英语中有19种修辞手法及英国文学作品与作家

实用文档英语中有19种修辞手法，它们分别是：Simile明喻、Metaphor隐喻，暗喻、Metonymy借喻，转喻、Synecdoche提喻、Synaesthesia通感，联觉，移觉、Personification拟人、Hyperbole夸张、Parallelism排比，平行、Euphemism委婉，婉辞法、Allegory讽喻，比方、Irony反语、Pun双关、Parody仿拟、Rhetoricalquestion修辞疑问、Antithesis对照，对比，对偶、Paradox隽语、Oxymoron反意法，逆喻、Climax渐进法，层进法、Anticlimax渐降法。下面和大家分享一下这19种修辞手法的全部解释和例句，快来学习吧！1.Simile明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比。这种共性存在于人们的心里，而不是事物的自然属性。标志词常用like,as,seem,asif,asthough,similarto,suchas等。例如：1>.Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisentohearhimcrow。2>.Iwanderedlonelyasacloud。3>.Einsteinonlyhadablanketon,asifhehadjustwalkedoutofafairytale。2.Metaphor隐喻，暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻，是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物，通过比较形成。例如：1>.Hopeisagoodbreakfast,butitisabadsupper。2>.Somebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested。3.Metonymy借喻，转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物，而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。I。以容器代替内容，例如：1>.Thekettleboils.水开了。2>.Theroomsatsilent.全屋人安静地坐着。II。以资料。工具代替事物的名称，例如：Lendmeyourears,please.请听我说。III。以作者代替作品，例如：acompleteShakespeare莎士比亚全集VI。以具体事物代替抽象概念，例如：Ihadthemuscle,andtheymademoneyoutofit.我有力气，他们就用我的力气赚钱。4.Synecdoche提喻提喻用部分代替全体，或用全体代替部分，或特殊代替一般。例如：1>.Thereareabout100handsworkinginhisfactory。(部分代整体)他的厂里约有100名工人。2>.HeistheNewtonofthiscentury。(特殊代一般)他是本世纪的牛顿。3>.Thefoxgoesverywellwithyourcap。(整体代部分)这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配。5.Synaesthesia通感，联觉，移觉这种修辞法是以视。听.触。嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物。通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“微风过处送来缕缕清香，仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。例如：1>.Thebirdssatuponatreeandpouredforththeirlilylikevoice。(用视觉形容听觉，鸟落在树上，由它发出的声音联想到百合花)鸟儿落在树上，倾泻出百合花似的声音。2>.TastethemusicofMozart。(用嗅觉形容听觉)品尝Mozart的音乐。6.Personification拟人拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物。例如：1>.Thenightgentlylaysherhandatourfeveredheads。(把夜拟人化)2>.Iwasveryhappyandcouldhearthebirdssinginginthewoods。(把鸟拟人化)7.Hyperbole夸张夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的。它可以加强语势，增加表达效果。.例如：1>.Ibegathousandpardons。2>.Loveyou.Youarethewholeworldtome,andthemoonandthestars。3>.Whensheheardthebadnews,ariveroftearspouredout。8.Parallelism排比，平行这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似，意思相关，语气一致的短语。句子排列成串，形成一个整体。例如：1>.Noonecanbeperfectlyfreetillallarefree;noonecanbeperfectlymoraltillallaremoral;noonecanbeperfectlyhappytillallarehappy。2>.Inthedayswhenallthesethingsaretobeansweredfor,Isummonyouandyours,tothelastofyourbadrace,toanswerforthem.Inthedayswhenallthesethingsaretobeansweredfor,Isummonyourbrother,theworstofyourbadrace,toanswerforthemseparately。9.Euphemism委婉，婉辞法婉辞法指用委婉，文雅的方法表达粗恶，避讳的话。例如：1>.Heisoutvisitingthenecessary.他出去方便一下。2>.Hisrelationwithhiswifehasnotbeenfortunate.他与妻子关系不融洽。3>.DengXiaopingpassedawayin1997.(去世)10.Allegory讽喻，比方(原意“寓言”)建立在假借过去或别处的事例与对象之上，传达暗示，影射或者讥讽现世各种现象的含义。英文解释：anexpressivestylethatusesfictionalcharactersandeventstodescribesomesubjectbysuggestiveresemblances;anextendedmetaphor摘自英语专业《大学英语教程》一书这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法，意为"换个方式的说法"。它是一种形象的描述，具有双重性，表层含义与真正意味的是两回事。例如：1>.Makethehaywhilethesunshines。表层含义：趁着出太阳的时候晒草真正意味：趁热打铁2>.It'stimetoturnploughintosword。表层含义：是时候把犁变成剑11.Irony反语反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式。如在指责过失。错误时，用赞同过失的说法，而在表扬时，则近乎责难的说法。例如：1>.Itwouldbeafinethingindeednotknowingwhattimeitwasinthemorning。早上没有时间观念还真是一件好事啊(真实含义是应该明确早上的时间观念)2>"Ofcourse,youonlycarrylargenotes,nosmallchangeonyou."thewaitersaidtothebeggar。12.Pun双关双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义，借题发挥。作出多种解释，旁敲侧击，从而达到意想不到的幽默。滑稽效果。它主要以相似的词形。词意和谐音的方式出现。例如：1>.Sheistoolowforahighpraise,toobrownforafairpraiseandtoolittleforagreatpraise。2>.Anambassadorisanhonestmanwholiesabroadforthegoodofhiscountry。3>.Ifwedon'thangtogether,weshallhangseparately。13.Parody仿拟这是一种模仿名言。警句.谚语，改动其中部分词语，从而使其产生新意的修辞。例如：1>.Romewasnotbuiltinaday,norinayear。2>.Afriendinneedisafriendtobeavoided。3>.Ifyougiveagirlaninchnowadaysshewillmakeaddressofit。14.Rhetoricalquestion修辞疑问(反问)它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的，而是以疑问为手段，取得修辞上的效果，其特点是：肯定问句表示强烈否定，而否定问句表示强烈的肯定。它的答案往往是不言而喻的。例如：1>.Howwasitpossibletowalkforanhourthroughthewoodsandseenothingworthofnote?2>.Shallweallowthoseuntruthstogounanswered?15.Antithesis对照，对比，对偶这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法。例如：1>.NotthatIlovedCaeserlessbutthatIlovedRomemore。2>.Youarestaying;Iamgoing。3>.Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath。16.Paradox隽语这是一种貌似矛盾，但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法，是一种矛盾修辞法。.例如：1>.Morehaste,lessspeed。欲速则不达2>.Thechildisthefathertotheman。(童年时代可决定人之未来)三岁看大，四岁看老。17.Oxymoron反意法，逆喻这也是一种矛盾修辞法，用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物，以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义。例如：1>.Nolight,butratherdarknessvisible。没有光亮，黑暗却清晰可见2>.Thestateofthishouseischeerlesswelcome。18.Climax渐进法，层进法这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小。轻重.深浅。高低等逐层渐进，最后达到顶点。可以增强语势，逐渐加深读者印象。例如：1>.Iamsorry,Iamsosorry,Iamsoextremelysorry。2>.Eyehadnotseennorearheard,andnothinghadtouchedhisheartofstone。19.Anticlimax渐降法与climax相反的一种修辞法，将一系列词语由大到小，由强到弱地排列。例如：1>.Onhisbreasthewearshisdecorations,athissideasword,onhisfeetapairofboots。2>.Thedutiesofasoldieraretoprotecthiscountryandpeelpotatoes。一、GeofferyChaucer杰弗里•乔叟1343~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（JohnDryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。)ThefatherofEnglishpoetry.Writingstyle:wisdom,humor,humanity.作品：①<TheCanterburyTales>坎特伯雷故事集：firsttimetouse‘heroiccouplet’(双韵体)bymiddleEnglish②<TroilusandCriseyde>特罗勒斯与克丽西德③<TheHouseofFame>声誉之堂④<ThebookoftheDuchess>公爵夫人之书⑤<TheParliamentofFowls>百鸟议会二、WilliamShakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616lplaywright,poet评价comments：WidelyregardedasthegreatestwriterinEnglishliterature莎士比亚同时代戏剧家本·琼森（BenJohnson）--他不属于一个时代，而是属于。（Hewasnotofanage,butforalltime.）作品：①Historicalplays:HenryVI;HenryIV:RichardIII;HenryV；RichardII；HenryVIII②FourComedies:<AsYouLikeIt>皆大欢喜;<TwelfthNight>第十二夜;<AMidsummerNight’SDream>仲夏夜之梦;<MerchantOfVenice>威尼斯商人③FourTragedies:<Hamlet>哈姆莱特;<Othello>奥赛罗;<KingLear>李尔王;<Macbeth>麦克白④ShakespeareSonnet:154<TheSonnets>Threequatrainandonecouplet,ababcdcdefefgg三、FrancislBacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626Bacon’squote1、knowledgeispower知识就是力量。2、Beautyisassummerfruits,whichareeasytocorrupt,andcannotlast;andforthemostpartitmakesadissoluteyouth,andanagealittleoutofcountenance美犹如盛夏的水果，是容易腐烂而难保持的，世上有许多美人，她们有过放荡的青春，却迎受着愧悔的晚年。3、Naturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.天生的能力好像天然生成的植物，必须通过学习加以修整；然而学习本身如若不由实践去约束，必然方向纷杂而漫无目的。4、Virtueislikearichstone,bestplainset美德好比宝石，在朴素背景的衬托下反而更华丽。评价nthefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophy.nThefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.narepresentativeoftheEnglishrenaissance.nawell-knownphilosopher,scientistandessayist.Bacon’sworksestablishandpopularizeaninductivemethodologyforscientificinquiry,oftencalledtheBaconianmethod.Induction（归纳法）impliesdrawingknowledgefromthenaturalworldthroughexperimentation,observation,andtestingofhypotheses.（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）Philosopher,scientist,laythefoundationformodernscience.ThefirstEnglishessayist.n马克思称他为“英国唯物主义及现代实验科学之父”Writingstyle:brevity,compactness&powerfulness,well-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblicalallusions,metaphorsandphilosophytoman’sreason.作品：①<TheAdvancementofLearning>学术的推进，总结了前人的一切知识，并进行归类。②<Essays>随笔③<newinstrument>新工具，阐述了归纳法④<newAtlantis>新大西岛，是乌托邦性质的作品十七世纪英国诗人JohnDonnetheMetaphysicalpoet(17世纪玄学派诗人)nEnglishpoet,preachernHewasthemostoutstandingoftheEnglishMetaphysicalPoets作品：nSongsandSonnets《歌与十四行诗》TheFlea《跳蚤》TheGood-Morrow《早安》BreakofDay《破晓》nEpithalamions,ormarriagesongs《颂歌》nElegies《挽歌》OnHisMistressToHisMistressGoingtobednDivinepoems《圣歌》nHolySonnets《神圣十四行诗》AttheRoundEarth’sImaginedCorner,BelowDeathBeNotProudArtisticfeatures:1.conceitsorimagery奇思妙喻2.syllogism三段论JohnMilton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674JohnMiltonwasanEnglishpoet,政论家，polemicist(辩论家）HeisbestknownforhisepicpoemParadiseLost,whichisconsideredasthegreatestEnglishliteraryepic.评价：WilliamHayley's1796biographycalledhimthe"greatestEnglishauthor".Heremainsgenerallyregarded"asoneofthepreeminentwritersintheEnglishlanguageandasathinkerofworldimportance."写作的3个主题:qChurchgovernmentqDivorceqRepublicanism作品：n1637：Lycidas《利西达斯》n1650：Areopagitica《为英国人民声辩》n1667:ParadiseLost《失乐园》是无韵体n1671:ParadiseRegained《复乐园》n1671:SamsonAgonistes《力士参孙》Thissonnetiswritteniniambicpentameterrhymedinabbaabbacdecde,typicalofItaliansonnet.ItsthemeisthatpeopleusetheirtalentforGod,andtheyservehimbestwhocanendurethesufferingbest.冒险小说作家DanielDefoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。HestartedTheReview,apoliticalandliterarymagazineinprison.1704年，他创办《评论》杂志，这是英国第一份定期出版的社会和政治刊物。评价：nHeiscalled“TheFatheroftheEnglishfiction”（英国小说之父）考，填空Heisthefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople,hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular,andheisthefounderofrealisticnovel.作品：①TheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe鲁宾逊漂流记ItpraisesthefortitudeofthehumanlaborandthePuritan.Robinsongrewfromanaiveandartlessyouthintoashrewdandhardenedman,temperedbynumeroustrialsinhiseventfullife.Itisanadventurestory,Robinson,narrateshowhegoestosea,getsshipwreckedandmaroonedonalonelyisland,strugglestolivefor24-yearsthereandfinallygetsrelievedandreturnstoEngland.②CaptainSingleton《辛格顿船长》③MollFlanders《摩尔·弗兰德斯》④AJournalofthePlagueYear《大疫年日记》⑤Roxana《罗克萨娜》JonathanSwift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家amastersatirist。作品：ATaleofaTub《一只桶的故事》ThebattleoftheBooks《书籍之战》TheDrapier’sLetter《布商来信》AModestProposal《一个温和的建议》Gulliver‘sTravels《格列佛游记》Fourparts:Lilliput小人国Brobdingnag大人国FlyingIsland飞岛Houyhnhnm马岛浪漫主义诗人一WilliamBlake威廉•布莱克1757~1827nPoetandPainternEngravernDevelopedownmythology/religionnFirstmajor“Romantic”poetn英国文学史上最复杂、最有个性的诗人之一他打破了18世纪新古典主义的教条，用歌谣和无韵体诗来书写理想和生活。Featuresofhispoems•1.useofsimplelanguage•2.serious,somberthemes•3.lyricalbeauty•4.symbolism•5.mysticism常出现的主题：Good&evilHeaven&hellKnowledge&innocenceExternalreality&inner作品：①PoeticalSketches诗的素描②SongsofInnocence天真之歌ahappyandinnocentworldfromchildren’seye.Include:<TheChimneySweeper>Lambisasymbolofpeaceandpurity③TheBookofThel塞尔书④TheMarriageofHeavenandHell天堂和地狱的结合⑤SongsofExperience经验之歌awordofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithamelancholytonefrommeneyes.Include:<TheChimneySweeper>、<London>、<TheTyger>Tygerisasymbolofdreadandviolence⑥VisionsoftheDaughtersofAlbion阿尔比昂的女儿们之幻想⑦TheSongofLos罗斯之歌RobertBurns罗伯特•彭斯1759~1796lScottishpoetandwriteroftraditionalScottishfolksongs,whoseworksareknownandlovedwherevertheEnglishlanguageisread.l是英国苏格兰著名的农民诗人。lThegreatestScottishpoetinthelate18thcentury.PoemsChieflyintheScottishDialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗①<JohnAnderson,MyJo>约翰•安德生，我的爱人②<ARed,RedRose>一朵红红的玫瑰n③<AuldLongnSyne>往昔时光④<AMan’saManforA’That>不管那一套n⑤<MyHeart’sinthenHighlands>我的心在那高原上⑥<BruceAtBannockburn>⑦<TheTreeOfLiberty>作品：nPoems,chieflyintheScottishdialect《苏格兰方言诗集》nTheTreeofLiberty自由树带有名著明主进步思想nScots,WhaHae苏格兰人nHolyWillie’sPrayer威利长老的祈祷无情的嘲讽了教会的虚伪和地主对农民的压迫nTheTwaDogs,两只狗WilliamWordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850与SamuelTaylorColeridge柯尔律治、RobertSouthey骚塞同被称为LakePoets“湖畔派”诗人。评价：lamajorEnglishRomanticpoetl享有自然诗人的美誉lPoetLaureate:“桂冠诗人”lwithColeridgehelpedtolaunchtheRomanticAgeinEnglishliteraturewiththe1798jointpublicationLyricalBallads.《抒情歌谣集》，thePreludeisconsideredasthedeclarationofRomanticism英国浪漫主义的宣言.作品：①<LyricalBallads>抒情歌谣集(withSamuelTaylorColeridge)<IWonderedLonelyAsACloud>/Daffodils/TheDaffodilsTheme:1.Natureembodieshumanbeingsintheirdiversecircumstance.Itisnaturethatgiveshim“strengthandknowledgefullofpeace”2.Itisblisstorecallthebeautyofnatureinpoetmindwhileheisinsolitude.Comment:Thepoetisverycheerfulwithrecallingthebeautifulsights.Inthepoemonthebeautyofnature,thereaderispresentedavividpictureoflivelyandlovelydaffodils(水仙)andpoet’sphilosophicalideasandmysticalthoughts.②LinesComposedAFewMilesAboveTinternAbbey丁登寺杂咏③Ode:IntimationsofImmortality不朽颂④TheSolitaryReaper孤独的割麦女⑤LucyPoems露西⑥<ThePrelude>序曲SamuelTaylorColeridge塞缪尔•泰勒•科尔律治1772~1834TheLakePoetsEnglishlyricalpoet,critic,andphilosopher,whoseLyricalBallads,writtenwithWordsworth,startedtheEnglishRomanticmovement.作品：①<TheRimeoftheAncientMariner>古舟子颂②<Christabel>克丽斯塔贝尔③<KublaKhan>忽必烈汗Artisticfeatures:mysticism,demonismwithstrongimagination,astrangeterritory④<FrostatNight>半夜冰霜⑤<Dejection,anOde>忧郁颂⑥<LyricalBallads>抒情歌谣集(withWilliamWordsworth)⑦文学评论著作《文学传记》（BiographiaLiterature）JaneAusten简•奥斯丁1775~1817lShecomparedherworkstoafineengravinguponaliterarypieceofivoryonlyinchessquire.作品：①<SenseandSensibility>理智与感情②<PrideandPrejudic>傲慢与偏见③<MansfieldPark>曼斯菲尔德庄园④<Emma>爱玛⑤<Persuasion>劝导⑥<NorthangerAbbey>诺桑觉寺IntheopeningofPrideAndPrejudice,JaneAustenstates:“Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortune,mustbeinwantofawife”.Peoplemarryformanyreasons,includingconvenience,love,infatuation,andcompanionshipthroughoutthenovel.浪漫主义诗人二GeorgeGordonByron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~1824lThemostrenownedEnglish-languagepoetofhisday.lHisbest-knownworksarethenarrativepoemsChildeHarold'sPilgrimageandDonJuan.lByron'sfamerestsalsoonhislife,whichfeaturedextravagantliving,numerousloveaffairs,debts,separation,allegationsofincestandbisexualityandaneventualdeathfromfeverafterhetravelledtofightontheGreeksideintheGreekWarofIndependence.作品：①<ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage>恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记②<DonJuan>唐•璜③<Cain>该隐诗歌：<SheWalksInBeauty>PersyByssheShelley波西•比希•雪莱1792~1822评价:§oneofthemajorEnglishRomanticpoets§iscriticallyregardedamongthefinestlyricpoetsintheEnglishlanguage§ShelleywasfamousforhisassociationwithJohnKeatsandLordByron.作品：<TheNecessityofAtheism>无神论的必要性<QueenMab>麦布女王<RevoltofIslam>伊斯兰的反叛<PrometheusUnbound>解放了的普罗米修斯Theme:thedramacelebraiesman’svictoryovertyrannyandoppression<TheCenci>钦契<ADefenceofPoetry>诗辩<OdetotheWestWind>西风颂Theme:Theauthorexpresshiseagernesstoenjoytheboundlessfreedomfromthereality.Comparethewestwindtodestroyeroftheoldwhodrivesthelastsignsoflifefromthetrees,andpreserverofthenewwho