinspiredbythe1931movieadaptationofthebook.“Whatimpressedmethemost...wasthecreativesparkofDrFrankenstein'selectricity，”BakkentoldtheAtlantic.Defibrillators(除颤仪),whichrestarttheheartwithanelectricalcurrentafteracardiacarrest(心脏停搏),alsoresembletheelectricshockthatgavethemonsterlife.1．Whoseworkinspiredscience?A．ElonMusk's. B．JeffBezos'.C．FrankHerbert's. D．EarlBakken's.2．Whichofthefollowingcancreatenewthingsfrom“nowhere”？A．Drones. B．3Dprinter.C．Pacemakers. D．Defibrillators.3．Whichcanbesummarizedfromthepassage?A．Sciencefictionthinksbig.B．TechnologyfliesoutofourimaginationC．Imaginationleadstoadvancedcivilization.D．Scientificdevelopmentreliesontechnology.B[2023·江苏省高中模拟]Inrecentyears,agrowingbodyofresearchhasshownthatourappetiteandfoodintakeareinfluencedbyalargenumberoffactorsbesidesourbiologicalneedforenergy,includingoureatingenvironmentandourperceptionofthefoodinfrontofus.Studieshaveshown,forinstance,thateatinginfrontoftheTV(orasimilardistraction)canincreasebothhungerandtheamountoffoodconsumed.Evensimplevisualcues,likeplatesizeandlighting,havebeenshowntoaffectportionsizeandconsumption.Anewstudysuggestedthatourshot­termmemoryalsomayplayaroleinappetite.Severalhoursafterameal,people'shungerlevelswerepredictednotbyhowmuchthey'deatenbutratherbyhowmuchfoodthey'dseeninfrontofthem—inotherwords,howmuchtheyrememberedeating.Thisdifferencesuggeststhememoryofourpreviousmealmayhaveabiggerinfluenceonourappetitethantheactualsizeofthemeal,saysJeffreyM.Brunstrom,aprofessorofexperimentalpsychologyattheUniversityofBristol.“Hungerisn'tcontrolledsolelybythephysicalcharacteristicsofarecentmeal.Wehaveidentifiedanindependentroleformemoryforthatmeal.”Brunstromsays.“Thisshowsthattherelationshipbetweenhungerandfoodintakeismorecomplexthanwethought.”Thesefindingsechoearlierresearchthatsuggestsourperceptionoffoodcansometimestrickourbody'sresponsetothefooditself.Ina2011study,forinstance,peoplewhodrankthesame380­caloriemilkshakeontwoseparateoccasionsproduceddifferentlevelsofhunger­relatedhormones,dependingonwhethertheshake'slabelsaiditcontained620or140calories.Moreover,theparticipantsreportedfeelingfullerwhentheythoughtthey'dconsumedahigher­calorieshake.Whatdoesthismeansforoureatinghabits?Althoughithardlyseemspracticaltotrickourselvesintoeatingless,thenewfindingsdohighlightthebenefitsoffocusingonourfoodavoidingTVandmultitaskingwhileeating.Theso­calledmindful­eatingstrategiescanfightdistractionsandhelpuscontrolourappetite,Brunstromsays.4．Whichofthefollowingaffectsourappetiteandfoodintakeaccordingtotheauthor?A．Whenweeatourmeals.B．Howfastweeatourmeals.C．Whatingredientsthefoodcontains.D．Howweperceivethefoodweeat.5．Whatwouldhappenatmealtimeifyourememberedeatingalotinthepreviousmeal?A．Youwouldnotfeelsohungry.B．Youwouldhaveagoodappetite.C．Youwouldnotfeellikeeatingatall.D．Youwouldbemoreparticularaboutfood.6．Whichofthefollowingworksbestifweplantocontrolourappetite?A．Pickingdishesoftherightsize.B．Trickingourselvesintoeatingless.C．Choosingfoodwithfewercalories.D．Concentratingonfoodwhileeating.7．Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A．Goodeatinghabitswillcontributetoourhealth.B．Psychologicalfactorsinfluenceourhungerlevels.C．Eatingdistractionsoftenaffectourfooddigestion.D．Ourfoodintakeisdeterminedbyourbiologicalneeds.C[2023·浙江省绍兴市一模]BrazilianartistNéleAzevedoisbestknownforbigpublicartpieces.Theartistcarveshundredsof20­centimeter­tallicefiguresseatedwiththeiranklescrossedandplacesthematopoutdoorstepsandputsthemincitysquaresallovertheworld,wheretheyquicklymelt.Thefacelesssculpturesdripandpoolintosmallpuddlesastimepasses.Herworkshavebeenadoptedbyenvironmentalistsasakindofactivistartagainstclimatechange.Butisit?Yesand(mostly)no.Themassofmeltingbodiesmakesanaturalconnectiontothethreathumankindfacesduetorisingglobaltemperatures.“Itscloselinkwiththatsubjectisevident，”saidtheartist.Inadditiontothethreatofglobalwarmingitself,thesheernumberofsculpturessittingtogetheralsocallsattentiontothefactthatwehumansareallinittogether.“Suchkindofthreatsalsofinallyputmaninhisplace,hisfateisalongwiththedestinyoftheplanet,andheisnotthe‘king’ofnature,butanessentialelementofit，”continuesAzevedoonherwebsite.“Itookeverycharacteristicoftraditionalmonumentsandmadetheopposite，”shesays.“Imadesmallfiguresthatsitonthefloor.Itdoesn'thonoranybody.Itdoeshonortheunknown.”Azevedoexplains,“Inafew­minuteaction,therulesofthemonumentareinverted:__intheplaceofthehero,theunknown;intheplaceofthesolidityofthestone,themomentaryprocessoftheice;intheplaceofthemonumentsize,theminimumsizeoftheperishable(易毁坏的)bodies.”OriginallyAzevedowantedherarttogetpeoplethinkingaboutimpermanence,andthesightoficetransformingintoapuddleofwatercertainlydoesthatbrilliantly.8．WhatcanwelearnaboutNéleAzevedo'sartworks?A．Theyareputinpublicplacesforartiststoappreciate.B．Theyareadoptedasawayofshowingartistictalents.C．Theyarelinkedwiththethreatofclimatechange.D．Theyareconsideredasasymbolofunity.9．Whichofthefollowingcanbestreplacetheword“inverted”inParagraph5?A．kepttrackofB．turnedupsidedownC．laidemphasisonD．takenintoaccount10．Whatcanbeinferredaboutthesquareshowfromthelastparagraph?A．Itispermanentbynature.B．Itlackspracticalinfluence.C．Ittakeslongtoseetheresults.D．Itconveystheartist'sexactintention.11．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．PublicInterestinContemporaryArtB．IceFiguresTransformingintoWaterC.ResponsibilityDemandedofActivistArtistsD．MiniSculpturesEchoingtheClimateCrisisD[2023·江苏省高三期中考试]AstarathleteatthecollegewhereIworkrecentlystoppedbymyoffice.Aftercommittingafewunforcederrorsduringaweekendmatch,shewasrivenbyself­criticism.“I'matpeakfitness,andIpracticehard.Howisthishappening？”Sheasked.Thisstudentbelievessheshouldbeabletocontroltheoutcomesofherlifebyvirtueofherhardwork.Shehasasensethathoursonthefieldshouldgetherexactlywheresheneedstogo.Manystudentshavesimilarmentality.Whentheywin,theyfeelpowerfulandsmart.Whentheyfail,theyarecrushedbyself­blame.Ifmyachievementsareminetocontrol,theyreason,myfailuresmustbeentirelymyfault,too.Wetalkoftenaboutyoungadultsstrugglingwithfailurebecausetheirparentshaveprotectedthemfromdiscomfort.Butthereissomethingelseatplay:afalsepromisethattheycanachieveanythingiftheyarewillingtoworkforit.Psychologistshavesourcedthisphenomenontoamisapplicationof“mindset”research,whichhasfoundthatpraisingchildrenforeffortwillincreaseacademicperformance.A2018analysisfoundthatwhilepraisingeffortoverabilitymaybenefiteconomicallydisadvantagedstudents,itdoesnotnecessarilyhelpeveryone.OnepossibleexplanationcomesfromSuniyaLuthar,whoarguedinaresearchpaperthatforteensinwealthy,pressure­cookercommunities,“itisnotalackofmotivationandperseverance(毅力)thatisthebigproblem.Instead,itisunhealthyperfectionism,anddifficultywithbackingoffwhentheyshould,whenthedesireforachievementsisoverthetop.”Theypushthemselvesonwardinfaceofimpossiblegoals.A2007studyfoundthatteenswhorefusedtogiveupimpossiblegoalsshowedhigherlevelsofC­reactionprotein,amarkerofsystemicinflammation(全身炎症)linkedtoheartdiseaseandothermedicalconditions.A2014studyshowedaconnectionbetweentheperfectionisttendenciesanddepression.Thecruelrealityisthatyoucandoeverythinginyourpowerandstillfail.Insteadofallowingourkidstobeatthemselvesupwhenthingsdon'tgotheirway,weadultsshouldhelpstudentspursuesuccessinhealthierwaysinpartbyredefiningfailureasafeature,notabug,oflearning.AtSmithCollegewhereIteach,studentsareaskedtoexplorehowsetbacksandmisstepsmadethemstrongerormoreeffective.Wewouldbewisetoremindourkidsthatlifehasawayofsucker­punching(意外打击)uswhenweleastexpectit.It'softenthepeoplewholearntosay“stuffhappens”whogetupthefastest.12．Whywasstarathletetrappedbyself­blame?A．Shebrokedownduringthematch.B．Shedidn'ttryherbestinthematch.C．Shebelievedhardworkshouldpayoff.D．Shethoughtsheshouldhavepracticedharder.13．WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph5?A．Lackofmotivationandperseveranceleadstoteens'failure.B．Praisingchildrenforeffortincreasesacademicperformance.C．Childrenstrugglewithfailureduetoparents'over­protection.D．Unhealthyperfectionismcausesphysicalandemotionalstress.14．Accordingtotheauthor,adultsshould________.A.helpstudentslearnfromfailureB．protectstudentsfromdiscomfortC．rewardstudentsfortheirhardworkD．explorethecauseofstudents'failure15．Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthorprobablyagreewith?A．Effortequalsachievement.B．Motivationisthekeytosuccess.C．Successisnotalwaysundercontrol.D．Effortismoreimportantthanability.[答题区]题号123456789101112131415答案Ⅱ.七选五[2023·山东省高三期中考试]ToputintowordsmytimeinAntarcticaandSouthGeorgiaisnearlyimpossible.Ihadalwaysdescribeditasaonceinalifetimeexperience,butassoonasIsteppedfootonthecontinent,IimmediatelyknewIneededtoreturn.__1__About50%ofthepassengersofourexpedition(远征)hadbeentoAntarcticaatleastoncebefore.Thisgoestoshowjusthowmagicalofadestinationitis.Allyoursenseswillbestimulated...isthebestwayIcandescribethetimeonthewhitecontinent.Howtinyyoufeelnexttotoweringglaciersandicebergs.TheicywatermovingthroughyourbodyasyoutaketheinfamousPolarPlunge.Thelearningofheart­touchingstoriesofsurvivalfromexplorersofthepast.__2__Antarcticamakesyoufeelsosmallandinsignificant,inthebestway.__3__Yougetfrontrowseatstowitnessthemostincredibleshow:nature.Itisasmuchbeautifulasisitcruel.Likeseeingabrownskua(贼鸥)attackingapenguinchick.Yourheartaches.ThenyourexpeditionguideregretfullytellsyouthatachickthatissmallinMarchwouldhaveveryslimchancesofsurvivingtheupcomingwinter.Thecyclecontinues,andyou'releftwonderingwhotorootfor.ThingsmovefastinAntarctica,andeverymonthofferssomethingreallyuniqueandspecialtosee.InMarch,theweatherisabitmoreunpredictable,andtheseaiceisbeginningtoformagain.__4__Intwomoreweeks,expeditionshipswouldnotbeabletobreakthroughtheice.Thepenguinsarecompletingtheiryearlyfeather­changingprocess.__5__Theexpeditionteammadesurewekeptourdistanceanddidnotscarethemintohidingunderfreezingwater.Theseanimals,arguablythecutestyouwilleversee,survivesuchunfavorableenvironments.It'sabsolutelyincredibletowitnessthechallenges,theskill,theefforts,allofit.Iamforevergratefultohavebeenavisitor.A．Thelistgoeson.B．Butthisisnotalwaysthecase.C．Ourvoyagewasthelastoftheseason.D．Iwasnottheonlyonewhofeltthisway.E．I,yearslater,didreturntothisfascinatingplace.F．Theyarereallyweakduringthistime,andcannotdive.G．Everythinghasapurpose,andthecycleoflifeisevident.[答题区]1．________2.________3.________4．________5.________课时作业(二十三)Ⅰ.阅读理解A【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了三个灵感来自于科幻作品的技术发明。1．答案与解析：C细节理解题。根据“Remotecontrol(远程控制)”下文的详细介绍可知FrankHerbert的作品给科学带来了灵感。2．答案与解析：B细节理解题。根据“Fromthinair”以及下文的详细介绍可知在《星际迷航》有一种设备可以在几秒钟内创造任何想要的物体，而3D打印机就是以此为灵感开发的可以用光线塑造物体形状的打印机，所以说3D打印机可以“无中生有，凭空(Fromthinair)”地创造新的东西。3．答案与解析：B主旨大意题。根据文章第一段的最后一句“Let'sexploresomeofthetechnologiesfromsciencefictionthathavebeenbroughttolife.”以及下文三项技术灵感来源的详细阐述，可知文章主要介绍了灵感来自科幻作品的一些发明，选项B“技术来自我们的想象”可以概括全文。B【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过提出几项研究，讲述了我们的食欲和食物摄入量还受到大量因素的影响，包括我们的饮食环境和我们对面前食物的感知。4．答案与解析：D细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Inrecentyears,agrowingbodyofresearchhasshownthatourappetiteandfoodintakeareinfluencedbyalargenumberoffactorsbesidesourbiologicalneedforenergy,includingoureatingenvironmentandourperceptionofthefoodinfrontofus.(近年来，越来越多的研究表明，除了我们对能量的生物需求外，我们的食欲和食物摄入量还受到大量因素的影响，包括我们的饮食环境和我们对面前食物的感知。)”可知，调查显示，吃东西的环境和我们对食物的感知也会影响着我们对食物的胃口和摄入。5．答案与解析：A推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Severalhoursafterameal,people'shungerlevelswerepredicted...byhowmuchfoodthey'dseeninfrontofthem—inotherwords,howmuchtheyrememberedeating.”可推出，如果人们记得自己曾吃过很多东西，他们就会感到不那么饿。6．答案与解析：D细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Theso­calledmindful­eatingstrategiescanfightdistractionsandhelpuscontrolourappetite,Brunstromsays.”可知，Brunstrom的研究表明，专注地吃东西可以帮助我们控制胃口。7．答案与解析：B主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了影响我们饥饿水平的一些心理原因，例如文章第一段“oureatingenvironmentandourperceptionofthefoodinfrontofus.”，第三段“Anewstudysuggestedthatourshot­termmemoryalsomayplayaroleinappetite.”等，对食物的感知、饮食环节、标签作用等，都是一些影响人们饥饿水平的心理原因。C【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了巴西艺术家NéleAzevedo的冰雕作品，她的作品被视作一种对抗气候变化的艺术。8．答案与解析：C细节理解题。根据第一段的“Herworkshavebeenadoptedbyenvironmentalistsasakindofactivistartagainstclimatechange.”可知，她的作品与气候变化的威胁有关。9．答案与解析：B词句猜测题。根据第四段的“Itookeverycharacteristicoftraditionalmonumentsandmadetheopposite”和第五段可知，纪念碑规则被颠倒了，画线词inverted的意思是“颠倒的”，和turnedupsidedown意思相近。10．答案与解析：D推理判断题。根据最后一段的“OriginallyAzevedowantedherarttogetpeoplethinkingaboutimpermanence(最初，Azevedo希望她的艺术作品能让人们思考无常)”可知，她在广